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Dang C, Donaghy L, Macnab A, Gholipour-Kanani H. Optimising flow-cytometry methods for marine mollusc haemocytes using the pearl oyster Pinctada maxima as a model. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 143:109220. [PMID: 37977546 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Flow-cytometry has become increasingly popular to assess the haemocytes morphology and functions of marine molluscs. Indeed, haemocytes are the first line of defence of the immune system in molluscs and are used as a proxy for oyster health. Authors publishing in the field of flow-cytometry and molluscs health seemed to utilise the same methods for all model species used, independently of their geographical location in the world (temperate, tropical, etc.). Hence, this paper dived into flow-cytometry methodology and investigated if using different plates, different thresholds, different incubation times and temperatures as well as different fluorochromes concentrations affected the results. This study revealed that the cell count did not change when using different thresholds on the FSC-H parameter of the instrument but was affected by the plate type, the temperature of incubation, and the time of incubation. Indeed, non-adherent plates yielded the highest cell count and lower cell counts were associated with a higher temperature and a longer time of incubation. Furthermore, the haemocytes functions such as the phagocytosis, the lysosomal content, the intracellular oxidative activity, and the mitochondria activity were also affected by the temperature and the time of incubation. An increase in the phagocytosis capacity, lysosomal content and mitochondria activity was observed with a higher temperature. At the exception of the phagocytosis rate, all the other parameters such as the phagocytosis capacity, the intracellular oxidative activity, and the lysosomal content increased with a longer incubation time. We also showed that it is best to optimise the amount of fluorochromes used to avoid unnecessary background or non-specific staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Dang
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6000, Australia.
| | - Ludovic Donaghy
- Department of Marine Life Science (BK21 Four), Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Annie Macnab
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6000, Australia; Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Hosna Gholipour-Kanani
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6000, Australia
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2
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Dezfooli SM, Nguyen TV, Young T, Gutierrez-Maddox N, Alfaro AC, Seyfoddin A. An evaluation of the growth and immunity of New Zealand black-footed abalone (Haliotis iris) treated with encapsulated feed and probiotics. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2023.115639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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3
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Muznebin F, Alfaro AC, Venter L, Young T. Acute thermal stress and endotoxin exposure modulate metabolism and immunity in marine mussels (Perna canaliculus). J Therm Biol 2022; 110:103327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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4
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Kajino N, Choi KS, Hong HK. Flow cytometric characterization of the hemocytes of sea hares from tidal pools in Jeju Island off the south coast of Korea. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:409-418. [PMID: 35183739 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The members in the family Aplysidae known as sea hares play a crucial role as a grazer in small tidal pools or shallow subtidal hard bottoms. Like other marine gastropods, hemocyte types and functions of sea hares are limitedly known. This study identified and characterized the hemocytes of common Aplysia species Aplysia kurodai, A. juliana, and A. oculifera in rocky tidal pools in Jeju Island off the south coast of Korea using flow cytometry and light microscopy. The flow cytometry identified three different hemocytes in the hemolymph of the three sea hare species: granulocytes, hyalinocytes, and blast-like cells. The granulocytes exhibited pseudopodia on the cell surface and granules in the cytoplasm. Morphology of the hyalinocyte was similar to that of the granulocytes, while they lack cytoplasmic granules. The blast-like cells were small and round, with very thin cytoplasm. The hyalinocytes were the most abundant in the hemolymph, accounting for 89.8-92.6% of the total hemocytes. Flow cytometry indicated that the granulocytes and blast-like cells were less than 5.6% and 5.4% of the total hemocyte populations. Flow cytometry also revealed that the granulocytes and hyalinocytes are engaged in cellular defensive activities such as intra-cellular lysosomal content, phagocytosis, and ROS production. The mean lysosomal contents of the granulocytes (0.4 × 105-0.2 × 105 A U.) were 2-3 times higher than that of hyalinocytes (0.2 × 105-0.6 × 105 A U.). In addition, the ROS production of the granulocytes (0.98 × 106-1.95 × 106 A U.) was about twice higher than that of the hyalinocytes (0.62 × 106-1.14 × 106 A U.). Of the three species of sea hares, the granulocytes showed comparatively higher phagocytosis capacity (70.4-92.3%) than that of the hyalinocytes (34.8-46.0%). Flow cytometry and microscopy indicated that the hemocyte types and their functions were identical, regardless of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhisa Kajino
- Department of Marine Life Science (BK21 FOUR) and Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Sik Choi
- Department of Marine Life Science (BK21 FOUR) and Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ki Hong
