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Fuad MMH, Tichopád T, Ondračková M, Civáňová Křížová K, Seifertová M, Voříšková K, Demko M, Vetešník L, Šimková A. Trematode Diplostomum pseudospathaceum inducing differential immune gene expression in sexual and gynogenetic gibel carp ( Carassius gibelio): parasites facilitating the coexistence of two reproductive forms of the invasive species. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1392569. [PMID: 38983863 PMCID: PMC11231671 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1392569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Parasite-mediated selection is considered one of the potential mechanisms contributing to the coexistence of asexual-sexual complexes. Gibel carp (Carassius gibelio), an invasive fish species in Europe, often forms populations composed of gynogenetic and sexual specimens. Methods The experimental infection was induced in gynogenetic and sexual gibel carp using eye-fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum (Trematoda), and the transcriptome profile of the spleen as a major immune organ in fish was analyzed to reveal the differentially expressed immunity-associated genes related to D. pseudospathaceum infection differing between gynogenetic and sexual gibel carp. Results High parasite infection was found in gynogenetic fish when compared to genetically diverse sexuals. Although metacercariae of D. pseudospathaceum are situated in an immune-privileged organ, our results show that eye trematodes may induce a host immune response. We found differential gene expression induced by eye-fluke infection, with various impacts on gynogenetic and sexual hosts, documenting for the majority of DEGs upregulation in sexuals, and downregulation in asexuals. Differences in gene regulation between gynogenetic and sexual gibel carp were evidenced in many immunity-associated genes. GO analyses revealed the importance of genes assigned to the GO terms: immune function, the Notch signaling pathway, MAP kinase tyrosine/threonine/phosphatase activity, and chemokine receptor activity. KEGG analyses revealed the importance of the genes involved in 12 immunity-associated pathways - specifically, FoxO signaling, adipocytokine signaling, TGF-beta signaling, apoptosis, Notch signaling, C-type lectin receptor signaling, efferocytosis, intestinal immune network for IgA production, insulin signaling, virion - human immunodeficiency virus, Toll-like receptor signaling, and phosphatidylinositol signaling system. Discussion Our study indicates the limited potential of asexual fish to cope with higher parasite infection (likely a loss of capacity to induce an effective immune response) and highlights the important role of molecular mechanisms associated with immunity for the coexistence of gynogenetic and sexual gibel carp, potentially contributing to its invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mehedi Hasan Fuad
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Tichopád
- Laboratory of Non-Mendelian Evolution, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Science, Liběchov, Czechia
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodňany, Czechia
| | - Markéta Ondračková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Mária Seifertová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Kristýna Voříšková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martin Demko
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lukáš Vetešník
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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Wu YX, Hu SY, Lu XJ, Hu JR. Identification and characterization of two novel antimicrobial peptides from Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus) with antimicrobial activity and MO/MФ activation capability. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 145:104726. [PMID: 37149238 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Piscidins participate in the innate immune response of fish, which aims to eliminate recognized foreign microbes and restore the homeostasis of immune system. We characterized two piscidin-like antimicrobial peptides (LjPL-3 and LjPL-2) isolated from Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus). LjPL-3 and LjPL-2 showed different expression patterns in tissues. After Vibrio harveyi infection, the mRNA expression of LjPL-3 and LjPL-2 was upregulated in the liver, spleen, head kidney, and trunk kidney. The synthetic mature peptides LjPL-3 and LjPL-2 exhibited different antimicrobial spectra. Furthermore, LjPL-3 and LjPL-2 treatments decreased inflammatory cytokine production while promoting chemotaxis and phagocytosis in monocytes/macrophages (MO/MФ). LjPL-2, but not LjPL-3, displayed bacterial killing capability in MO/MФ. LjPL-3 and LjPL-2 administration increased Japanese sea bass survival after V. harveyi challenge, which was accompanied by a decline in bacterial burden. These data suggested that LjPL-3 and LjPL-2 participate in immune response through direct bacterial killing and MO/MФ activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xin Wu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China; Department of Physiology, and Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuai-Yue Hu
- Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin-Jiang Lu
- Department of Physiology, and Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| | - Jian-Rao Hu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China.
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Yang M, Liu S, Zhang C. Antimicrobial peptides with antiviral and anticancer properties and their modification and nanodelivery systems. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2023.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
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Falco A, Adamek M, Pereiro P, Hoole D, Encinar JA, Novoa B, Mallavia R. The Immune System of Marine Organisms as Source for Drugs against Infectious Diseases. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060363. [PMID: 35736166 PMCID: PMC9230875 DOI: 10.3390/md20060363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The high proliferation of microorganisms in aquatic environments has allowed their coevolution for billions of years with other living beings that also inhabit these niches. Among the different existing types of interaction, the eternal competition for supremacy between the susceptible species and their pathogens has selected, as part of the effector division of the immune system of the former ones, a vast and varied arsenal of efficient antimicrobial molecules, which is highly amplified by the broad biodiversity radiated, above any others, at the marine habitats. At present, the great recent scientific and technological advances already allow the massive discovery and exploitation of these defense compounds for therapeutic purposes against infectious diseases of our interest. Among them, antimicrobial peptides and antimicrobial metabolites stand out because of the wide dimensions of their structural diversities, mechanisms of action, and target pathogen ranges. This revision work contextualizes the research in this field and serves as a presentation and scope identification of the Special Issue from Marine Drugs journal “The Immune System of Marine Organisms as Source for Drugs against Infectious Diseases”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Falco
- Institute of Research, Development, and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain; (J.A.E.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (M.A.)
