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Zhang N, Pan L, Liao Q, Tong R, Li Y. Potential molecular mechanism underlying the harmed haemopoiesis upon Benzo[a]pyrene exposure in Chlamys farreri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:109032. [PMID: 37640119 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a ubiquitous contamination in the marine environments, has the potential to impact the immune response of bivalves by affecting the hemocyte parameters, especially total hemocyte count (THC). THC is mainly determined by haematopoietic mechanisms and apoptosis of hemocytes. Many studies have found that B[a]P can influence the proliferation and differentiation of hemocytes. However, the link between the toxic mechanisms of haematopoietic and environmental pollutants is not explicitly stated. This study is to investigate the toxic effects of B[a]P on haematopoietic mechanisms in C. farreri. Through the tissue expression distribution experiment and EDU assay, gill is identified as a potential haematopoietic tissue in C. farreri. Subsequently, the scallops were exposed to B[a]P (0.05, 0.5, 5 μg/L) for 1d, 3d, 6d, 10d and 15d. Then BPDE content, DNA damage, gene expression of haematopoietic factors and haematopoietic related pathways were determined in gill and hemocytes. The results showed that the expression of CDK2 was significantly decreased under B[a]P exposure through three pathways: RYR/IP3-calcium, BPDE-CHK1 and Notch pathway, resulting in cell cycle arrest. In addition, B[a]P also significantly reduced the number of proliferating hemocytes by affecting the Wnt pathway. Meanwhile, B[a]P can significantly increase the content of ROS, causing a downregulation of FOXO gene expression. The gene expression of Notch pathway and ERK pathway was also detected. The present study suggested that B[a]P disturbed differentiation by multiple pathways. Furthermore, the expression of SOX11 and CD9 were significantly decreased, which directly indicated that differentiation of hemocytes was disturbed. In addition, phagocytosis, phenoloxidase activity and THC were also significant decreased. In summary, the impairment of haematopoietic activity in C. farreri further causes immunotoxicity under B[a]P exposure. This study will improve our understanding of the immunotoxicity mechanism of bivalve under B[a]P exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
| | - Qilong Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Ruixue Tong
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Yaobing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
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Liu J, Sun X, Nie H, Kifat J, Li J, Huo Z, Bi J, Yan X. Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of TYR gene family in Ruditapes philippinarum under the challenge of Vibrio anguillarum. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 37:100788. [PMID: 33516925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase (EC1.14.18.1, TYR) is also called phenol oxidase, is not only involved in pigmentation but also plays an important role in modulating innate immunity in invertebrates. Tyrosinase is a copper containing metalloenzyme. The tyrosinase protein has two copper binding sites and three conserved histidines. In this study, 21 tyrosinase genes (RpTYR) were obtained from the whole genome of Ruditapes philippinarum. Their open reading frames were from 951 to 5424 aa, the range of predicted relative molecular weight from 36.72 to 203.81 kDa, and the range of isoelectric point from 4.72 to 9.88. Transcriptome analysis showed that RpTYR gene was expressed specifically in different developmental stages, adult tissues, four strains and two groups with different shell colors. Besides, the expression profiles of 21 RpTYRs were investigated against the immune response of R. philippinarum to a Vibrio challenge. The qPCR results showed that RpTYRs were involved in the immune response of R. philippinarum after Vibrio anguillarum challenge. This study provides preliminary evidence that the tyrosinases genes are involved in the immune defense and the potential immune function of R. philippinarum. Overall, these findings suggested that the expansion of TYR genes may play vital roles in larval development, the formation of shell color pattern, and immune response in R. philippinarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Xiaotong Sun
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Hongtao Nie
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China.
| | - Jahan Kifat
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Zhongming Huo
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Jinhong Bi
- Rongcheng Marine Economic Development Center, 264300 Rongcheng, China
| | - Xiwu Yan
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China.