- Department of Marine Life Science (BK21 FOUR) and Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Miccoli A, Picchietti S, Fausto AM, Scapigliati G. Evolution of immune defence responses as incremental layers among Metazoa. EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2020.1849435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Miccoli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università Snc, Viterbo, Italy
| | - S. Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università Snc, Viterbo, Italy
| | - A. M. Fausto
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università Snc, Viterbo, Italy
| | - G. Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università Snc, Viterbo, Italy
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6
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Grandiosa R, Young T, Van Nguyen T, Mérien F, Alfaro AC. Immune response in probiotic-fed New Zealand black-footed abalone (Haliotis iris) under Vibrio splendidus challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:633-639. [PMID: 32569712 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vibriosis disease is a major constraint for sustainable molluscan aquaculture. Development of strategies to enhance disease resistance during grow out would greatly reduce stock mortality and boost production yields. In this study, New Zealand black-footed abalone (Haliotis iris) were fed a commercial diet enhanced with multi-strain probiotics (Exiguobacterium JHEb1, Vibrio JH1 and Enterococcus JHLDc) for four months, then challenged with an injection of pathogenic Vibrio splendidus. Host immune responses in haemocytes were characterized using flow cytometry by measuring total haemocyte counts (THC) and viability, degree of apoptosis, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) 48 h post-challenge. Probiotic-fed abalone had significantly higher survival rates compared to control animals after the bacterial challenge. Infected probiotic-fed abalone also had significantly higher haemocyte viabilities, slightly lower proportions of haemocytes undergoing early apoptosis, and lower proportions of ROS-producing haemocytes compared to infected control-fed abalone. In addition, metabolite profiles of muscle tissues generated via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) delivered complimentary evidence to support a perturbed ROS-regulatory system in infected abalone through changes in key metabolites associated with glutathione biosynthesis. The results of this study provide valuable information to assist in farm management practices, leading to enhance production and sustainability of the New Zealand abalone aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roffi Grandiosa
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Padjadjaran University, Indonesia; AUT Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Tim Young
- AUT Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Science, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Thao Van Nguyen
- AUT Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Viet Nam.
| | - Fabrice Mérien
- AUT Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; AUT-Roche Diagnostics Laboratory, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Andrea C Alfaro
- AUT Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Rolton A, Ragg NLC. Green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) hemocytes: A flow cytometric study of sampling effects, sub-populations and immune-related functions. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:181-189. [PMID: 32416249 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Green-lipped mussels (Perna canaliculus) are a commercially and culturally important bivalve species in New Zealand (NZ). As the highest value export aquaculture product in NZ, understanding and safeguarding the health of this species is imperative. The identification and characterization of hemocytes can provide useful information regarding the health of this species. Using flow cytometry (FCM), the present study assessed for the first time the use of different antiaggregant solutions and storage times on the immune-related parameters of hemocytes from cultured adult P. canaliculus. In addition, characterization of the immune-related functions of hemocyte sub-populations within the hemolymph were assessed. The two antiaggregant solutions tested (Modified Alserver's, MAS, A and B) maintained similar numbers of hemocytes in circulation over a 60 min period but, reduced the viability (MAS A) and increased the ROS production (MAS B) of the hemocytes compared to hemocytes diluted in cold filtered seawater (FSW). Hemocytes diluted in FSW and kept on ice showed significant aggregation after 2 h and a reduction in viability from 4 h. Three different hemocyte sub-populations were identified, discernible by their relative size and internal complexity: blast-like cells, hyalinocytes and granulocytes, which accounted for approximately 4, 67 and 29% of the total hemolymph population respectively. Granulocytes showed significantly higher reactive oxygen species production, phagocytic capabilities and neutral lipid content compared to hyalinocytes and blast-like cells. Results indicate that maintaining extracted hemolymph in cold FSW, completing analysis of fresh samples within 2 h of extraction and FCM assay incubation times of no longer than 30 min are best to obtain accurate results. Formalin fixation can also be used for future determination of hemocyte sub-populations and internal structures. Results from this study will allow effective future study of the effects of various stressors on P. canaliculus health and lead to improved management and production strategies in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rolton
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand.
