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Erfanmanesh A, Beikzadeh B, Khanzadeh M. Efficacy of polyvalent vaccine on immune response and disease resistance against streptococcosis/lactococcosis and yersiniosis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1347-1355. [PMID: 36809599 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Diseases are the most significant challenge in the development and stability of aquaculture. In this study, the immunogenic efficiency of polyvalent streptococcosis/lactococcosis and yersiniosis vaccines was evaluated by injection and immersion methods in rainbow trout.. The 450 fish with an average weight of 50 ± 5 g were divided into three treatments and three replications as follows: injection vaccine treatment, immersion vaccine treatment and control group without vaccine administration. Fish were kept for 74 days and sampling was done on days 20, 40 and 60. Then, from the 60th to the 74th day, the immunized groups were challenged with three bacteria Streptococcus iniae (S. iniae), Lactococcus garvieae (L. garvieae) and Yersinia ruckeri (Y. ruckeri) separately. A significant difference was observed in the weight gained (WG) in the immunized groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The relative survival percentage (RPS) after 14 days of challenge with S. iniae, L. garvieae and Y. ruckeri in the injection group compared to the control group increased respectively (60%, 60% and 70%), (P < 0.05). Also, RPS in the immersion group had an increase respectively (30%, 40% and 50%) after the challenge with S. iniae, L.garvieae and Y. ruckeri compared to the control group. Immune indicators such as antibody titer, complement and lysozyme activity significantly increased in comparison to the control group (P < 0.05). In general, it can be concluded that applying three vaccines by injection and immersion method has significant effects on immune protection and survival rate. However, the injection method is more effective and more suitable than the immersion method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Erfanmanesh
- Animal Biological Product Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Beikzadeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Khanzadeh
- Animal Biological Product Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran Organization, Tehran, Iran.
- Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
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Khalil SMI, Bulfon C, Galeotti M, Acutis PL, Altinok I, Kotzamanidis C, Vela AI, Fariano L, Prearo M, Colussi S, Volpatti D. Immune profiling of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to Lactococcus garvieae: Evidence in asymptomatic versus symptomatic or vaccinated fish. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:731-741. [PMID: 36943008 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lactococcosis, caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Lactococcus garvieae, is a major concern in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farms, which are regularly affected by outbreaks especially during the summer/fall months. In these farms, unvaccinated healthy and symptomatic fish can coexist with vaccinated fish. In the present study, innate (leukogram, serum lysozyme activity, peroxidase activity, antiprotease activity, bactericidal activity, total IgM and total proteins), and specific immune parameters (serum antibodies to L. garvieae) were assessed in unvaccinated adult rainbow trout naturally exposed to the pathogen, with or without evidence of clinical signs, or subjected to vaccination. Blood was drawn from all three groups, and blood smears were prepared. Bacteria were found in the blood smears of 70% of the symptomatic fish but not in any of the asymptomatic fish. Symptomatic fish showed lower blood lymphocytes and higher thrombocytes than asymptomatic fish (p ≤ .05). Serum lysozyme and bactericidal activity did not vary substantially among groups; however, serum antiprotease and peroxidase activity were significantly lower in the unvaccinated symptomatic group than in the unvaccinated and vaccinated asymptomatic groups (p ≤ .05). Serum total proteins and total immunoglobulin (IgM) levels in vaccinated asymptomatic rainbow trout were significantly higher than in unvaccinated asymptomatic and symptomatic groups (p ≤ .05). Similarly, vaccinated asymptomatic fish produced more specific IgM against L. garvieae than unvaccinated asymptomatic and symptomatic fish (p ≤ .05). This preliminary study provides basic knowledge on the immunological relationship occurring between the rainbow trout and L. garvieae, potentially predicting health outcomes. The approach we proposed could facilitate infield diagnostics, and several non-specific immunological markers could serve as reliable indicators of the trout's innate ability to fight infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarker Mohammed Ibrahim Khalil
- Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Department of Fish Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Chiara Bulfon
- Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Marco Galeotti
- Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Ilhan Altinok
- Aquatic Animal Health and Molecular Genetic Lab, Department of Fisheries Technology Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkiye
| | | | | | | | - Marino Prearo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Colussi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Donatella Volpatti
- Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Su L, Guo H, Guo B, Yi J, Yang Z, Zhou S, Xiu Y. Efficacy of bivalent vaccine against Aeromonas salmonicida and Edwardsiella tarda infections in turbot. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023:108837. [PMID: 37269913 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, more than one pathogenic organism has usually been isolated from diseased turbot Scophthalmus maximus, creating a pressing need for the development of combination vaccines to prevent fish diseases brought on simultaneously by various infections. In this study, the inactivated bivalent vaccine of Aeromonas salmonicida and Edwardsiella tarda was prepared by the formalin inactivation method. After challenge with A. salmonicida and E. tarda at 4 weeks post-vaccination in turbot, the relative percentage survival (RPS) of the inactivated bivalent vaccine was 77.1%. In addition, we assessed the effects of the inactivated bivalent vaccine and evaluated the immunological processes after immunization in a turbot model. Serum antibody titer and lysozyme activity of the vaccinated group were both upregulated and higher than that in control group after vaccination. The expression levels of genes (TLR2, IL-1β, CD4, MHCI, MHCⅡ) that related to antigen recognition, processing and presentation were also studied in the liver, spleen and kidney tissues of vaccinated turbot. All the detected genes in the vaccinated group had a significant upward trend, and most of them reached the maximum value at 3-4 weeks, which had significant differences from the control group, suggesting that antigen recognition, processing and presentation pathway was activated by the inactivated bivalent vaccine. Our study provides a basis for further application of the killed bivalent vaccine against A. salmonicida and E. tarda in turbot, making it good potential that can be applied in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Su
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Huimin Guo
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Baoshan Guo
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Jingyuan Yi
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Zongrui Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Shun Zhou
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Yunji Xiu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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de Ruyter T, Littman E, Yazdi Z, Adkison M, Camus A, Yun S, Welch TJ, Keleher WR, Soto E. Comparative Evaluation of Booster Vaccine Efficacy by Intracoelomic Injection and Immersion with a Whole-Cell Killed Vaccine against Lactococcus petauri Infection in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050632. [PMID: 37242302 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus petauri is an important emergent bacterial pathogen of salmonids in the USA. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protection conferred to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against L. petauri by formalin-killed vaccines in immersion and injectable forms, as well as the enhanced protection afforded by booster vaccination. In the first challenge, fish were immunized via intracoelomic injection (IC) or immersion (Imm) routes alone. Approximately 418 degree days (Temperature in degree Celsius × days post-immunization) (dd) Imm, or 622 dd IC post-vaccination, fish were challenged via IC with wild-type L. petauri. In the second experiment, initial Imm vaccination was followed by booster vaccination via Imm or IC routes 273 dd post-immunization along with appropriate PBS controls. The various vaccination protocol efficacies were evaluated by challenging fish with L. petauri by cohabitation with diseased fish 399 dd post-booster administration. A relative percent survival (RPS) of 89.5% and 28% was recorded in the IC and Imm single immunization treatments, respectively. In the second study, an RPS of 97.5%, 10.2%, 2.6% and -10.1% plus approximately 0%, 50%, 20%, and 30% bacterial persistence was recorded in the Imm immunized + IC boosted, Imm immunized + mock IC boosted, Imm immunized + Imm boosted, and Imm immunized + mock Imm boosted treatments, respectively. Only the Imm immunized + IC injection boosted treatments provided significant protection when compared to unvaccinated and challenged treatments (p < 0.05). In conclusion, although both Imm and IC vaccines appear safe for trout, the inactivated Imm vaccines seem to provide only mild and temporary protection against lactococcosis; whereas IC immunized trout develop a significantly stronger protective response in both challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tryssa de Ruyter
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric Littman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Zeinab Yazdi
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mark Adkison
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, CA 95670, USA
| | - Alvin Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Susan Yun
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Timothy J Welch
- National Center for Cool and Coldwater Aquaculture, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA
| | | | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Wu Z, Zhang Q, Yang J, Zhang J, Fu J, Dang C, Liu M, Wang S, Lin Y, Hao J, Weng M, Xie D, Li A. Significant alterations of intestinal symbiotic microbiota induced by intraperitoneal vaccination mediate changes in intestinal metabolism of NEW Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (NEW GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus). MICROBIOME 2022; 10:221. [PMID: 36510260 PMCID: PMC9742657 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01409-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After millions of years of coevolution, symbiotic microbiota has become an integral part of the host and plays an important role in host immunity, metabolism, and health. Vaccination, as an effective means of preventing infectious diseases, has been playing a vital role in the prevention and control of human and animal diseases for decades. However, so far, minimal is known about the effect of vaccination on fish symbiotic microbiota, especially mucosal microbiota, and its correlation with intestinal metabolism remains unclear. METHODS Here we reported the effect of an inactivated bivalent Aeromonas hydrophila/Aeromonas veronii vaccine on the symbiotic microbiota and its correlation with the intestinal metabolism of farmed adult Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics. RESULTS Results showed that vaccination significantly changed the structure, composition, and predictive function of intestinal mucosal microbiota but did not significantly affect the symbiotic microbiota of other sites including gill mucosae, stomach contents, and stomach mucosae. Moreover, vaccination significantly reduced the relative abundance values of potential opportunistic pathogens such as Aeromonas, Escherichia-Shigella, and Acinetobacter in intestinal mucosae. Combined with the enhancement of immune function after vaccination, inactivated bivalent Aeromonas vaccination had a protective effect against the intestinal pathogen infection of tilapia. In addition, the metabolite differential analysis showed that vaccination significantly increased the concentrations of carbohydrate-related metabolites such as lactic acid, succinic acid, and gluconic acid but significantly decreased the concentrations of multiple lipid-related metabolites in tilapia intestines. Vaccination affected the intestinal metabolism of tilapia, which was further verified by the predictive function of intestinal microbiota. Furthermore, the correlation analyses showed that most of the intestinal differential microorganisms were significantly correlated with intestinal differential metabolites after vaccination, confirming that the effect of vaccination on intestinal metabolism was closely related to the intestinal microbiota. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this paper revealed the microbial and metabolic responses induced by inactivated vaccination, suggesting that intestinal microbiota might mediate the effect of vaccination on the intestinal metabolism of tilapia. It expanded the novel understanding of vaccine protective mechanisms from microbial and metabolic perspectives, providing important implications for the potential influence of vaccination on human intestinal microbiota and metabolism. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- National Aquatic Biological Resource Center, NABRC, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jicheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Fisheries and Life, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jinyong Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jie Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chenyuan Dang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Mansen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shuyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Fisheries and Life, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yaoyao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingwen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Meiqi Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Derong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Aihua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
- National Aquatic Biological Resource Center, NABRC, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Rahman MM, Rahman MA, Hossain MT, Siddique MP, Haque ME, Khasruzzaman A, Islam MA. Efficacy of bi-valent whole cell inactivated bacterial vaccine against Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS) in cultured catfishes (Heteropneustes fossilis, Clarias batrachus and pangasius pangasius) in Bangladesh. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:3881-3889. [PMID: 35844412 PMCID: PMC9280240 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS) is an important disease of cultured catfishes (Heteropneustes fossilis, Clarias batrachus and Pangasius pangasius), caused by different species of Aeromonas bacteria which have been documented to be higher death rates (≤70%) in Bangladesh since 2016. Present study was conducted to develop bi-valent vaccine using A. hydrophila and A. veronii, and to validate their efficacy via intra-muscular (IM) and oral-routes of immunization in selected species of fishes. Brood fishes of the three species were immunized with three doses of inactivated vaccine (107 CFU /2.3 mg/ml). Hematological parameters of brood fishes and antibody levels (IgM) of broods, their larvae and eggs were determined by ELISA. Additionally, Relative Percent Survivability (RPS) and the IgM levels of the larvae after challenge with virulent A. hydrophila and A. veronii were also evaluated. Findings of this study showed that the lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes counts and antibody (IgM) titre of brood fishes, larvae and eggs from the vaccinated fishes were found significantly higher (p< 0.05) compared to the un-vaccinated control groups. Alternatively, antibody levels (IgM) in the larvae of vaccinated group of brood fishes fed with antigen coated feed was exhibited to be remarkably higher (p< 0.05) than the antigen non-fed group. The RPS of larvae of Shing (91.24 ± 2.00%), Magur (88.09 ± 2.88%) and Pangas (93.17 ± 1.52%) was found to be higher in the larvae at 20-day age of vaccinated group compared to non-vaccinated brood fishes group. Findings of this study indicated that the active immunization of brood fishes followed by oral immunization of their larvae feeding with antigen coated feed showed synergistic effect in protecting cultured Shing, Magur and Pangas fishes from frequent attack with Aeromonas spp at any age of their lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohummad Muklesur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ashikur Rahman
- Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI), Freshwater Station, Mymensingh 2201, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Tofazzal Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubul Pratik Siddique
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Enamul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - A.K.M. Khasruzzaman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Alimul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
- Corresponding author.
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Bedekar MK, Kole S. Fundamentals of Fish Vaccination. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2411:147-173. [PMID: 34816404 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1888-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fish health management has become a critical component of disease control and is invaluable for improved harvests and sustainable aquaculture. Vaccination is generally accepted as the most effective prophylactic measure for fish disease prevention, on environmental, social, and economic grounds. Although the historical approach for developing fish vaccines was based on the principle of Louis Pasteur's "isolate, inactivate and inject," but their weak immunogenicity and low efficacies in many cases, have shifted the focus of fish vaccine development from traditional to next-generation technologies. However, before any fish vaccine can be successfully commercialized, several hurdles need to be overcome regarding the production cost, immunogenicity, effectiveness, mode of administration, environmental safety, and associated regulatory concerns. In this context, the chapter summarises the basic aspects of fish vaccination such as type of vaccine, modalities of vaccine delivery, the immunological basis of fish immunization as well as different challenges associated with the development process and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Kadam Bedekar
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India.
| | - Sajal Kole
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India.,Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Wise AL, LaFrentz BR, Kelly AM, Khoo LH, Xu T, Liles MR, Bruce TJ. A Review of Bacterial Co-Infections in Farmed Catfish: Components, Diagnostics, and Treatment Directions. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113240. [PMID: 34827972 PMCID: PMC8614398 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Catfish aquaculture is a prominent agricultural sector for foodfish production in the Southern United States. Catfish producers often experience high-level mortality events due to bacterial pathogens. In many instances, co-infections caused by multiple bacterial fish pathogens are isolated during diagnostic cases. These bacterial–bacterial interactions may alter the infection dynamics, and many of these mechanisms and interactions remain unclear. Furthermore, these co-infections may complicate disease management plans and treatment strategies. The current review provides an overview of the prevalent bacterial pathogens in catfish culture and previously reported instances of co-infections in catfish and other production fish species. Abstract Catfish production is a major aquaculture industry in the United States and is the largest sector of food fish production. As producers aim to optimize production yields, diseases caused by bacterial pathogens are responsible for high pond mortality rates and economic losses. The major bacterial pathogens responsible are Edwardsiella ictaluri, Aeromonas spp., and Flavobacterium columnare. Given the outdoor pond culture environments and ubiquitous nature of these aquatic pathogens, there have been many reports of co-infective bacterial infections within this aquaculture sector. Co-infections may be responsible for altering disease infection mechanics, increasing mortality rates, and creating difficulties for disease management plans. Furthermore, proper diagnoses of primary and secondary pathogens are essential in ensuring the correct treatment approaches for antimicrobials and chemical applications. A thorough understanding of the interactions and infectivity dynamics for these warm water bacterial pathogens will allow for the adoption of new prevention and control methods, particularly in vaccine development. This review aims to provide an overview of co-infective pathogens in catfish culture and present diagnostic case data from Mississippi and Alabama to define prevalence for these multiple-species infections better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L. Wise
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36829, USA; (A.L.W.); (A.M.K.)