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Quinn EA, Malkin SH, Rowley AF, Coates CJ. Laccase and catecholoxidase activities contribute to innate immunity in slipper limpets, Crepidula fornicata. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 110:103724. [PMID: 32360226 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata is an invasive, non-native, marine species found throughout the coastal waters of southern England and Wales, UK. These limpets are considered to blight commercial shellfish banks, notably oysters, yet little is known about their disease-carrying capacity or their immunobiology. To address the latter, we isolated haemolymph (blood) from limpets and tested for the presence of the immune-enzyme phenoloxidase. Invertebrate phenoloxidases produce melanic polymers from simple phenolic substrates, which are deployed in the presence of pathogens because of their potent microbicidal and microbiostatic properties. We used a series of established substrates (e.g., tyrosine, hydroquinone) and inhibitors (e.g., 4-hexylresorcinol, benzoic acid) to target three distinct enzymes: laccase (para-diphenoloxidase), catecholoxidase (ortho-diphenoloxidase) and tyrosinase (monophenoloxidase). We confirmed laccase and catecholoxidase activities and characterised their kinetic properties across temperature and pH gradients (5-70 °C and 5-10, respectively). Crucially, we demonstrated that products derived from such laccase and catecholoxidase activities reduced significantly the numbers of colony-forming units of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in vitro. We further screened limpet tissues for signs of melanin using wax histology, and found cells replete with eumelanin-like pigments and lipofuscin in the digestive gland, connective tissues, barrier epithelia and gills. Our data represent the first account of enzyme-based antibacterial defences, notably laccase, in C. fornicata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A Quinn
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Sophie H Malkin
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Andrew F Rowley
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Christopher J Coates
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
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Ni LY, Han Q, Chen HP, Luo XC, Li AX, Dan XM, Li YW. Grouper (Epinephelus coioides) Mpeg1s: Molecular identification, expression analysis, and antimicrobial activity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:690-697. [PMID: 31276788 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage expressed gene 1 (Mpeg1) is a molecule that can form pores and destroy the cell membrane of invading pathogens. In this study, we identified two Mpeg1 isoforms from the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) and named them EcMpeg1a and EcMpeg1b. Predicted proteins of the two EcMpeg1s contained a signal peptide, a conserved membrane attack complex/perforin (MACPF) domain, a transmembrane segment, and an intracellular region. Sequence alignment demonstrated that two EcMpeg1 proteins share a high sequence identity with that of other teleosts. Tissue distribution analysis showed that EcMpeg1s were expressed in all tissues tested in healthy grouper, with the highest expression in the head kidney and spleen. After infection with the ciliate parasite Cryptocaryon irritans, expression of the two EcMpeg1s was significantly upregulated in the spleen and gills. Furthermore, the recombinant EcMpeg1a showed antiparasitic and antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and -positive bacteria, whereas EcMpeg1b had an inhibitory effect only against Gram-positive bacteria. These results indicated that EcMpeg1s play an important role in the host response against invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Yun Ni
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qing Han
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hong-Ping Chen
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Luo
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - An-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xue-Ming Dan
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yan-Wei Li
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Zhang S, Yue X, Yu J, Wang H, Liu B. MITF Regulates Downstream Genes in Response to Vibrio parahaemolyticus Infection in the Clam Meretrix Petechialis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1547. [PMID: 31333673 PMCID: PMC6620822 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper protein that plays a key role in cell proliferation, survival and immune defense through the direct transcriptional control of downstream genes. We have found that MITF participates in the immune response to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in the clam Meretrix petechialis. In this study, we focused on how MITF functions in immunity. First, PO, CTSK, and BCL-2 were identified as the target genes of MpMITF in the clam by RNAi. EMSAs showed direct binding between the MpMITF protein and the E-box of the MpPO, MpCTSK, and MpBCL-2 promoters. Yeast one-hybrid assays also suggested that MpMITF could activate the expression of these three downstream genes. These results demonstrated that the transcriptional expression of MpPO, MpCTSK, and MpBCL-2 is directly regulated by MpMITF. Second, we analyzed the roles of MpPO, MpCTSK, and MpBCL-2 in clam immunity. The mRNA expression of MpPO, MpCTSK, and MpBCL-2 increased significantly after V. parahaemolyticus challenge, which implied that these genes might take part in the immune defense against V. parahaemolyticus challenge in clams. The purified recombinant proteins, MpPO and MpCTSK, inhibited the growth of V. parahaemolyticus. Additionally, the apoptosis rate of clam haemocytes rose significantly when the activity of MpBCL-2 was suppressed. These results revealed that MpPO, MpCTSK, and MpBCL-2 are involved in the immune defense against V. parahaemolyticus. This study supports the idea that the MpMITF pathway plays a key role in immune defense through the direct regulation of the downstream genes MpPO, MpCTSK, and MpBCL-2 in the clam, M. petechialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiajia Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Baozhong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Coates CJ, Talbot J. Hemocyanin-derived phenoloxidase reaction products display anti-infective properties. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 86:47-51. [PMID: 29704519 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hemocyanin is a multi-functional protein located in the hemolymph (blood) of certain arthropods and molluscs. In addition to its well-defined role in oxygen transport, hemocyanin can be converted into a phenoloxidase-like enzyme. Herein, we tested the antimicrobial properties of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) hemocyanin-derived phenoloxidase reaction products using broad ranges of phenolic substrates (e.g. l-DOPA) and microbial targets (Gram-positive/negative bacteria, yeast). The enzyme-catalysed turnover of several substrates generated (by)products that reduced significantly the number of colony forming units. Microbicidal effects of hemocyanin-derived phenoloxidase were thwarted by the inhibitor phenylthiourea. Data presented here further support a role for hemocyanin in invertebrate innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Coates
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales UK.