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (M.A.)
| | - Patricia Pereiro
- Institute of Marine Research, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain; (P.P.); (B.N.)
| | - David Hoole
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - José Antonio Encinar
- Institute of Research, Development, and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain; (J.A.E.); (R.M.)
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Institute of Marine Research, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain; (P.P.); (B.N.)
| | - Ricardo Mallavia
- Institute of Research, Development, and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain; (J.A.E.); (R.M.)
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Transcriptomic Analysis of Fish Hosts Responses to Nervous Necrosis Virus. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020201. [PMID: 35215144 PMCID: PMC8875540 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) has been responsible for mass mortalities in the aquaculture industry worldwide, with great economic and environmental impact. The present review aims to summarize the current knowledge of gene expression responses to nervous necrosis virus infection in different fish species based on transcriptomic analysis data. Four electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS were searched, and more than 500 publications on the subject were identified. Following the application of the appropriate testing, a total of 24 articles proved eligible for this review. NNV infection of different host species, in different developmental stages and tissues, presented in the eligible publications, are described in detail, revealing and highlighting genes and pathways that are most affected by the viral infection. Those transcriptome studies of NNV infected fish are oriented in elucidating the roles of genes/biomarkers for functions of special interest, depending on each study’s specific emphasis. This review presents a first attempt to provide an overview of universal host reaction mechanisms to viral infections, which will provide us with new perspectives to overcome NNV infection to build healthier and sustainable aquaculture systems.
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Screening for the Proteins That Can Interact with Grouper Nervous Necrosis Virus Capsid Protein. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090985. [PMID: 32899810 PMCID: PMC7552068 DOI: 10.3390/v12090985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) can infect many species of fish and has an 80-100% mortality rate. NNV capsid protein (NNVCP) is the only structural protein of NNV, but there are few studies on the protein-protein interaction between NNVCP and the host cell. To investigate NNV morphogenesis, native NNV capsid protein (NNVCP) was used to screen for protein-protein interactions in this study. The results identified that 49 grouper optic nerve proteins can interact with NNVCP and may function as putative receptor or co-receptor, cytoskeleton, glucose metabolism and ATP generation, immunity, mitochondrial ion regulation, and ribosomal proteins. Creatine kinase B-type (CKB) is one of those 49 optic nerve proteins. CKB, a kind of enzyme of ATP generation, was confirmed to interact with NNVCP by far-Western blot and showed to colocalize with NNVCP in GF-1 cells. Compared to the control, the expression of CKB was significantly induced in the brain and eyes infected with NNV. Moreover, the amount of replication of NNV is relatively high in cells expressing CKB. In addition to providing the database of proteins that can interact with NNVCP for subsequent analysis, the results of this research also verified that CKB plays an important role in the morphogenesis of NNV.