| | - Norman L C Ragg
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
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8
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Barjhoux I, Rioult D, Geffard A, Palos Ladeiro M. A new protocol for the simultaneous flow cytometric analysis of cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity on zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) hemocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:224-235. [PMID: 31899358 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Immunotoxicity analysis receives a strong interest in environmental a priori and a posteriori risk assessment procedures considering the direct involvement of the immune system in the health status of organisms, populations and thus ecosystems. The freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha is an invasive species widely used in ecotoxicology studies and biomonitoring surveys to evaluate the impacts of contaminants on aquatic fauna. Bivalve hemocytes are the immunocompetent cells circulating in the open circulatory system of the organism. However, there is nowadays no consensus on a protocol to evaluate the immunocompetent state of this particular cell type using flow cytometry. Wild species such as D. polymorpha present several technical barriers complicating their analyze including (i) the quality and the purity of the hemolymph sample, (ii) the controversial characterization of hemocyte subpopulations and their diversity, (iii) the quantity of biological material, and (iv) the high inter-individual variability of hemocyte responses. The present work proposes several technical and analytical improvements to control the above-mentioned issues. The inclusion of sedimentation and cell detachment steps in the pre-analytical phase of the protocol substantially ameliorate the quality of the hemolymph sample as well as the accuracy of the cytometric measurements, by selecting the analyzed cells on their adhesion ability and by increasing the concentration of the analyzed events. The development of an effective triple-labeling procedure including the cellular probe Hoechst® 33342, the membrane impermeant dye propidium iodide and yellow-green fluorescent microspheres allowed the simultaneous analysis of cytotoxicity and phagocytosis activity in hemocytes. It also significantly enhanced the accuracy of hemocyte endpoint measurements by eliminating non-target events from the analysis and allowing relevant gating strategies. Finally, the use of pooled samples of hemolymph noticeably reduced inter-sample variability while providing more plasticity in the experimental design and improving the discriminating potency between treatments. The developed protocol is suitable for ex vivo exposure of hemocyte in a chemical/environmental toxicity assessment as well as for in vivo exposure in the laboratory or in situ biomonitoring surveys with few adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Barjhoux
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INERIS, SEBIO UMR I02, 51097, Reims, France.
| | - Damien Rioult
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INERIS, SEBIO UMR I02, 51097, Reims, France; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INERIS, Plateau Technique Mobile de Cytométrie Environnementale MOBICYTE, 51097, Reims, France.
| | - Alain Geffard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INERIS, SEBIO UMR I02, 51097, Reims, France.