| | - James Talbot
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales UK
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Jayanthi S, Vaseeharan B, Ishwarya R, Karthikeyan S, Govindarajan M, Alharbi NS, Kadaikunnan S, Khaled JM, Vágvölgyi C. Identification, characterization and immune response of prophenoloxidase from the blue swimmer crab Portunus pelagicus and its antibiofilm activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Anjugam M, Vaseeharan B, Iswarya A, Amala M, Govindarajan M, Alharbi NS, Kadaikunnan S, Khaled JM, Benelli G. A study on β-glucan binding protein (β-GBP) and its involvement in phenoloxidase cascade in Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus. Mol Immunol 2017; 92:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ren X, Lv J, Gao B, Li J, Liu P. Immune response and antioxidant status of Portunus trituberculatus inoculated with pathogens. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 63:322-333. [PMID: 28235638 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus are serious epidemic pathogen affecting the cultured Portunus trituberculatus and resulted in severe economic losses to local farmers. The immune and antioxidant systems are believed to be closely involved in host responses to pathogens in aerobic animals, including crustaceans. In order to explore such host-pathogen interactions in the early stage of infection in P. trituberculatus, the mRNA transcript levels of six key immune-related genes (proPO, α2M, crustin, lysozyme, NOS, and NOX) and three key antioxidant-related genes (CuZnSOD, CAT, and GPx) and their corresponding enzymatic activity were investigated in response to challenge with the three pathogens. A decrease in the expression of the proPO, crustin, and lysozyme was observed, which may reflect the immunosuppressive mechanism of the pathogens against the host. Moreover, an increase was observed in the α2M expression with time, which indicated that the pathogens could affect proteinase cascade reactions associated with the proPO system by disturbing the balance between serine proteinases and their inhibitors. Moreover, WSSV, V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus induced to increase the transcription and enzyme activities of NOS and NOX. Additionally, significant variations in the expression of the anitioxidant-related genes CuZnSOD, CAT, and GPx and their enzyme activities implied that these enzymes played a critical role in the immune response against the pathogens. The present findings indicate that the immune parameters analyzed here may be markers of the physiological status of this species after bacterial or viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyun Ren
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Jianjian Lv
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Baoquan Gao
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China
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Ishwarya R, Jayanthi S, Muthulakshmi P, Anjugam M, Jayakumar R, Khudus Nazar A, Vaseeharan B. Immune indices and identical functions of two prophenoloxidases from the haemolymph of green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus and its antibiofilm activity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 51:220-228. [PMID: 26899630 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we purified two prophenoloxidases (proPO) from haemolymph of green tiger shrimp, Penaeus semisulcatus by gel fermentation chromatography using blue Sepharose matrix. The two purified prophenoloxidase macromolecules are of about 76 and 75 kDa determined through SDS-PAGE and named as Penaeus semisulcatus prophenoloxidase I (PSproPO I) and Penaeus semisulcatus prophenoloxidase II (PSproPO II). It was further characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Circular Dichroism (CD) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The purified PSproPO I and PSproPO II showed the strongest agglutination titre against human erythrocytes compared to goat RBC. The PSproPO I and PSproPO II showed phagocytic activity against yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and encapsulation activity against Sepharose CL 6B beads compared to CM Sepharose and Sodium alginate beads. The functional analysis of purified PSproPO I and PSproPO II showed enhanced PO activity when added with the triggering molecules such as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), metals and chemicals. In addition, eluted fraction containing PSproPO I and PSproPO II showed antibiofilm activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The above results concluded that no significant differences were found between the purified PSproPO I and PSproPO II immune indices and functions. This study might provide a sensitive platform to understand more about the critical roles of PSproPO I and PSproPO II in crustacean immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Ishwarya
- Crustacean Molecular Biology and Genomics Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Block 4th Floor, Burma Colony, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sangily Jayanthi
- Crustacean Molecular Biology and Genomics Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Block 4th Floor, Burma Colony, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Perumal Muthulakshmi
- Crustacean Molecular Biology and Genomics Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Block 4th Floor, Burma Colony, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalingam Anjugam