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Chen HC, Pan CY, Rajanbabu V, Lee YY, Tsai WR, Chen JY. Lack of Acute Toxicity and Mutagenicity from Recombinant Epinephelus lanceolatus Piscidin Expressed in Pichia pastoris. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18040206. [PMID: 32290449 PMCID: PMC7230367 DOI: 10.3390/md18040206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial peptide (AMP) piscidin was identified from Epinephelus lanceolatus and demonstrated to possess antimicrobial and immune-related functions. Supplementation of feed with recombinant Epinephelus lanceolatus piscidin (rEP)-expressing yeast pellets may minimize the excessive use of antibiotics and control pathogens in aquaculture or animal husbandry. However, before implementing rEP as a supplement, it is necessary to understand whether it harbors any toxicity. Since toxicological information on the topic is scarce, the present investigation was carried out to test whether rEP exhibits allergenic and/or toxic effects. In an oral acute toxicity test (OECD 425), Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were administered rEP dissolved in reverse osmosis water, yielding an LD50 > 5000 mg/kg (no observed animal death). The compound was therefore classified as non-toxic by oral administration. In an acute respiratory toxicity test (OECD 403), heads and noses of SD rats were exposed to liquid aerosol for 4 h (the highest concentration that could be administered without causing any animal death), and a lethal concentration (LC50) > 0.88 mg/L was obtained. The mass medium aerodynamics diameter (MMAD) of rEP aerosol particles was 8.18 μm and mass medium aerodynamics diameter (GSD) was 3.04, which meant that 25.90% could enter the airway (<4 μm) of a rat, and 58.06% (<10 μm) could be inhaled by humans. An ocular irritation test (OECD 405) with rEP powder was performed on New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. Signs of irritation included conjunctival swelling and diffuse flushing 1 h after administration. The signs were less apparent after 24 h and disappeared after 72 h. The classification assigned to the powder was mild eye irritation. Skin sensitization was performed for a local lymphoproliferative test (OECD 442B) using BALB/c mice, with the highest soluble concentration of the rEP considered to be 100% test substance; formulations were diluted to 50% and 25%, and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation was used to measure the degree of lymphocyte proliferation. The stimulation indexes (SIs) were 1.06 (100%), 0.44 (50%), and 0.77 (25%), all of which were less than the cutoff value for a positive sensitization result (1.6). Negative response was also seen in the bacterial reverse mutation test (OECD 471), and no chromosomal effects on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells were observed (OECD 487). Based on these six toxicity tests, rEP showed neither acute toxic effects in experimental animals nor mutagenicity. Thus, rEP can be considered safe for use in subsequent research on its application as a feed additive for poultry, cattle, or aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Ching Chen
- Division of Applied Toxicology, Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taichung City 41358, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Chieh-Yu Pan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan;
| | - Venugopal Rajanbabu
- Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tiruchchirapalli, Tamil Nadu 620027, India;
| | - Yen-Yun Lee
- Division of Applied Toxicology, Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taichung City 41358, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Wei-Ren Tsai
- Division of Applied Toxicology, Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taichung City 41358, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (Y.-Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (W.-R.T.); (J.-Y.C.); Tel.: +886-988105706 (W.-R.T.); +886-920802111 (J.-Y.C.)
| | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-R.T.); (J.-Y.C.); Tel.: +886-988105706 (W.-R.T.); +886-920802111 (J.-Y.C.)
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Betanodavirus and VER Disease: A 30-year Research Review. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020106. [PMID: 32050492 PMCID: PMC7168202 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreaks of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), caused by nervous necrosis virus (NNV), represent one of the main infectious threats for marine aquaculture worldwide. Since the first description of the disease at the end of the 1980s, a considerable amount of research has gone into understanding the mechanisms involved in fish infection, developing reliable diagnostic methods, and control measures, and several comprehensive reviews have been published to date. This review focuses on host–virus interaction and epidemiological aspects, comprising viral distribution and transmission as well as the continuously increasing host range (177 susceptible marine species and epizootic outbreaks reported in 62 of them), with special emphasis on genotypes and the effect of global warming on NNV infection, but also including the latest findings in the NNV life cycle and virulence as well as diagnostic methods and VER disease control.
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Chee PY, Mang M, Lau ES, Tan LTH, He YW, Lee WL, Pusparajah P, Chan KG, Lee LH, Goh BH. Epinecidin-1, an Antimicrobial Peptide Derived From Grouper ( Epinephelus coioides): Pharmacological Activities and Applications. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2631. [PMID: 31824449 PMCID: PMC6879556 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Epinecidin-1 is an antimicrobial peptide derived from the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). The mature epinecidin-1 peptide is predicted to have an amphipathic α-helical structure and a non-helical hydrophilic domain at the C-terminal RRRH. The majority of work studying the potential pharmacological activities of epinecidin-1, utilize synthesized epinecidin-1 (Epi-1), which is made up of 21 amino acids, from the amino acid sequence of 22-42 residues of Epi-1-GFIFHIIKGLFHAGKMIHGLV. The synthetized Epi-1 peptide has been demonstrated to possess diverse pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, anticancer, and wound healing properties. It has also been utilized in different clinical and agricultural fields, including topical applications in wound healing therapy as well as the enhancement of fish immunity in aquaculture. Hence, the present work aims to consolidate the current knowledge and findings on the characteristics and pharmacological properties of epinecidin-1 and its potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Ying Chee
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Morokot Mang
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Ern Sher Lau
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Loh Teng-Hern Tan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Wen He
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wai-Leng Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Priyia Pusparajah