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9
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Wysokowski M, Machałowski T, Petrenko I, Schimpf C, Rafaja D, Galli R, Ziętek J, Pantović S, Voronkina A, Kovalchuk V, Ivanenko VN, Hoeksema BW, Diaz C, Khrunyk Y, Stelling AL, Giovine M, Jesionowski T, Ehrlich H. 3D Chitin Scaffolds of Marine Demosponge Origin for Biomimetic Mollusk Hemolymph-Associated Biomineralization Ex-Vivo. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E123. [PMID: 32092907 PMCID: PMC7074400 DOI: 10.3390/md18020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Structure-based tissue engineering requires large-scale 3D cell/tissue manufacture technologies, to produce biologically active scaffolds. Special attention is currently paid to naturally pre-designed scaffolds found in skeletons of marine sponges, which represent a renewable resource of biomaterials. Here, an innovative approach to the production of mineralized scaffolds of natural origin is proposed. For the first time, a method to obtain calcium carbonate deposition ex vivo, using living mollusks hemolymph and a marine-sponge-derived template, is specifically described. For this purpose, the marine sponge Aplysin aarcheri and the terrestrial snail Cornu aspersum were selected as appropriate 3D chitinous scaffold and as hemolymph donor, respectively. The formation of calcium-based phase on the surface of chitinous matrix after its immersion into hemolymph was confirmed by Alizarin Red staining. A direct role of mollusks hemocytes is proposed in the creation of fine-tuned microenvironment necessary for calcification ex vivo. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the sample showed a high CaCO3 amorphous content. Raman spectroscopy evidenced also a crystalline component, with spectra corresponding to biogenic calcite. This study resulted in the development of a new biomimetic product based on ex vivo synthetized ACC and calcite tightly bound to the surface of 3D sponge chitin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Wysokowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland; (T.M.); (T.J.)
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany;
| | - Tomasz Machałowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland; (T.M.); (T.J.)
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany;
| | - Iaroslav Petrenko
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany;
| | - Christian Schimpf
- Institute of Materials Science, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; (C.S.); (D.R.)
| | - David Rafaja
- Institute of Materials Science, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; (C.S.); (D.R.)
| | - Roberta Galli
- Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Jerzy Ziętek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Głęboka 30, 20612 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Snežana Pantović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Kruševac bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro;
| | - Alona Voronkina
- Department of Pharmacy, National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, 21018 Vinnitsa, Ukraine;
| | - Valentine Kovalchuk
- Department of Microbiology, National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, 21018 Vinnitsa, Ukraine;
| | - Viatcheslav N. Ivanenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Bert W. Hoeksema
- Taxonomy and Systematics Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333CR Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Diaz
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 Old Dixie Hwy, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA;
| | - Yuliya Khrunyk
- Department of Heat Treatment and Physics of Metal, Ural Federal University, Mira Str. 19, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
- The Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya Str. 20, 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Allison L. Stelling
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27708, USA;
| | - Marco Giovine
- Department of Sciences of Earth, Environment and Life, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland; (T.M.); (T.J.)
| | - Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany;
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61614 Poznan, Poland
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10
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Nguyen TV, Alfaro AC, Merien F, Lulijwa R, Young T. Copper-induced immunomodulation in mussel (Perna canaliculus) haemocytes. Metallomics 2019; 10:965-978. [PMID: 29931012 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00092a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Copper is a common contaminant in aquatic environments, which may cause physiological dysfunction in marine organisms. However, the toxicity mechanisms of copper in marine bivalves is not fully understood. In this study, we applied an integrated approach that combines flow cytometry and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics to characterize cellular and molecular mechanisms of copper immunotoxicity in New Zealand Greenshell™ mussel (Perna canaliculus) haemolymph. Flow cytometric results showed significant increases in haemocyte mortality, production of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis (via alteration of caspase 3/7 and mitochondrial membrane potential) of haemocytes exposed to increasing total concentrations of Cu2+ (62.5, 125.0 and 187.5 μM) compared to a low Cu2+ concentration (25.0 μM) and control (0.0 μM). In addition to flow cytometric data, our metabolomics results showed alterations of 25 metabolites within the metabolite profile of Cu2+-exposed haemolymph (125 μM) compared to those of control samples. Changes in levels of these metabolites may be considered important signatures of oxidative stress (e.g., glutathione) and apoptosis processes (e.g., alanine, glutamic acid). This study provides insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress and apoptosis in marine bivalves and highlights the applicability and reliability of metabolomic techniques for immunotoxicological studies in marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao V Nguyen