| | - Benjamin R. LaFrentz
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Auburn, AL 36832, USA;
| | - Anita M. Kelly
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36829, USA; (A.L.W.); (A.M.K.)
| | - Lester H. Khoo
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA;
| | - Tingbi Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (T.X.); (M.R.L.)
| | - Mark R. Liles
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (T.X.); (M.R.L.)
| | - Timothy J. Bruce
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36829, USA; (A.L.W.); (A.M.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Veenstra KA, Wang T, Russell KS, Tubbs L, Ben Arous J, Secombes CJ. Montanide™ ISA 763A VG and ISA 761 VG induce different immune pathway responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) when used as adjuvant for an Aeromonas salmonicida bacterin. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:171-183. [PMID: 33940174 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants are the helper substances that increase vaccine efficacy by enhancing the potency and longevity of specific immune responses to antigens. Most existing fish vaccines are presented in the form of oil-based emulsions delivered by intraperitoneal injection. The characterization of their mode of action is a valuable aid to future vaccine development, particularly for the potential identification and stimulation of specific immunological pathways related to the desired protective response. This study characterized the expression of selected immune-related genes in the peritoneal cavity, head kidney and spleen following the administration of two adjuvanted-bacterial vaccines thought to induce humoral (Montanide™ ISA 763A VG) or humoral and cell mediated (Montanide™ ISA 761 VG) immune responses, to determine if differences in responsiveness are readily apparent. The most informative site was the spleen, where Montanide™ ISA 763A VG + bacterin gave rise to upregulation of genes driving T-cell/lymphoid responses, namely IL-2, IL-15 and IL-21. This combined with upregulation of IFNγ1 and IFNγ2, IL-4/13B2, p35A1 and p40 (B1 and C) indicated that the induction of Th1 and possibly Th2 immunity was occurring in fish vaccinated with this adjuvant. Perhaps the most intriguing finding was the lack of a detectable Th1 response in fish given Montanide™ ISA 761 VG + bacterin, suggesting some other arm of the immune system is activated to give protection. Whatever the reason for the different responses detected, it is clear from the present study that the adjuvant used has a major impact on the responses elicited. Since these differences are readily detectable it allows, in principle, their use to help select the most appropriate adjuvants for inclusion into fish vaccines, where the type of response elicited may need to be tailored to a particular pathogen to confer protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Veenstra
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - K Spencer Russell
- Elanco Canada Ltd, Aquaculture Research and Development, P.O. Box 17, Victoria PE, C0A 2G0, Canada.
| | - Lincoln Tubbs
- Elanco Canada Ltd, Aquaculture Research and Development, P.O. Box 17, Victoria PE, C0A 2G0, Canada.
| | - Juliette Ben Arous
- Seppic, Paris La Défense, 50 Boulevard National, 92257, La Garenne Colombes, France.
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK.
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Monir MS, Yusoff MSM, Zulperi ZM, Hassim HA, Zamri-Saad M, Amal MNA, Salleh A, Mohamad A, Yie LJ, Ina-Salwany MY. Immuno-protective efficiency of feed-based whole-cell inactivated bivalent vaccine against Streptococcus and Aeromonas infections in red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis mossambicus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 113:162-175. [PMID: 33857622 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcosis and motile aeromonad septicemia (MAS) are well-known diseases in tilapia culture, which cause mass mortality with significant economic losses. The development of feed-based bivalent vaccines in controlling these diseases has been initiated, however, the mechanisms of immunities and cross-protection in fish remain unclear. This study was conducted to assess the immuno-protective as well as the cross-protective efficacy of a newly developed feed-based bivalent vaccine against Streptococcus and Aeromonas infections in red hybrid tilapia. A total of five groups of fish were vaccinated orally through two different techniques; bivalent vaccine (inactivated Streptococcus iniae and Aeromonas hydrophila) sprayed on feed pellets (BS group); bivalent vaccine (inactivated S. iniae and A. hydrophila) incorporated in feed (BI group); monovalent inactivated S. iniae and A. hydrophila vaccine separately incorporated into feed as monovalent S. iniae (MS group) and monovalent A. hydrophila (MA group); and control group (without vaccine). The feed-based vaccine was delivered orally at 5% of body weight for five consecutive days. The booster doses were given in the same manner on weeks 2 and 6. Serum and skin mucus samples were collected to assess the IgM responses using indirect ELISA. The first administration of the feed-based vaccine stimulated the IgM levels that lasted until week 3, while the second booster ensured that the IgM levels remained high for a period of 16 weeks in the BI, MS and MA groups. The BI group developed a strong and significantly (P < 0.05) higher systemic and mucosal IgM responses against both S. iniae and A. hydrophila and also cross-protective antigen S. agalactiae and A. veronii compared to the BS and control groups. Quantitative real-time PCR results also showed that the relative expressions of IL-8, INF-γ and IgM in the BI immunized fish spleen, head kidney and hindgut exhibited various significant (P < 0.05) rising trends following both the vaccination and the challenge phase. On weeks 10, all fish were challenged through the intraperitoneal route, where relative percent survivals (RPS) of 82.22 ± 3.85% when challenged with S. iniae, 77.78 ± 3.85% when challenged with A. hydrophila and 77.78 ± 3.85% when co-challenged with both S. iniae and A. hydrophila were observed in the BI group, which were significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to the other groups. The BI group also showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher partial cross-protections following challenges with S. agalactiae (RPS at 60.00 ± 6.67%) and A. veronii (RPS at 57.78 ± 7.70%). This study demonstrated that immunization with feed-based BI vaccine elicited immune responses that were capable of protecting red hybrid tilapia against streptococcosis and MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shirajum Monir
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Md Sabri Mohd Yusoff
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zarirah Mohamed Zulperi
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hasliza Abu Hassim
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Production and Biodiversity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zamri-Saad
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Noor Azmai Amal
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Annas Salleh
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aslah Mohamad
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lee Jing Yie
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Md Yasin Ina-Salwany
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Vaccine Efficacy of a Newly Developed Feed-Based Whole-Cell Polyvalent Vaccine against Vibriosis, Streptococcosis and Motile Aeromonad Septicemia in Asian Seabass, Lates calcarifer. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040368. [PMID: 33920311 PMCID: PMC8069360 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple infections of several bacterial species are often observed under natural farm conditions. The infections would cause a much more significant loss compared to a single infectious agent. Vaccination is an essential strategy to prevent diseases in aquaculture, and oral vaccination has been proposed as a promising technique since it requires no handling of the fish and is easy to perform. This research attempts to develop and evaluate a potential feed-based polyvalent vaccine that can be used to treat multiple infections by Vibrios spp., Streptococcus agalactiae, and Aeromonas hydrophila, simultaneously. The oral polyvalent vaccine was prepared by mixing formalin-killed vaccine of V. harveyi, S. agalactiae, and A. hydrophila strains with commercial feed pellet, and palm oil as an adjuvant was added to improve their antigenicity. Thereafter, a vaccinated feed pellet was tested for feed quality analysis in terms of feed stability in water, proximate nutrient analysis, and palatability, safety, and growth performance using Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer as a fish host model. For immune response analysis, a total of 300 Asian seabass juveniles (15.8 ± 2.6 g) were divided into two groups in triplicate. Fish of group 1 were not vaccinated, while group 2 was vaccinated with the feed-based polyvalent vaccine. Vaccinations were carried out on days 0 and 14 with oral administration of the feed containing the bacterin at 5% body weight. Samples of serum for antibody and lysozyme study and the spleen and gut for gene expression analysis were collected at 7-day intervals for 6 weeks. Its efficacy in protecting fish was evaluated in aquarium challenge. Following vaccination by the polyvalent feed-based vaccine, IgM antibody levels showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in serum against Vibrio harveyi, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Streptococcus agalactiae and reached the peak at week 3, 5, and 6, respectively. The high-stimulated antibody in the serum remained significantly higher than the control (p < 0.05) at the end of the 6 weeks vaccination trial. Not only that, but the serum lysozyme level was also increased significantly at week 4 (p < 0.05) as compared to the control treatment. The immune-related gene, dendritic cells, C3, Chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4), and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) showed significantly higher expression (p < 0.05) after the fish were vaccinated with the oral vaccine. In the aquarium challenge, the vaccine provided a relative percentage survival of 75 ± 7.1%, 80 ± 0.0%, and 80 ± 0.0% after challenge with V. harveyi, A. hydrophila, and S. agalactiae, respectively. Combining our results demonstrate that the feed-based polyvalent vaccine could elicit significant innate and adaptive immunological responses, and this offers an opportunity for a comprehensive immunization against vibriosis, streptococcosis, and motile aeromonad septicemia in Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer. Nevertheless, this newly developed feed-based polyvalent vaccination can be a promising technique for effective and large-scale fish immunization in the aquaculture industry shortly.