- Medical Health and Translational Research Group, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- International Genome Centre, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Health and Well-being Cluster, Global Asia in the 21st Century Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Health and Well-being Cluster, Global Asia in the 21st Century Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Xiang Y, Jia P, Liu W, Yi M, Jia K. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the role of p53 signalling pathway during red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus infection in Lateolabrax japonicus brain cells. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:585-595. [PMID: 30659619 PMCID: PMC7166548 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is one of the fish pathogens that have caused mass mortalities of many marine and freshwater fishes in the world. To better comprehend the molecular immune mechanism of sea perch (Lateolabrax japonicus) against NNV infection, the comparative transcriptome analysis of red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV)-infected or mock-infected L. japonicus brain (LJB) cells was performed via RNA sequencing technology. Here, 1,969 up-regulated genes and 9,858 down-regulated genes, which were widely implicated in immune response pathways, were identified. Furthermore, we confirmed that p53 signalling pathway was repressed at 48 hr post-RGNNV infection, as indicated by up-regulation of Mdm2 and down-regulation of p53 and its downstream target genes, including Bax, Casp8 and CytC. Overexpression of L. japonicus p53 (Ljp53) significantly inhibited RGNNV replication and up-regulated the expression of apoptosis-related genes, whereas the down-regulation caused by pifithrin-α led to the opposite effect, suggesting Ljp53 might promote cell apoptosis to repress virus replication. Luciferase assay indicated that Ljp53 could enhance the promoter activities of zebrafish interferon (IFN)1, indicating that Ljp53 could exert its anti-RGNNV activities by enforcing the type I IFN response. This study revealed the potential antiviral role of p53 during NNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxi Xiang
- School of Marine SciencesSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai)ZhuhaiGuangdongChina
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and EnvironmentSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Peng Jia
- School of Marine SciencesSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai)ZhuhaiGuangdongChina
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and EnvironmentSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Marine SciencesSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai)ZhuhaiGuangdongChina
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and EnvironmentSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Meisheng Yi
- School of Marine SciencesSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai)ZhuhaiGuangdongChina
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and EnvironmentSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Kuntong Jia
- School of Marine SciencesSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai)ZhuhaiGuangdongChina
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and EnvironmentSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
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Huang X, Hu B, Yang X, Gong L, Tan J, Deng L. The putative mature peptide of piscidin-1 modulates global transcriptional profile and proliferation of splenic lymphocytes in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:1035-1043. [PMID: 30592965 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Piscidins are important components in protecting microbial infections in teleost. The present study purified and identified a truncated peptide, whose sequence was very close to that of putative mature peptide of epinecidin-1 (piscidin-1) in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), Epi-1 (also named as short form of ecPis-1, ecPis-1S). The immunomodulatory effects of ecPis-1S on splenic lymphocytes of orange-spotted grouper were explored in vitro. The transcriptome study was carried out by De novo transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) in splenic lymphocytes of orange-spotted grouper. Regarding the profiles of gene expressions, 2994 genes were up-regulated and 2679 genes were down-regulated in the splenic lymphocytes stimulated by ecPis-1S. In the case of differential expression genes, 330 genes were involved in immune related pathways. Among them, 34 genes were involved in T cell receptor signaling pathway, 31 genes in natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity and 23 genes in leukocyte transendothelial migration, respectively. Immune-related genes selected for qRT-PCR verification, such as interleukin-1β (il-1b), tumor necrosis factor α (tnfa), T cell antigen receptor (tcr), major histocompatibility complex class I (mhc I), and mhc II were significantly up-regulated by ecPis-1S (p < 0.05). ecPis-1S could significantly enhance the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes of orange-spotted grouper in vitro (p < 0.05). In addition, the result of qRT-PCR revealed that ecPis-1S also significantly up-regulated cell cycle-related genes, including cyclin A (cyca), cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (cdk2), cdk4, cell division cycle protein 6 (cdc6), and transforming growth factor β (tgfb) (p < 0.05), which suggested that ecPis-1S promoted the proliferation of lymphocytes by activating cell division cycle. In conclusion, the results indicated that the mature peptide of piscidin-1 in orange-spotted grouper could act as immune modulator and play an important role in regulation of the immune response in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiazi Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China
| | - Bochao Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China
| | - Licai Gong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China
| | - Jingyun Tan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China
| | - Li Deng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China.
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12
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Ting CH, Chen YC, Chen JY. Nile tilapia fry fed on antimicrobial peptide Epinecidin-1-expressing Artemia cyst exhibit enhanced immunity against acute bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:37-48. [PMID: 29981882 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Artemia are often used as a live feed for fry in aquaculture. We have previously demonstrated that supplementing adult zebrafish feed with Artemia, which express an Epinephelus coioides-derived antimicrobial peptide, Epinecidin-1 (Epi-1), protects against bacterial infection. Thus, Artemia may serve as a bioreactor for producing biofunctional molecules. However, the application of Epi-1 transgenic Artemia in larval aquaculture of commercial fish species has not been investigated. Here we used a Tol2-transposon system to generate stable Epi-1 expressing Artemia. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry were then fed with decapsulated transgenic cysts and acutely challenged with Gram-positive Streptococcus iniae or Gram-negative Vibrio vulnificus (204). Survival analysis revealed that tilapia fry fed with Epi-1 transgenic cysts were resistant to acute bacterial infection. Immune-related gene expression profiling showed that S. iniae and V. vulnificus inoculations produced distinct immunomodulatory effects in the tilapia fry. Upon S. iniae infection, tilapia fry fed on control diet exhibited an immune response dominated by Tlr-7/MyD88, wherein Tnf-α, Il-8 and Cxcl-10 expression were all induced; conversely, the tilapia fry fed with Epi-1 transgenic cysts showed a Tlr-2/Tlr-5-dominant immune response, marked by the induction of Il-1β, Il-8 and Il-12 expression. However, after V. vulnificus (204) infection control fry exhibited a Tlr-2/MyD88/Traf-6-dominant response with activation of Tnf-α and Il-8 expression; meanwhile tilapia fry fed on Epi-1 transgenic cyst showed a dominant Tlr-2/Tlr-5-mediated immune response, including induction of Il-1β, Il-8, Il-12, and Cxcl-10 expression. These findings suggest that feeding larval fish fry with Epi-1 transgenic Artemia cysts confers enhanced immunity toward bacterial challenge. Epi-1 transgenic cysts should therefore be considered as a potential functional feed for larval aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hung Ting
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10, Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan, 262, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10, Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan, 262, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10, Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan, 262, Taiwan.