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Lulijwa R, Alfaro AC, Merien F, Burdass M, Young T, Meyer J, Nguyen TV, Trembath C. Characterisation of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) blood and validation of flow cytometry cell count and viability assay kit. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 88:179-188. [PMID: 30822520 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
New Zealand Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) industry has great potential for growth and expansion. While production is relatively free of health problems, there is limited literature on haematology, and immunological tools to safeguard against possible future health threats. The current study aim was to characterise New Zealand farmed O. tshawytscha peripheral blood cellular composition, develop a micro-volume method to isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and validate a microcapillary flow cytometry assay kit for PBMC cell count and viability assessment. We used light microscopy to characterise peripheral blood and PBMC cellular composition in combination with a flow cytometer Sysmex XT 2000i Haematology Analyser. ImageJ version 1.52 was used for cell size characterisation of freshly stained blood. The stability of PBMCs stained with the Muse® Cell Count and Viability Assay Kit and the Trypan blue assay stains were studied at 4 °C and 21 °C for 60 min; while the Muse® Cell Count and Viability Assay Kit was validated against the Trypan blue assay haemocytometer chamber to assess PBMC count and viability. Findings showed that O. tshawytscha smolt yearlings had total blood cell counts in the range of 1.9-2.7 × 106 μL-1. Differential cell counts revealed five cell types, comprising 97.18% erythrocytes, 2.03% lymphocytes, 0.67% thrombocytes, 0.09% monocytes, and unquantifiable neutrophils. Using micro-volumes of blood and Lymphoprep™, we successfully isolated fish PBMCs. Significantly, stained PBMCs remained stable for up to 45 min at 4 °C and 21 °C; while validation of the Muse® protocol showed that this microfluidic instrument delivered more accurate and precise viability results than the haemocytometer. The Muse® protocol is rapid, easy to use, has quick calibration steps, and is suitable for field use to facilitate onsite sample processing. These findings pave the way for future assessments of fish health and in vitro immunological studies in O. tshawytscha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Lulijwa
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO), Rwebitaba Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (Rwebitaba-ZARDI), P. O. Box 96, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Fabrice Merien
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; AUT-Roche Diagnostics Laboratory, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mark Burdass
- Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology (NMIT), H-Block, 322 Hardy Street, Private Bag 19, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Tim Young
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jill Meyer
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Thao V Nguyen
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Caroline Trembath
- Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology (NMIT), H-Block, 322 Hardy Street, Private Bag 19, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
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12
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Grandiosa R, Mérien F, Young T, Van Nguyen T, Gutierrez N, Kitundu E, Alfaro AC. Multi-strain probiotics enhance immune responsiveness and alters metabolic profiles in the New Zealand black-footed abalone (Haliotis iris). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:330-338. [PMID: 30125709 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We assessed whether dietary administration of a multi-strain probiotic (Exiguobacterium JHEb1, Vibrio JH1 and Enterococcus JHLDc) lead to enhanced immune responsiveness in juvenile New Zealand black-footed abalone (Haliotis iris). Two groups of abalone were fed (1% body weight per day) over a four-month period with different diets. The control diet consisted of a standard commercial pellet feed (AbMax 16), whereas the treatment diet was additionally enriched with the probiotic mix. At the end of the experiment, probiotic-fed animals showed improved growth compared with control-fed abalone in length (32.3% vs 22.3%), width (31.9% vs 20.7%) and wet weight (109.6% vs 72.8%), respectively. Haemolymph sampling was conducted at the beginning of the experiment and after 2 and 4 months. Haemolymph samples were analysed for total haemocyte count (THC) and viability, presence of apoptotic cells and production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Compared with control abalone, probiotic-fed abalone had significantly higher THC (1.9 × 106 vs 5.6 × 105 cells), higher viability (90.8% vs 75.6%), higher percentage of ROS-positive cells (19.4% vs 0.5%) and higher numbers of non-apoptotic cells (88.0% vs 78.0%), respectively. These results indicate that the probiotic-enriched diet enhanced the immunostimulatory mechanisms, with a simultaneous low-level up-regulation of ROS production as a priming mechanism of the antibacterial defence system. Metabolomics-based profiling of foot muscle tissue additionally revealed that probiotic-fed abalone differentially expressed 17 unique metabolites, including amino acids, fatty acids and TCA cycle related compounds. These data suggest that the probiotic-supplemented diet can also alter central carbon metabolic processes, which may improve the survival, as well as the growth of abalone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roffi Grandiosa