- Crustacean Molecular Biology and Genomics Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Block 4th Floor, Burma Colony, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rengarajan Jayakumar
- Mandapam Regional Centre, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abdul Khudus Nazar
- Mandapam Regional Centre, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Baskaralingam Vaseeharan
- Crustacean Molecular Biology and Genomics Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Block 4th Floor, Burma Colony, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Anjugam M, Iswarya A, Vaseeharan B. Multifunctional role of β-1, 3 glucan binding protein purified from the haemocytes of blue swimmer crab Portunus pelagicus and in vitro antibacterial activity of its reaction product. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 48:196-205. [PMID: 26611720 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
β-1, 3 glucan binding protein (β-GBP) was isolated from the haemocytes of blue swimmer crab, Portunus pelagicus and purified by laminarin coupled Sephadex G-100 affinity column chromatography. The purified β-GBP has the molecular mass of 100 kDa, confirmed by SDS-PAGE. The X-ray diffraction analysis of purified β-GBP indicates the crystalline nature of the protein and also the presence of single peak confirming the existence of β-glucan molecule. The results of agglutination assay showed that the purified β-GBP had the ability to agglutinate with yeast cell, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammalian erythrocytes. β-GBP can agglutinate with yeast cells at the concentration of 50 μg/ml. The phagocytic and encapsulation activity of purified β-GBP from P. pelagicus was determined with yeast cell S. cerevisiae and sepharose bead suspension respectively. This reveals that, β-GBP have the ability to detect the pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP) found on the surface of fungi and bacteria. The recognition of invading foreign substances and in the involvement of functional activities induces the activation of prophenoloxidase. This revealed that β-GBP play a major role in the innate immune system of crustaceans by stimulating the prophenoloxidase system. Moreover, it was obvious to note that β-GBP reaction product exhibited antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. This study concludes the functional aspects of β-GBP purified from P. pelagicus and its vital role in the stimulation of prophenoloxidase cascade during the pathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahalingam Anjugam
- Crustacean Molecular Biology and Genomics Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Block 4th Floor, Burma Colony, Karaikudi 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arokiadhas Iswarya
- Crustacean Molecular Biology and Genomics Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Block 4th Floor, Burma Colony, Karaikudi 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Baskaralingam Vaseeharan
- Crustacean Molecular Biology and Genomics Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Block 4th Floor, Burma Colony, Karaikudi 630004, Tamil Nadu, India.
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12
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13
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Jiang J, Zhou Z, Dong Y, Cong C, Guan X, Wang B, Chen Z, Jiang B, Yang A, Gao S, Sun H. In vitro antibacterial analysis of phenoloxidase reaction products from the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 39:458-463. [PMID: 24931626 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Three phenoloxidases (POs) of Apostichopus japonicus, AjPOs (AjPO1, AjPO2 and AjPO3), were partially purified from the coelomocytes with an electrophoretic method, and then employed for the in vitro antibacterial analysis. Using L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) as a substrate, AjPO1 and AjPO2-derived compounds inhibited the growth of Vibrio splendidus and Staphylococcus aureus, while AjPO3-derived compounds only inhibited the growth of V. splendidus. When dopamine was used as a substrate, AjPO1 and AjPO3-derived compounds inhibited the growth of V. splendidus and Vibrio harveyi, while AjPO2-derived compounds only inhibited the growth of V. splendidus. Moreover, AjPO1-derived compounds showed stronger inhibition in V. harveyi than AjPO3-derived compounds did. However, all of the three AjPO reaction products showed no inhibitions on the growth of Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens, Shewanella baltica, Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Nocardiopsis sp. with L-DOPA or dopamine as a substrate. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation of V. harveyi treated by AjPOs and dopamine showed that AjPO1-derived compounds resulted in massive bacteriolysis, AjPO2-derived compounds caused no obvious alteration on bacterial morphology, and AjPO3-derived compounds increased the ratio of spheroidal bacteria. All these results suggested that AjPO reaction products derived by L-DOPA and dopamine had different but limited antibacterial spectrum, and the different antibacterial effects observed among three AjPOs resulted from the different reaction products generated by AjPOs with the same substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Jiang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Zunchun Zhou
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China.