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13
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Huang HN, Pan CY, Chen JY. Grouper (Epinephelus coioides) antimicrobial peptide epinecidin-1 exhibits antiviral activity against foot-and-mouth disease virus in vitro. Peptides 2018; 106:91-95. [PMID: 30012343 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Picornavirus is a highly contagious virus that usually infects cloven hoofed animals and causes foot-and-mouth disease. This disease is a major threat to livestock breeding worldwide and may lead to huge economic losses. Because effective vaccines or antiviral drugs remain unavailable, the search for new agents to combat FMDV infections is ongoing. Antimicrobial peptides are known to possess a broad range of biological activities, including antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor and immunomodulatory effects. In this work, we used a cell culture FMDV replication assay to evaluate several antimicrobial peptides for their ability to act as antiviral agents. We found that a synthesized form of the Epinephelus coioides antimicrobial peptide, epinecidin-1 (Epi-1), was effective at combatting FMDV. Epi-1 is known to have broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and low toxicity to normal eukaryotic cells, making it a good candidate for use as a therapeutic agent.The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) for BHK-21 cells was 19.5 μg/ml for synthesized Epi-1, and the 50% effective concentration (EC50) for viral inhibition was 0.6 μg/ml. The selectivity index was 31.4, as calculated by the CC50/EC50 ratio. Furthermore, Epi-1 showed virucidal activity against FMDV at high concentrations. Interestingly, our data also showed that FMDV infection was most impaired when Epi-1 was treated at the time of viral adsorption. Taken together, our data show that Epi-1 may be a promising candidate for development as an anti-FMDV agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ning Huang
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Yu Pan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan.
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14
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Su BC, Huang HN, Lin TW, Hsiao CD, Chen JY. Epinecidin-1 protects mice from LPS-induced endotoxemia and cecal ligation and puncture-induced polymicrobial sepsis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:3028-3037. [PMID: 28882626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The antimicrobial peptide, epinecidin-1 (Epi), was identified from Epinephelus coioides and may have clinical application for treating sepsis. Epi has been shown to ameliorate antibiotic-resistant bacteria-induced sepsis in mice, but further evaluation in mixed-flora models and a description of the protective mechanisms are essential to establish this peptide as a potential therapeutic. Therefore, we first tested the protective effects of Epi against polymicrobial sepsis-induced bactericidal infection, inflammation and lung injury that result from cecal ligation and puncture in mice. Furthermore, since lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a key inducer of inflammation during bacterial infection and sepsis, we also tested the LPS-antagonizing activity and related mechanisms of Epi-mediated protection in mice with LPS-induced endotoxemia and LPS-treated Raw264.7 mouse macrophage cells. Epi rescued mice from both polymicrobial sepsis and endotoxemia after delayed administration and suppressed both lung and systemic inflammatory responses, while attenuating lung injury and diminishing bacterial load. In vitro studies revealed that Epi suppressed LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production. Mechanistically, Epi disrupted the interaction between LPS and LPS binding protein, competed with LPS for binding on the cell surface, and inhibited Toll-like receptor 4 endocytosis, resulting in inhibition of LPS-induced reactive oxygen species/p38/Akt/NF-κB signaling and subsequent cytokine production. Overall, our results demonstrate that Epi is a promising therapeutic agent for endotoxemia and polymicrobial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Chyuan Su
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Jiaushi, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ning Huang
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Jiaushi, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Wen Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Jiaushi, Ilan, Taiwan.