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fabrice Mérien
- AUT-Roche Diagnostics Laboratory, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tim Young
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thao Van Nguyen
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Noemi Gutierrez
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eileen Kitundu
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Nguyen TV, Alfaro AC, Merien F, Young T, Grandiosa R. Metabolic and immunological responses of male and female new Zealand Greenshell™ mussels (Perna canaliculus) infected with Vibrio sp. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 157:80-89. [PMID: 30110610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Massive mortalities due to pathogens are routinely reported in bivalve cultivation that have significant economic consequences for the global aquaculture industry. However, host-pathogen interactions and infection mechanisms that mediate these interactions are poorly understood. In addition, gender-specific immunological responses have been reported for some species, but the reasons for such differences have not been elucidated. In this study, we used a GC/MS-based metabolomics platform and flow cytometry approach to characterize metabolic and immunological responses in haemolymph of male and female mussels (Perna canaliculus) experimentally infected with Vibrio sp. Sex-based differences in immunological responses were identified, with male mussels displaying higher mortality, oxidative stress and apoptosis after pathogen exposure. However, central metabolic processes appeared to be similar between sexes at 24 h post injection with Vibrio sp. DO1. Significant alterations in relative levels of 37 metabolites were detected between infected and uninfected mussels. These metabolites are involved in major perturbations on the host's innate immune system. In addition, there were alterations of seven metabolites in profiles of mussels sampled on the second day and mussels that survived six days after exposure. These metabolites include itaconic acid, isoleucine, phenylalanine, creatinine, malonic acid, glutaric acid and hydroxyproline. Among these, itaconic acid has the potential to be an important biomarker for Vibrio sp. DO1 infection. These findings provide new insights on the mechanistic relationship between a bivalve host and a pathogenic bacterium and highlight the need to consider host sex as a biological variable in future immunological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao V Nguyen
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Fabrice Merien
- AUT-Roche Diagnostics Laboratory, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tim Young
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Roffi Grandiosa
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Grandiosa R, Bouwman ML, Young T, Mérien F, Alfaro AC. Effect of antiaggregants on the in vitro viability, cell count and stability of abalone (Haliotis iris) haemocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 78:131-139. [PMID: 29684604 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to successfully prepare and preserve haemocyte cells for microscopy and flow cytometry is critical for the investigation of animal immune systems. In this study, we observed the total cell count, in vitro viability and stability of New Zealand black-footed abalone (Haliotis iris) haemocytes with different antiaggregants and handling protocols. Haemocyte stability was evaluated by direct observation of haemocytes under the microscope and calculating the aggregation index. Haemocyte counts and viability were measured via flow cytometry and tested for the effect of different antiaggregants (Alsever's solution at three concentrations, and specialised blood collection tubes containing lithium heparin and K2EDTA) at different temperatures and storage times. Results showed that Alsever's solution is an effective antiaggregant at haemolymph:antiaggregant dilution ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3. Lithium heparin was ineffective as an antiaggregant, whereas K2EDTA was similarly as effective as Alsever's solution. The influence of different mixing techniques (vortex, pipetting and flipping) were subsequently tested using the K2EDTA Microtainer® tubes, revealing that proper mixing should be performed immediately. High cell viability can be achieved by mixing samples by either 10 s of vortexing (1000 rpm), 10 times pipetting or 20 times flipping. The in vitro storage of abalone haemocytes in AS and K2EDTA as antiaggregants at ambient room temperature was highly effective for up to 24 h (75-85% viability; 0.05-0.15 aggregation index) and is recommended for haemocyte studies in H. iris. Utilization of K2EDTA Microtainer® tubes were advantageous since they are more cost effective compared to Alsever's solution, and samples can be prepared more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roffi Grandiosa
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mai-Louise Bouwman
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tim Young
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fabrice Mérien
- AUT-Roche Diagnostics Laboratory, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, Auckland, New Zealand; AUT-Roche Diagnostics Laboratory, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, Auckland, New Zealand.