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Rao S, Byadgi O, Pulpipat T, Wang PC, Chen SC. Efficacy of a formalin-inactivated Lactococcus garvieae vaccine in farmed grey mullet (Mugil cephalus). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:1579-1589. [PMID: 32935338 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lactococcosis [Lactococcus garvieae (LG)] is one of the most prevalent bacterial diseases affecting grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) aquaculture. Therefore, the present research evaluated the efficacy of formalin-killed LG vaccine with an oil-based adjuvant in grey mullet under laboratory and field trials. The laboratory evaluation for LG vaccine and its cross-protection upon challenge in grey mullet found that single-dose immunization of formalin-killed LG with adjuvant resulted in 91.4% and 100% relative per cent survival (RPS) when challenged with homologous and heterologous strains. The levels of specific antibody titre and lysozyme activity increased significantly in the vaccinated group. Immune gene expression at 24 hr after challenge showed an increase in levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. A parallel field trial experiment was conducted to investigate the long-term effectiveness of the LG vaccine. Results demonstrated that at one month and three months post-immunization with heterologous strain, 100% RPS was recorded in the vaccinated group. The findings suggested that the formalin-inactivated LG vaccine strain (S3) protected grey mullet against LG infection for a period of three months.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - O Byadgi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - T Pulpipat
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - P-C Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - S-C Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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13
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Haemato-immunological responses and effectiveness of feed-based bivalent vaccine against Streptococcus iniae and Aeromonas hydrophila infections in hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × O. niloticus). BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:226. [PMID: 32615969 PMCID: PMC7330267 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcosis and Motile Aeromonad Septicemia (MAS) are important diseases of tilapia, Oreochromis spp. and causes huge economic losses in aquaculture globally. The feed-based vaccination may be an alternative to minimize major infectious diseases in tilapia. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the haemato-immunological responses and effectiveness of a newly developed feed-based killed bivalent vaccine against Streptococcus iniae and Aeromonas hydrophila in hybrid red tilapia. A total of 495 hybrid red tilapia of 61.23 ± 4.95 g were distributed into 5 groups (each with triplicate). The fish were immunized orally through bivalent (combined S. iniae and A. hydrophila) spray vaccine (BS group), bivalent formulate vaccine (BF group), monovalent S. iniae vaccine (MS group), monovalent A. hydrophila vaccine (MA group) and unvaccinated as a control group. The vaccine was orally administered on days 0, 14 and 42 applied feed-based bacterin at 5% body weight. The blood and spleen samples were collected from all groups on 7, 21 and 49 days post-vaccination, and also 96 h post-infection to assess their haemato-immune responses. Results Compared with the unvaccinated group, leukocyte, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes counts in vaccinated groups were significantly (P < 0.05) increased on 21, 49 days post-vaccination and also 96 h post-infection, while erythrocytes, haemoglobin and haematocrit in vaccinated groups were significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced only 96 h post-infection. Additionally, the lysozyme and phagocytic activity and, serum antibody (IgM) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) against S. iniae and A. hydrophila in vaccinated groups compared to the unvaccinated group in the pre- and post-infection. Results from the challenge through co-infection with S. iniae and A. hydrophila showed the relative percent survival (RPS) in BF group was 76.67 ± 4.71%, which had the capacity to induce significant protection (P < 0.05) compared to others groups. Conclusions This study demonstrates the bivalent formulate (BF) group could elicit significant non-specific and specific immunological responses with higher protection in hybrid red tilapia. In addition, this newly developed feed-based bivalent vaccination can be a promising technique for effective and large scale fish immunization in the aquaculture industry.
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Vaz Farias TH, Arijo S, Medina A, Pala G, da Rosa Prado EJ, Montassier HJ, Pilarski F, Antonio de Andrade Belo M. Immune responses induced by inactivated vaccine against Aeromonas hydrophila in pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 101:186-191. [PMID: 32247044 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is responsible for outbreaks of a severe infectious disease in fish farms around the world and is one of the major causes of economic losses to the neotropical fish farmers. This study assessed the induction of immune responses and protection against A. hydrophila in pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, vaccinated through intraperitoneal and immersion route with inactivated virulent strain. Fish were randomly distributed in three vaccinated groups: intraperitoneal (i.p.) route; immersion; and immersion + booster; and control group (unvaccinated). All vaccination protocols used the concentration of 1.7 × 108 CFU mL-1 of inactivated A. hydrophila., and an oil adjuvant was used for vaccine prepararion for i.p. route vaccination. Blood and skin mucus from 9 fishes per treatment were collected at 14, 28, 42 and 84 days post-vaccination (DPV) for determination of lysozyme concentration in skin mucus, as well as antibodies anti-A. hydrophila in blood serum and skin mucus. Fish were challenged at 84 DPV with homologous and virulent strain of A. hydrophila for evaluation of resistance against bacterial infection. The results demonstrated that vaccination with inactivated A. hydrophila suspension by i.p. or immersion resulted in significant increase of skin mucus lysozyme and specific antibody levels in serum and skin mucus, at 28 and 42 DPV, and this increase in innate and adaptive immunity remained significant in pacu vaccinated through i.p. route up to 84 DPV. Although no significant differences were observed in the survival study, pacu vaccinated through i.p. route presented 31,33% of relative percentage survival (RPS) in LD50-96h when compared unvaccinated fish challenged at 84 DPV. The results observed in this study indicate that vaccination programs with inactivated A. hydrophila, including booster doses by i.p. or immersion routes, could result in more effective protection in pacu against this bacteriosis, by increasing innate and adaptive mucosal and systemic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Heloisa Vaz Farias
- Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms Pathology (Lapoa), Aquaculture Center from UNESP (CAUNESP), Rodovia de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Salvador Arijo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Alberto Medina
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Gabriela Pala
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rodovia de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Zona Rural, CEP 14884-012, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Ed Jhonny da Rosa Prado
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rodovia de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Zona Rural, CEP 14884-012, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Hélio José Montassier
- Department of Microbiology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rodovia de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Zona Rural, CEP 14884-012, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Pilarski
- Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms Pathology (Lapoa), Aquaculture Center from UNESP (CAUNESP), Rodovia de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio de Andrade Belo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rodovia de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Zona Rural, CEP 14884-012, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Animal Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brazil University, Av. Hilário da Silva Passos, 950, CEP.13690-000, Descalvado, SP, Brazil.