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15
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Chao MW, Yang CH, Lin PT, Yang YH, Chuang YC, Chung MC, Tseng CY. Exposure to PM 2.5 causes genetic changes in fetal rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:1412-1425. [PMID: 27539004 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 travels along the respiratory tract and enters systemic blood circulation. Studies have shown that PM2.5 increases the incidence of various diseases not only in adults but also in newborn infants. It causes chronic inflammation in pregnant women and retards fetal development. In this study, pregnant rats were exposed to PM2.5 for extended periods of time and it was found that PM2.5 exposure increased immune cells in mother rats. In addition, cytokines and free radicals rapidly accumulated in the amniotic fluid and indirectly affected the fetuses. The authors collected cerebral cortex and hippocampus samples at E18 and analyzed changes of miRNA levels. Expression levels of cortical miR-6315, miR-3588, and miR-466b-5p were upregulated, and positively correlated with the genes Pkn2 (astrocyte migration), Gorab (neuritogenesis), and Mobp (allergic encephalomyelitis). In contrast, PM2.5 decreased expression of miR-338-5p and let-7e-5p, both related to mental development. Further, PM2.5 exposure increased miR-3560 and let-7b-5p in the hippocampus, two proteins that regulate genes Oxct1 and Lin28b that control ketogenesis and glycosylation, and neural cell differentiation, respectively. miR-99b-5p, miR-92b-5p, and miR-99a-5p were decreased, leading to reduced expression of Kbtbd8 and Adam11 which reduced cell mitosis, migration, and differentiation, and inhibited learning abilities and motor coordination of the fetus. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1412-1425, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Chao
- Department of Bioscience Technology College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyaun, 320, Taiwan
- Center for Nanotechnology, College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyaun, 320, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hua Yang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Taoyuan General Hospital, Taoyaun, 310, Taiwan
- Departmewnt of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Science, National Tsing Hua University, East District, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ting Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyaun, 320, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiu Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyaun, 320, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyaun, 320, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chi Chung
- Department of Bioscience Technology College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyaun, 320, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Tseng
- Center for Nanotechnology, College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyaun, 320, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyaun, 320, Taiwan
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16
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Chen W, Yi L, Feng S, Liu X, Asim M, Zhou Y, Lan J, Jiang S, Tu J, Lin L. Transcriptomic profiles of striped snakehead fish cells (SSN-1) infected with red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) with an emphasis on apoptosis pathway. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 60:346-354. [PMID: 27914997 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV), the causative agent of viral nervous necrosis (VNN) disease, has caused mass mortality of cultured marine and freshwater fish worldwide, resulting in enormous economic losses in the aquaculture industry. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of NNV are still poorly understood. In this study, the transcriptomic profiles of striped snakehead fish (Channa striatus) cells (SSN-1) infected with red-spotted grouper NNV (RGNNV) were investigated using deep RNA sequencing technique. From 254,955,234 raw reads, a total of 253,338,544 clean reads were obtained and they were assembled into 93,372 unigenes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from RGNNV-infected or mock-infected SSN-1 cells, including 1184 up-regulated and 1456 down-regulated genes at 3 h (h) post of infection (poi), and 1138 up-regulated and 2073 down-regulated genes at 24 h poi, respectively. These DEGs were involved in many pathways related to viral pathogenesis, including retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) like receptors pathway, apoptosis pathway, oxidative phosphorylation, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and MAPK signaling pathway. Subsequent analysis focusing on the apoptosis pathway showed that the expression of Endonuclease G (EndoG) was up-regulated upon RGNNV infection at both 3 and 24 h poi. Therefore, EndoG gene was cloned and its function was further characterized. The results showed that over-expression of EndoG could also induce cellular apoptosis in SSN-1 cells, indicating that RGNNV infection might induce apoptosis of SSN-1 cells via EndoG-associated mitochondrial pathway. These results will shed a new light on the pathogenesis of NNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Chen
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Lizhu Yi
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Shuangshuang Feng
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Asim
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yongcan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jiangfeng Lan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Sanjie Jiang
- St Edmund's College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0BN, UK
| | - Jiagang Tu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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17
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Guo M, Wei J, Zhou Y, Qin Q. MKK7 confers different activities to viral infection of Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) and nervous necrosis virus (NNV) in grouper. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 57:419-427. [PMID: 27601297 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 (MKK7) is one of the major stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)-activating kinases in response to environmental or physiological stimuli. Here a MKK7 named as Ec-MKK7 was identified from orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. The full-length cDNA of Ec-MKK7 was 1853 bp, with an open reading frame (ORF) of 1272 bp encoding a putative protein of 423 amino acids. A characteristic S-K-A-K-T motif was contained in the domain of dual-specificity protein kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (PKc_MKK7). Intracellular localization showed that Ec-MKK7 was localized in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of grouper spleen (GS) and/or grouper brain (EAGB) cells. Moreover, Ec-MKK7 was universally expressed in all examined tissues and showed expression modulation to challenges of lipopolysacchride (LPS), Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) and polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:C) in vivo. A gene targeting strategy over-expressing Ec-MKK7 was performed to examine the activities of MKK7 to viral infection in vitro. Our data showed that Ec-MKK7 was involved in the evasion and replication of SGIV but played an antiviral role to the infection of nervous necrosis virus (NNV). All results demonstrated that Ec-MKK7 could play important roles in grouper innate immunity and show distinct functions on virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China
| | - Jingguang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China
| | - Yongcan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China.