| | - Ying Dong
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Cong Cong
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Guan
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Bai Wang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Bei Jiang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Aifu Yang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Shan Gao
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Hongjuan Sun
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
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Molecular cloning and differential expression in tissues of a tyrosinase gene in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:5403-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Jiang J, Zhou Z, Dong Y, Guan X, Wang B, Jiang B, Yang A, Chen Z, Gao S, Sun H. Characterization of phenoloxidase from the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Immunobiology 2014; 219:450-6. [PMID: 24631331 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phenoloxidase (PO) is a crucial immune-related enzyme in invertebrates. In this study, three POs of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus were detected in coelomic fluid using linear-gradient native-PAGE combined with catechol staining and then partially purified by gel excising. The results showed that the three POs had a color of mahogany (AjPO1), yellow (AjPO2) and purple (AjPO3) respectively with molecular weights smaller than 21kDa in native-PAGE after staining with catechol. Enzymatic activities analysis revealed that AjPO1, AjPO2 and AjPO3 had optimal temperature of 45, 95 and 85°C and pH of 5.0, 8.0 and 8.0, respectively. Kinetic analysis showed that the Km values of AjPO1 for catechol, l-DOPA, dopamine and hydroquinone were 3.23, 0.86, 3.98 and 1.20mmol/l, respectively, those of AjPO2 were 0.31, 0.38, 2.05 and 1.30mmol/l, respectively, and those of AjPO3 were 5.95, 1.28, 5.81 and 0.62mmol/l, respectively. These results suggest that the three POs are laccase-type phenoloxidase. The activities of all three A. japonicus POs were significantly promoted by Ca(2+), Mg(2+) and Mn(2+), and strongly inhibited by ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid disodium (EDTA), sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DETC) and some common antioxidants. The inhibitions by EDTA and DETC suggest that the three A. japonicus POs are copper-containing metalloenzymes. Immune-responsive analysis showed that the total PO activities in coelomocytes (TPAC) increased greatly after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge and declined significantly after polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C) challenge, implying that A. japonicus PO immune system, which is composed of several isoenzymes with different characteristics, is closely involved in the defense against the infection of Gram-negative bacteria and double-stranded RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Jiang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Zunchun Zhou
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China.
| | - Ying Dong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Guan
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Bai Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Bei Jiang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Aifu Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Shan Gao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Hongjuan Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
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Le Bris C, Paillard C, Stiger-Pouvreau V, Guérard F. Laccase-like activity in the hemolymph of Venerupis philippinarum: characterization and kinetic properties. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1804-12. [PMID: 24075997 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The phenoloxidases (POs) include tyrosinases (EC 1.14.18.1), catecholases (EC 1.10.3.1) and laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) and are known to play a role in the immune defences of many invertebrates. For the Manila clam, Venerupis philippinarum, the exact role is not known, especially with regard to defences against Brown Ring Disease (BRD), which leads to high mortalities along European coasts. In order to understand the role and functioning of PO in V. philippinarum, the first step, and aim of this study, was to biochemically characterize the PO activity in the circulating hemolymph. Various substrates were tested and the common PO substrates L-DOPA, Catechol and dopamine exhibited good affinity with the enzyme and consequent low K(m) values (3.75, 1.97, 4.91 mM, respectively). A single tyrosinase-specific substrate, PHPPA, was oxidized, but the affinity for it was low (K(m) = 47.33 mM). Three tested laccase-specific substrates were oxidized by V. philippinarum PO (PPD, OPD and hydroquinone) and affinity was higher than for PHPPA. The results obtained with the substrate were confirmed by the use of different inhibitors: CTAB, a laccase-specific inhibitor inhibited PO activity greatly but not completely, whereas 4-Hr, specific to catecholases and tyrosinases, inhibited PO activity to a lesser extent. The results lead us to conclude that V. philippinarum PO activity in the circulating hemolymph, is mainly a laccase-like activity but there is also a smaller-scale tyrosinase-like activity. The inhibition mechanisms were also determined using dose-response substrate concentration for an inhibitor concentration equal or close to the IC50. Optimal conditions for the enzyme activity were also determined using L-DOPA as substrate, showing that its optimal temperature and pH are around 40 °C and 8.4 respectively. The enzyme is denatured for temperatures above 50 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Le Bris
- UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER, LEMAR-IUEM-UBO, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Technopôle Brest Iroise - rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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