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15
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Bwalya P, Hang’ombe BM, Gamil AA, Munang'andu HM, Evensen Ø, Mutoloki S. A whole-cell Lactococcus garvieae autovaccine protects Nile tilapia against infection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230739. [PMID: 32214386 PMCID: PMC7098586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The autovaccine was produced in-house using a bacterial isolate from a diseased fish from the target farm. Three groups of 150 fish each were injected with either 1) an oil-adjuvanted, inactivated whole cell autovaccine, 2) adjuvant only or 3) PBS (negative control). Approximately 660 degree days post vaccination, the fish were challenged with 9x105 cfu bacteria/fish by intraperitoneal injection and monitored for a further 28 days. Protection against infections was measured by lack of/reduced bacterial loads both by bacterial re-isolation and immunohistochemistry as well as absence of clinical signs/pathology. Significantly less L. garvieae (p<0.03) was re-isolated from either the adjuvant only or control groups compared to the vaccinated group. Furthermore, a significantly high amount (p<0.001) of anti-L. garvieae specific antibodies were observed in the vaccinated group compared to the adjuvant only or control groups at time of challenge. This coincided with protection against infection measured by absence/reduced L. garvieae re-isolation from internal organs, reduced clinical signs and lack of pathology in this group. In the adjuvant only and control groups, bacteria were re-isolated from the kidney, liver, spleen, brain and eyes during the first 14 days. The findings suggest that oil-based vaccines can protect tilapia against L. garvieae infection through an antibody mediated response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Bwalya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Samora Machel School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Veterinary and Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Bernard M. Hang’ombe
- Samora Machel School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Amr A. Gamil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Øystein Evensen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephen Mutoloki
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Yamashita MM, Ferrarezi JV, Pereira GDV, Bandeira G, Côrrea da Silva B, Pereira SA, Martins ML, Pedreira Mouriño JL. Autochthonous vs allochthonous probiotic strains to Rhamdia quelen. Microb Pathog 2019; 139:103897. [PMID: 31786258 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to obtain an autochthonous probiotic candidate strain from the silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) intestinal tract, comparing its in vivo performance with an allochthonous probiotic isolated from another fish, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), in a growth performance assay. The study was divided in two parts: in vitro and in vivo assay followed by challenge with A. hydrophila. In the in vitro assay, the species-specific isolated strain Lactococcus lactis presented characteristics such as: absence of hemolysis, antagonism to bacterial pathogens isolated from freshwater fish, and considerable speed of duplication. In the in vivo trial, both fish supplemented with autochthonous or allochthonous strains presented an increase the final concentration of lactic acid bacteria in the intestinal tract of the fish after 60 days of dietary supplementation reaching concentrations of 1 × 107 CFU g-1 and 4 × 107 UFC.g-1, respectively. In addition, the autochthonous strain increased the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) of the treated animals, but no significant differences were observed in the other hemato-immunological and zootechnical parameters between treatments. After challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila, only animals that received autochthonous probiotic supplementation showed an increase in the serum total immunoglobulin concentration, but not enough to observe a significant difference in the survival rate between the treatments. Dietary supplementation of the probiotic allochthonous strain did not demonstrate any effects superior to those of the isolated autochthonous strain. Although the autochthonous strain did not present significant improvements in the other parameters evaluated in this study, it was able to inhibit bacterial pathogens in vitro, to increase the final concentration of LAB's and the amount of immunoglobulin after experimental challenge, demonstrating probiotic potential. This study demonstrated for the first time the isolation and in vivo use of an autochthonous probiotic strain isolated from silver catfish, as well as its comparative evaluation with the performance of allochthonous probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Maia Yamashita
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - José Victor Ferrarezi
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Gabriella do Vale Pereira
- Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health Research Group, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Guerino Bandeira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruno Côrrea da Silva
- EPAGRI - Company of Agricultural Research and Rural Extension of Santa Catarina, Rod. Antônio Hell, 6800, 88318-112, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Scheila Anelise Pereira
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Maurício Laterça Martins
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Pedreira Mouriño
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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17
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Bulfon C, Pacorig V, Sarti M, Luzzana U, Galeotti M, Volpatti D. Protec ™ improves innate immune response and specific antibody response against Lactococcus garvieae in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 213:109885. [PMID: 31307670 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Protec™ is a commercial aquafeed (Skretting Italia) containing a combination of glucans, vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc (immune support pack). No research information concerning its capability to improve fish immune response is available, so in this study the potential immunomodulatory effects of Protec™ were investigated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Head kidney (HK) leukocytes from adult fish (100 g, n = 6) were in vitro incubated with Protec™ immune support pack resulting in significantly higher respiratory burst activity and proliferation. Specifically, sonicated Protec™ immune support pack (160 μg/ml) induced a respiratory burst response similar to that promoted by zymosan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while non-sonicated Protec™ immune support pack induced a response comparable to that of cells stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Moreover, the proliferation of leukocytes exposed to sonicated Protec™ immune support pack (20 μg/ml) was significantly higher than that of cells stimulated with zymosan, and it was comparable to the proliferation of cells stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and LPS. Afterwards, a feeding trial was performed in a rainbow trout farm. Two groups of juvenile rainbow trout (10 g) were acclimated for 7 weeks before the experiment and fed daily with a commercial control diet (Optiline HE, Skretting Italia) at 2% BW/day. At the end of acclimation, one group of fish was fed with Protec™ diet (Skretting Italia) at 2% BW/day whereas the other group continued to feed the control diet at the same level for further 4 weeks. Then, fish were sampled (HK leukocytes from n = 6 fish/group, serum from n = 12 fish/group) or intraperitoneally vaccinated against lactococcosis (n = 160/dietary group/time point). Fish fed the same diets for further 4 weeks after vaccination, then feeding returned to the control diet in both groups until the end of the trial. The specific antibody response was recorded at 4 and 8 weeks after vaccination (n = 12 fish/group). The administration of Protec™ significantly enhanced the respiratory burst activity of leukocytes and the synthesis of specific IgM against Lactococcus garvieae, whereas the serum lysozyme activity was unaffected. The present research suggests that the administration of Protec™ can improve both innate and adaptive immune response of rainbow trout, proving to be an interesting strategy for enhancing the immune reactivity of fish to vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bulfon
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Udine, via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Valentina Pacorig
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Udine, via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Galeotti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Udine, via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Donatella Volpatti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Udine, via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy
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Guo S, Hu L, Feng J, Lin P, He L, Yan Q. Immunogenicity of a bivalent protein as a vaccine against Edwardsiella anguillarum and Vibrio vulnificus in Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00766. [PMID: 30444580 PMCID: PMC6562130 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The OMPs A (OmpA)—of Edwardsiella anguillarum and OmpU of V. vulnificus have been proven to be good antigens. In this study, after construction of a vector, a new recombinant Omp (rOMP) containing both OmpA and OmpU was expressed and purified. Then, the Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica) were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with the phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS group), formalin‐killed‐cell (FKC group) or the recombinant Omp (rOMP group). The stimulation index of the whole blood cells in eels from FKC group was significantly higher than the eels from PBS and rOMP groups at 28 dpi; serum titers of anti‐E. anguillarum and anti‐V. vulnificus antibody of eels from FKC and rOMP group increased significantly at 21 and 28 dpi; in the rOMP group, eels serum titer stayed at a high level on 42 dpi. The activities of lysozyme in skin mucus, liver, kidney, and serum in three groups exhibited considerable changes. The relative percent survival (RPS) rate of eels from rOMP group were 100% and 83% when challenged with V. vulnificus or E. anguillarum. These results indicated that inoculation of rOMP would protect Japanese eels against the infection by E. anguillarum and V. vulnificus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Guo