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510301, PR China.
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18
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Liu P, Wang L, Kwang J, Yue GH, Wong SM. Transcriptome analysis of genes responding to NNV infection in Asian seabass epithelial cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:342-52. [PMID: 27109582 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Asian seabass is an important food fish in Southeast Asia. Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) disease, triggered by nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infection, has caused mass mortality of Asian seabass larvae, resulting in enormous economic losses in the Asian seabass industry. In order to better understand the complex molecular interaction between Asian seabass and NNV, we investigated the transcriptome profiles of Asian seabass epithelial cells, which play an essential role in immune regulation, after NNV infection. Using the next generation sequencing (NGS) technology, we sequenced mRNA from eight samples (6, 12, 24, 48 h post-inoculation) of mock and NNV-infected Asian seabass epithelial cell line, respectively. Clean reads were de novo assembled into a transcriptome consisting of 89026 transcripts with a N50 of 2617 bp. Furthermore, 251 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to NNV infection were identified. Top DEGs include protein asteroid homolog 1-like (ASTE1), receptor-transporting protein 3 (RTP3), heat shock proteins 30 (HSP30) and 70 (HSP70), Viperin, interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and other genes related to innate immunity. Our data suggest that abundant and diverse genes corresponding to NNV infection. The results of this study could also offer vital information not only for identification of novel genes involved in Asian seabass-NNV interaction, but also for our understanding of the molecular mechanism of Asian seabass' response to viral infection. In addition, 24807 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were detected in the assembled transcriptome, providing valuable resources for studying genetic variations and accelerating quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for disease resistance in Asian seabass in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive, 117543, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, 117604, Singapore
| | - Le Wang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, 117604, Singapore
| | - Jimmy Kwang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, 117604, Singapore
| | - Gen Hua Yue
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive, 117543, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, 117604, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 6 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Sek-Man Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive, 117543, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, 117604, Singapore; National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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19
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Costa JZ, Thompson KD. Understanding the interaction between Betanodavirus and its host for the development of prophylactic measures for viral encephalopathy and retinopathy. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 53:35-49. [PMID: 26997200 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the last three decades, the causative agent of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) disease has become a serious problem of marine finfish aquaculture, and more recently the disease has also been associated with farmed freshwater fish. The virus has been classified as a Betanodavirus within the family Nodaviridae, and the fact that Betanodaviruses are known to affect more than 120 different farmed and wild fish and invertebrate species, highlights the risk that Betanodaviruses pose to global aquaculture production. Betanodaviruses have been clustered into four genotypes, based on the RNA sequence of the T4 variable region of their capsid protein, and are named after the fish species from which they were first derived i.e. Striped Jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV), Tiger puffer nervous necrosis virus (TPNNV), Barfin flounder nervous necrosis virus (BFNNV) and Red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), while an additional genotype turbot betanodavirus strain (TNV) has also been proposed. However, these genotypes tend to be associated with a particular water temperature range rather than being species-specific. Larvae and juvenile fish are especially susceptible to VER, with up to 100% mortality resulting in these age groups during disease episodes, with vertical transmission of the virus increasing the disease problem in smaller fish. A number of vaccine preparations have been tested in the laboratory and in the field e.g. inactivated virus, recombinant proteins, virus-like particles and DNA based vaccines, and their efficacy, based on relative percentage survival, has ranged from medium to high levels of protection to little or no protection. Ultimately a combination of effective prophylactic measures, including vaccination, is needed to control VER, and should also target larvae and broodstock stages of production to help the industry deal with the problem of vertical transmission. As yet there are no commercial vaccines for VER and the aquaculture industry eagerly awaits such a product. In this review we provide an overview on the current state of knowledge of the disease, the pathogen, and interactions between betanodavirus and its host, to provide a greater understanding of the multiple factors involved in the disease process. Such knowledge is needed to develop effective methods for controlling VER in the field, to protect the various aquaculture species farmed globally from the different Betanodavirus genotypes to which they are susceptible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Z Costa
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Scotland, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Scotland, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
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20