- Fishery College of Jimei University/Engineering Research Center of Modern Eel Industrial Technology of the Ministry of Education, PRC, Xiamen, China.,Jimei University, Fujian, Xiamen, China
| | - Linlin Hu
- Fishery College of Jimei University/Engineering Research Center of Modern Eel Industrial Technology of the Ministry of Education, PRC, Xiamen, China.,Jimei University, Fujian, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianjun Feng
- Fishery College of Jimei University/Engineering Research Center of Modern Eel Industrial Technology of the Ministry of Education, PRC, Xiamen, China.,Jimei University, Fujian, Xiamen, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Fishery College of Jimei University/Engineering Research Center of Modern Eel Industrial Technology of the Ministry of Education, PRC, Xiamen, China.,Jimei University, Fujian, Xiamen, China
| | - Le He
- Fishery College of Jimei University/Engineering Research Center of Modern Eel Industrial Technology of the Ministry of Education, PRC, Xiamen, China.,Jimei University, Fujian, Xiamen, China
| | - Qingpi Yan
- Fishery College of Jimei University/Engineering Research Center of Modern Eel Industrial Technology of the Ministry of Education, PRC, Xiamen, China.,Jimei University, Fujian, Xiamen, China
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Ringø E, Hoseinifar SH, Ghosh K, Doan HV, Beck BR, Song SK. Lactic Acid Bacteria in Finfish-An Update. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1818. [PMID: 30147679 PMCID: PMC6096003 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex and dynamic community of microorganisms, play important roles within the fish gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Of the bacteria colonizing the GI tract, are lactic acid bacteria (LAB) generally considered as favorable microorganism due to their abilities to stimulating host GI development, digestive function, mucosal tolerance, stimulating immune response, and improved disease resistance. In early finfish studies, were culture-dependent methods used to enumerate bacterial population levels within the GI tract. However, due to limitations by using culture methods, culture-independent techniques have been used during the last decade. These investigations have revealed the presence of Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Carnobacterium, Weissella, and Pediococcus as indigenous species. Numerous strains of LAB isolated from finfish are able to produce antibacterial substances toward different potential fish pathogenic bacteria as well as human pathogens. LAB are revealed be the most promising bacterial genera as probiotic in aquaculture. During the decade numerous investigations are performed on evaluation of probiotic properties of different genus and species of LAB. Except limited contradictory reports, most of administered strains displayed beneficial effects on both, growth-and reproductive performance, immune responses and disease resistance of finfish. This eventually led to industrial scale up and introduction LAB-based commercial probiotics. Pathogenic LAB belonging to the genera Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Carnobacterium, and Lactococcus have been detected from ascites, kidney, liver, heart, and spleen of several finfish species. These pathogenic bacteria will be addressed in present review which includes their impacts on finfish aquaculture, possible routes for treatment. Finfish share many common structures and functions of the immune system with warm-blooded animals, although apparent differences exist. This similarity in the immune system may result in many shared LAB effects between finfish and land animals. LAB-fed fish show an increase in innate immune activities leading to disease resistances: neutrophil activity, lysozyme secretion, phagocytosis, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α). However, some LAB strains preferentially induces IL-10 instead, a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine. These results indicate that LAB may vary in their immunological effects depending on the species and hosts. So far, the immunological studies using LAB have been focused on their effects on innate immunity. However, these studies need to be further extended by investigating their involvement in the modulation of adaptive immunity. The present review paper focuses on recent findings in the field of isolation and detection of LAB, their administration as probiotic in aquaculture and their interaction with fish immune responses. Furthermore, the mode of action of probiotics on finfish are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar Ringø
- Faculty of Bioscience, Fisheries and Economics, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Koushik Ghosh
- Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, India
| | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Bo Ram Beck
- School of Life Science, Handong University, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Seong Kyu Song
- School of Life Science, Handong University, Pohang, South Korea
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do Vale Pereira G, da Cunha D, Pedreira Mourino J, Rodiles A, Jaramillo-Torres A, Merrifield D. Characterization of microbiota inArapaima gigasintestine and isolation of potential probiotic bacteria. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:1298-1311. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. do Vale Pereira
- Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health Research Group; School of Biological and Marine Sciences; Plymouth University; Plymouth UK
- CAPES Foundation; Ministry of Education of Brazil; Brazilia-DF Brazil
| | - D.G. da Cunha
- Mar e Terra Ind. Com. de pescados S/A; Rondonia Brazil
| | | | - A. Rodiles
- Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health Research Group; School of Biological and Marine Sciences; Plymouth University; Plymouth UK
| | - A. Jaramillo-Torres
- Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health Research Group; School of Biological and Marine Sciences; Plymouth University; Plymouth UK
| | - D.L. Merrifield
- Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health Research Group; School of Biological and Marine Sciences; Plymouth University; Plymouth UK
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21
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Veenstra KA, Wang T, Alnabulsi A, Douglas A, Russell KS, Tubbs L, Arous JB, Secombes CJ. Analysis of adipose tissue immune gene expression after vaccination of rainbow trout with adjuvanted bacterins reveals an association with side effects. Mol Immunol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Pavan TR, Di Domenico J, Kirsten KS, Nied CO, Frandoloso R, Kreutz LC. Antibody response in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) immunized with a model antigen associated with different adjuvants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 49:S0100-879X2016000800606. [PMID: 27464022 PMCID: PMC4964894 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants are essential to boost the immune response to inoculated antigen and play a central role in vaccine development. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of several adjuvants in the production of anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) antibodies in silver catfish. Two hundred and seventy juvenile silver catfish (60–80 g) of both sexes were intraperitoneally vaccinated with BSA (200 µg/fish) alone or mixed to the following adjuvants: Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA), Freund’s incomplete adjuvant (FIA), aluminum hydroxide (AlOH), Montanide, four types of cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) and three concentrations of β-glucan, and the immune enhancing property was evaluated by measuring anti-BSA antibodies in blood samples at biweekly intervals. Our results demonstrated that CpGs ODNs and β-glucan were as effective as classical adjuvants (FCA, FIA, AlOH and Montanide) in promoting anti-BSA antibodies and that the kinetics of antibody production induced by all adjuvants used in our study had a similar trend to that observed in other fish species, with a peak at 28 days post-vaccination. These results may be useful for the selection of adjuvants for vaccine formulation intended for silver catfish and for the development of vaccine and vaccination strategies to other fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Pavan
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil
| | - J Di Domenico
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil
| | - K S Kirsten
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil
| | - C O Nied
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil
| | - R Frandoloso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil
| | - L C Kreutz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil
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Meyburgh CM, Bragg RR, Boucher CE. Lactococcus garvieae: an emerging bacterial pathogen of fish. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2017; 123:67-79. [PMID: 28177294 DOI: 10.3354/dao03083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is the causative agent of lactococcosis, a hyperacute, haemorrhagic septicaemia of fish. This bacterium is also considered an emerging zoonotic pathogen, as reports of human infection are increasing. Significant economic loss in aquaculture is suffered as a result of lactococcosis, as numerous freshwater and marine species of commercial interest are affected. Development of antibiotic resistance in L. garvieae to several chemotherapeutic agents complicates and restricts treatment options. Effective, sustainable treatment and prevention options are thus needed, but progress is impeded by the lack of knowledge concerning several aspects of the disease and the pathogen. This review aims to present the latest research on L. garvieae, with specific focus on pathogenesis, virulence factors, risks associated with chemotherapeutic administration and possible control options.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Meyburgh
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical & Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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24
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Fukushima HCS, Leal CAG, Cavalcante RB, Figueiredo HCP, Arijo S, Moriñigo MA, Ishikawa M, Borra RC, Ranzani-Paiva MJT. Lactococcus garvieae outbreaks in Brazilian farms Lactococcosis in Pseudoplatystoma sp. - development of an autogenous vaccine as a control strategy. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:263-272. [PMID: 27457188 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the control of streptococcosis outbreaks in Brazil, isolated from diseased sorubim and identified as Lactococcus garvieae by genetic sequencing. This report determined the potential for lactococcosis control in sorubim Pseudoplatystoma sp. with two vaccines: an aqueous-based, whole-cell inactivated vaccine (bacterin) and an oil-adjuvanted bacterin. Their efficacy was evaluated at 30 days post-vaccination (d.p.v.) by challenge with L. garvieae, and the antibody production response at 15, 30 and 60 d.p.v. and the non-specific immune response were compared amongst treatments. High protection levels (P < 0.05) were achieved with the oil-adjuvanted vaccine with a relative percentage survival value of 81.7% at 30 d.p.v. Additionally, the oil-adjuvanted vaccine increased the immunogenicity of the bacterin as indicated by greater agglutination antibody titres from 15 until 60 d.p.v. This is the first report of a positive effect of vaccine administration on the specific immunity of sorubim, and the study showed that a specific antibody plays an important role in sorubim defence against lactococcosis because the innate immune responses were similar in all of the studied animals. These results demonstrated that oil-adjuvanted vaccine can be an effective alternative for the protection of sorubim from L. garvieae disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C S Fukushima
- Aquaculture Center, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - C A G Leal
- AQUAVET, Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | | | - H C P Figueiredo
- AQUAVET, Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - S Arijo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - M A Moriñigo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - M Ishikawa
- EMBRAPA-Environment, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Jaguariúna, SP, Brazil
| | - R C Borra
- Genetic and Evolution Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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25
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26
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Saraceni PR, Romero A, Figueras A, Novoa B. Establishment of Infection Models in Zebrafish Larvae (Danio rerio) to Study the Pathogenesis of Aeromonas hydrophila. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1219. [PMID: 27540375 PMCID: PMC4972827 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen of fish and terrestrial animals. In humans, A. hydrophila mainly causes gastroenteritis, septicaemia, and tissue infections. The mechanisms of infection, the main virulence factors and the host immune response triggered by A. hydrophila have been studied in detail using murine models and adult fish. However, the great limitation of studying adult animals is that the animal must be sacrificed and its tissues/organs extracted, which prevents the study of the infectious processes in the whole living animal. Zebrafish larvae are being used for the analysis of several infectious diseases, but their use for studying the pathogenesis of A. hydrophila has never been explored. The great advantage of zebrafish larvae is their transparency during the first week after fertilization, which allows detailed descriptions of the infectious processes using in vivo imaging techniques such as differential interferential contrast (DIC) and fluorescence microscopy. Moreover, the availability of fluorescent pathogens and transgenic reporter zebrafish lines expressing fluorescent immune cells, immune marker genes or cytokines/chemokines allows the host-pathogen interactions to be characterized. The present study explores the suitability of zebrafish larvae to study the pathogenesis of A. hydrophila and the interaction mechanisms between the bacterium and the innate immune responses through an infection model using different routes for infection. We used an early-embryo infection model at 3 days post-fertilization (dpf) through the microinjection of A. hydrophila into the duct of Cuvier, caudal vein, notochord, or muscle and two bath infection models using 4 dpf healthy and injured larvae. The latter resembled the natural conditions under which A. hydrophila produces infectious diseases in animals. We compared the cellular processes after infection in each anatomical site by confocal fluorescence imaging and determined the implication of inflammatory immune genes by measuring gene expression by qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Beatriz Novoa
- Immunology and Genomics, Institute of Marine Research (IIM) – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), VigoSpain
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27
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Liu X, Zhang H, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Wu H, Zhang Y. Efficacy of chitosan oligosaccharide as aquatic adjuvant administrated with a formalin-inactivated Vibrio anguillarum vaccine. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:855-860. [PMID: 26476108 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine is one of the efficient candidates to prevent fish disease through activating host immune response in aquaculture. Actually, several vaccines are often administered with adjuvants to increase immunostimulation, especially for some water-based formalin-killed vaccines. However, side effects are inevitable after vaccination of some adjuvants. Therefore, exploration for effective and harmless aquatic adjuvants is urgently needed. In this study, immunoprotection of a formalin-inactivated Vibrio anguillarum vaccine applied with chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) was analyzed. High levels of protection were achieved in zebrafish and turbot vaccinated with inactivated vaccine and COS (RPS of 89.0 ± 4.5% and 80.0 ± 6.9%) compared with fish vaccinated with inactivated vaccine alone (RPS of 47.8 ± 6.6% and 64.7 ± 5.8%) at 4 week post vaccination. Moreover, high antibody reaction and cross-protection against Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio harveyi were observed of turbot vaccinated with inactivated vaccine and COS. In conclusion, COS can enhance immunoprotection of a formalin-inactivated V. anguillarum vaccine, significantly activate humoral immune response of host, and be benefit for inhibition against pathogens. Therefore, COS would be a potential adjuvant for aquatic vaccine design in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Haizhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, PR China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, Shanghai, PR China
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SongLin G, PanPan L, JianJun F, JinPing Z, Peng L, LiHua D. A novel recombinant bivalent outer membrane protein of Vibrio vulnificus and Aeromonas hydrophila as a vaccine antigen of American eel (Anguilla rostrata). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 43:477-484. [PMID: 25655329 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The immogenicity of a novel vaccine antigen was evaluated after immunized American eels (Anguilla rostrata) with a recombinant bivalent expressed outer membrane protein (OMP) of Vibrio vulnificus and Aeromonas hydrophila. Three groups of eels were intraperitoneal (i.p) injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS group), formaline-killed-whole-cell (FKC) of A. hydrophila and V. vulnificus (FKC group) or the bivalent OMP (OMP group). On 14, 21, 28 and 42 days post-vaccination respectively, proliferation of the whole blood cells, titers of specific antibody and lysozyme activities of experimental eels were detected. On 28 day post-vaccination, eels from three groups were challenged by i.p injection of live A. hydrophila or V. vulnificus. The results showed that, compared with the PBS group, proliferation of whole blood cells in OMP group was significant enhanced on 28 days, and the serum titers of anti-A.hydrophila and anti-V. vulnificus antibody in eels of FKC and OMP group were significant increased on 14, 21 and 28d. Lysozyme Activities in serum, skin mucus, liver and kidney were significant changed between the three groups. Relative Percent Survival (RPS) after challenged A. hydrophila in KFC vs. PBS group and OMP vs. PBS group were 62.5% and 50% respectively, and the RPS challenged V. vulnificus in FKC and OMP vs. PBS group were 37.5% and 50% respectively. These results suggest that American eels immunized with the bivalent OMP would positively affect specific as well as non-specific immune parameters and protect against infection by the two pathogens in fresh water farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo SongLin
- Fishery College of Jimei University/Engineering Research Center of Modern Eel Industrial Technology of the Ministry of Education, PRC. Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China.