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Tong C, Lin Y, Zhang C, Shi J, Qi H, Zhao K. Transcriptome-wide identification, molecular evolution and expression analysis of Toll-like receptor family in a Tibet fish, Gymnocypris przewalskii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:334-345. [PMID: 26102458 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are key components of innate immunity that play significant roles in immune defense against pathogens invasion. Recent frequent outbreaks of the "white spot disease" caused by parasitic infection in farmed Tibetan fishes had resulted in great economic losses. However, to our knowledge, the roles of TLRs in mediating immune response to parasitic infection in Tibetan fishes remain to be determined. Here, we performed data-mining on a widely-farmed Tibetan fish (Gymnocypris przewalskii or Gp) transcriptome to determine the genetic variation and expression pattern of TLRs. We totally obtained 14 GpTLRs and identified 5 with a complete coding sequence. Phylogenetic analysis verified their identities and supported the classification of TLRs into six families as in other vertebrates. The TLR family motifs, such as leucine rich repeat (LRR) and Toll/interleukin (IL)-1 receptor (TIR) domain, are conserved in GpTLR1-5. Selective pressure test demonstrated that all known GpTLRs are under purifying selection, except GpTLR4 underwent positive selection. Further, site model analysis suggested that 11 positively selected sites are found in LRR domain of GpTLR4. Three positively selected sites are located on outside surface of TLR4 3D structure, indicating that function of GpTLR4 may be affected. Tissue specific expression analysis showed all GpTLRs are present in gill, head-kidney and spleen but the relative abundance varied among tissues. In response to parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infection, 5 GpTLR (GpTLR1, -2, -4, -9 and -20) expressions were induced. Intriguingly, GpTLR4 was significantly up-regulated in gills, while GpTLR19 and GpTLR21 unexpectedly showed no any change. In summary, these results revealed the first genomic resources of TLR family and several parasitic infection responsive TLRs in Tibetan fish. These findings provide key information for future studies aiming to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune response to pathogen invasion in Tibetan fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tong
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China; Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaqiu Lin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Cunfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China; Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Jianquan Shi
- The Rescues Center of Qinghai-Lake Naked Carp, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Hongfang Qi
- The Rescues Center of Qinghai-Lake Naked Carp, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China; Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China.
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21
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Katzenback BA. Antimicrobial Peptides as Mediators of Innate Immunity in Teleosts. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:607-39. [PMID: 26426065 PMCID: PMC4690011 DOI: 10.3390/biology4040607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been identified throughout the metazoa suggesting their evolutionarily conserved nature and their presence in teleosts is no exception. AMPs are short (18–46 amino acids), usually cationic, amphipathic peptides. While AMPs are diverse in amino acid sequence, with no two AMPs being identical, they collectively appear to have conserved functions in the innate immunity of animals towards the pathogens they encounter in their environment. Fish AMPs are upregulated in response to pathogens and appear to have direct broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity towards both human and fish pathogens. However, an emerging role for AMPs as immunomodulatory molecules has become apparent—the ability of AMPs to activate the innate immune system sheds light onto the multifaceted capacity of these small peptides to combat pathogens through direct and indirect means. Herein, this review focuses on the role of teleost AMPs as modulators of the innate immune system and their regulation in response to pathogens or other exogenous molecules. The capacity to regulate AMP expression by exogenous factors may prove useful in modulating AMP expression in fish to prevent disease, particularly in aquaculture settings where crowded conditions and environmental stress pre-dispose these fish to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Katzenback
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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The Use of a Liposomal Formulation Incorporating an Antimicrobial Peptide from Tilapia as a New Adjuvant to Epirubicin in Human Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Pluripotent Testicular Embryonic Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22711-34. [PMID: 26393585 PMCID: PMC4613332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the effects and mechanisms of hepcidin, a potential antimicrobial peptide from Tilapia, and epirubicin (Epi), an antineoplastic agent, on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and link the ROS levels to the reversal mechanisms of multidrug resistance (MDR) by epirubicin and hepcidin in human squamous cell carcinoma SCC15 and human embryonal carcinoma NT2D1 cells. The cells, pretreated with hepcidin, epirubicin, or a combination of these compounds in PEGylated liposomes, were used to validate the molecular mechanisms involved in inhibiting efflux transporters and inducing apoptosis as evaluated by cytotoxicity, intracellular accumulation, mRNA levels, cell cycle distribution, and caspase activity of this combination. We found that hepcidin significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of epirubicin in liposomes. The co-incubation of epirubicin with hepcidin in liposomes intensified the ROS production, including hydrogen peroxide and superoxide free radicals. Hepcidin significantly increased epirubicin intracellular uptake into NT2D1 and SCC15 cells, as supported by the diminished mRNA expressions of MDR1, MDR-associated protein (MRP) 1, and MRP2. Hepcidin and/or epirubicin in liposomes triggered apoptosis, as verified by the reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, increased sub-G1 phase of cell cycle, incremental populations of apoptosis using annexin V/PI assay, and chromatin condensation. As far as we know, this is the first example showing that PEGylated liposomal TH1-5 and epirubicin gives rise to cell death in human squamous carcinoma and testicular embryonic carcinoma cells through the reduced epirubicin efflux via ROS-mediated suppression of P-gp and MRPs and concomitant initiation of mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Hence, hepcidin in PEGylated liposomes may function as an adjuvant to anticancer drugs, thus demonstrating a novel strategy for reversing MDR.
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