| | - Lu PanPan
- Fishery College of Jimei University/Engineering Research Center of Modern Eel Industrial Technology of the Ministry of Education, PRC. Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Feng JianJun
- Fishery College of Jimei University/Engineering Research Center of Modern Eel Industrial Technology of the Ministry of Education, PRC. Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Zhao JinPing
- Fishery College of Jimei University/Engineering Research Center of Modern Eel Industrial Technology of the Ministry of Education, PRC. Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Lin Peng
- Fishery College of Jimei University/Engineering Research Center of Modern Eel Industrial Technology of the Ministry of Education, PRC. Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Duan LiHua
- Fishery College of Jimei University/Engineering Research Center of Modern Eel Industrial Technology of the Ministry of Education, PRC. Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
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Costa FAA, Leal CAG, Schuenker ND, Leite RC, Figueiredo HCP. Characterization of Weissella ceti infections in Brazilian rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), farms and development of an oil-adjuvanted vaccine. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:295-302. [PMID: 24661016 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Weissella ceti is an emerging bacterial pathogen that affects rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), farms. The aims of this study were to genotype W. ceti strains isolated from distinct geographical origins and to determine the efficacy of an oil-adjuvanted vaccine against the disease. Between 2010 and 2012, outbreaks were recorded in five Brazilian farms, and 34 W. ceti isolates were genetically characterized by repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences PCR and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Two different W. ceti vaccines were tested: an aqueous-based whole-cell inactivated vaccine (bacterin) and oil-adjuvanted vaccine. Their efficacy was evaluated in rainbow trout at 30 and 60 days post-vaccination (d.p.v.). W. ceti was found to be a highly homogeneous population in Brazil, with clonally related genotypes. Oil-adjuvanted vaccine exhibited the best (P < 0.05) protection against disease, reaching relative percentage survival (RPS)values of 92% at 30 and 60 d.p.v. Bacterin resulted in RPS values of 67% and 58% at day 30 and 60, respectively. The oil-adjuvanted vaccine provided effective protection against W. ceti infection in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A A Costa
- AQUAVET, Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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30
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Zhang D, Pridgeon JW, Klesius PH. Vaccination of channel catfish with extracellular products of Aeromonas hydrophila provides protection against infection by the pathogen. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 36:270-275. [PMID: 24321514 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila, a Gram-negative bacterium, is one of the economically-important pathogens in modern aquaculture. Among various traits, extracellular products (ECP) secreted by the bacterium are considered to be essential factors for virulence. Whether vaccination with the ECP could produce immune protection in catfish against the pathogen was determined in this study. The results showed that fish vaccinated with ECP had 100% of relative percent survival (RPS) when challenged with the pathogen two weeks post vaccination. The anti-ECP serum from vaccinated fish could aggregate cells of homogeneous bacteria as well as other virulent strains (isolates) of A. hydrophila but not an A. veronii isolate and a low virulent field isolate. The agglutination titers increased from two weeks to four weeks post immunization and sustained a high level at week seven when the RPS remained at 100%. The anti-ECP serum could also provide naïve fish with immediate protection against A. hydrophila as evidenced by passive immunization. Immunoblotting analysis showed that the anti-ECP serum contained antibodies that bound to specific targets, including protein and lipopolysaccharide-like molecules, in the ECP. Mass spectrometric analysis identified following putative proteins that may serve as important immunogens: chitinase, chitodextrinase, outer membrane protein85, putative metalloprotease, extracellular lipase, hemolysin and elastase. Findings revealed in this study suggest that, while ECP prepared in a conventional and convenient way could be a vaccine candidate, further characterization of antibody-mediated targets in the ECP would uncover quintessential antigens for the future development of highly efficacious vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunhua Zhang
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 990 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36832, USA.
| | - Julia W Pridgeon
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 990 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36832, USA
| | - Phillip H Klesius
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 990 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36832, USA
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31
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Tafalla C, Bøgwald J, Dalmo RA. Adjuvants and immunostimulants in fish vaccines: current knowledge and future perspectives. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1740-1750. [PMID: 23507338 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most adequate method to control infectious diseases that threaten the aquaculture industry worldwide. Unfortunately, vaccines are usually not able to confer protection on their own; especially those vaccines based on recombinant antigens or inactivated pathogens. Therefore, the use of adjuvants or immunostimulants is often necessary to increase the vaccine efficacy. Traditional adjuvants such as mineral oils are routinely used in different commercial bacterial vaccines available for fish; however, important side effects may occur with this type of adjuvants. A search for alternative molecules or certain combinations of them as adjuvants is desirable in order to increase animal welfare without reducing protection levels. Especially, combinations that may target specific cell responses and thus a specific pathogen, with no or minor side effects, should be explored. Despite this, the oil adjuvants currently used are quite friendlier with respect to side effects compared with the oil adjuvants previously used. The great lack of fish antiviral vaccines also evidences the importance of identifying optimal combinations of a vaccination strategy with the use of a targeting adjuvant, especially for the promising fish antiviral DNA vaccines. In this review, we summarise previous studies performed with both traditional adjuvants as well as the most promising new generation adjuvants such as ligands for Toll receptors or different cytokines, focussing mostly on their protective efficacies, and also on what is known concerning their effects on the fish immune system when delivered in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Tafalla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Carretera de Algete a El Casar km. 8.1, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain.
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Guo SL, Wang Y, Guan RZ, Feng JJ, Yang QH, Lu PP, Hu LL, Zhao JP. Immune effects of a bivalent expressed outer membrane protein to American eels (Anguilla rostrota). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:213-20. [PMID: 23643876 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The specific and non-specific immune parameters and protection of American eels (Anguilla rostrata) were evaluated after immunized eels with a bivalent expressed out membrane protein (OMP) of porin Ⅱ of Aeromonas hydrophila and ompS2 of Edwardsiella tarda. One hundred eighty eels were distributed into 3 equal groups and intraperitoneal (i.p) injection with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS group), formalin-killed-whole-cell (FKC) of A. hydrophila and E. tarda (FKC group) or the bivalent OMP (OMP group). The lymphocytes and red blood cells collected on 14, 21 and 42 days post-vaccination were used to evaluate the stimulation index (SI) and the sera collected on 14, 21, 28 and 42 days were used to assize the titers of specific antibody as well as lysozyme activity. Lysozyme activities in skin mucus, suspension of liver and kidney were also recorded on 14, 21 and 28 days. On 28 d post-vaccination, eels from all three groups were challenged by i.p injection of live A. hydrophila or E. tarda. The results show that, compared with the PBS group, proliferation of lymphocytes in OMP group was significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced on 21 days, and the serum titers of anti-A. hydrophila and anti- E. tarda antibody in eels of FKC and OMP group were significant increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) on 14, 21 and 28 days. Activity of the lysozyme in serum, skin mucus, liver and kidney were significant changed (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) between the three groups. Relative Percent Survival (RPS) after challenged with A. hydrophila on 28 days post immunization in two vaccinated groups vs. PBS group were 50%, and the RPS challenge E. tarda in FKC and OMP vs. PBS group were 50% and 37.5% respectively. These results suggest that American eels immunized with the bivalent OMP would positively affect specific as well as non-specific immune parameters and protect against infection by the two pathogens in freshwater farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Lin Guo
- Fishery College of Jimei University/Engineering Research Center of Modern Eel Industrial Technology of the Ministry of Education, PRC, Jimei University, Yindou Road, Fujian, Xiamen 361021, China.
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