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15
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Nguyen TV, Alfaro AC, Young T, Ravi S, Merien F. Metabolomics Study of Immune Responses of New Zealand Greenshell™ Mussels (Perna canaliculus) Infected with Pathogenic Vibrio sp. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 20:396-409. [PMID: 29611031 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio coralliilyticus is a bacterial pathogen which can affect a range of marine organisms, such as corals, fish and shellfish, with sometimes devastating consequences. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in the host-pathogen interaction, especially within molluscan models. We applied gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics to characterize the physiological responses in haemolymph of New Zealand Greenshell™ mussels (Perna canaliculus) injected with Vibrio sp. DO1 (V. coralliilyticus/neptunius-like isolate). Univariate data analyses of metabolite profiles in Vibrio-exposed mussels revealed significant changes in 22 metabolites at 6 h post-infection, compared to non-exposed mussels. Among them, 10 metabolites were up-regulated, while 12 metabolites were down-regulated in infected mussels. Multivariate analyses showed a clear distinction between infected and non-infected mussels. In addition, secondary pathway analyses indicated perturbations of the host innate immune system following infection, including oxidative stress, inflammation and disruption of the TCA cycle, change in amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of Vibrio infection of mussels and demonstrate our ability to detect detailed and rapid host responses from haemolymph samples using a metabolomics approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao V Nguyen
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Tim Young
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sridevi Ravi
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Fabrice Merien
- AUT-Roche Diagnostics Laboratory, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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16
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Zha H, Lewis G, Alfaro A, Wang S, Dong Y, Grandiosa R, Jeffs A. Immune status of the spiny lobster Jasus edwardsii with tail fan necrosis. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2017; 126:229-238. [PMID: 29160220 DOI: 10.3354/dao03176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tail fan necrosis (TFN), a disorder commonly found in some populations of commercially fished and cultured lobsters, is thought to be initiated by injuries caused by handling and containment. The unsightly appearance of affected lobster tails significantly lowers their commercial value. Knowledge about TFN is limited. In this study we describe the morphological features of TFN and apply 6 common methods for evaluating the immune status of wild-caught Australasian red spiny lobsters Jasus edwardsii with and without TFN. The disease was more frequent in uropods than in telsons of the tail fan, and more extensive on the ventral versus the dorsal surfaces of the tail fan. Missing appendages (i.e. antenna, pereiopod or pleopod) were significantly more common and greater in number for individual lobsters affected with TFN versus those without, possibly as a result of handling in the fishery or as an indirect effect of the disease. Two immune parameters, total haemocyte count and phenoloxidase activity in the haemocyte lysate supernatant (HLS), were significantly compromised in lobsters with TFN. No differences were found in the other immune parameters, i.e. haemocyte viability, haemolymph bacterial count and the protein content of haemolymph plasma and HLS. The results are consistent with injury sustained during prior capture and handling that initiates TFN in these natural caught lobsters. These results raise some potential concerns about the fitness of lobsters in natural populations that are affected by TFN, and some potential solutions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zha
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Zannella C, Mosca F, Mariani F, Franci G, Folliero V, Galdiero M, Tiscar PG, Galdiero M. Microbial Diseases of Bivalve Mollusks: Infections, Immunology and Antimicrobial Defense. Mar Drugs 2017. [PMID: 28629124 PMCID: PMC5484132 DOI: 10.3390/md15060182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of bivalve mollusks (phylum Mollusca, class Bivalvia) constitute a prominent commodity in fisheries and aquacultures, but are also crucial in order to preserve our ecosystem’s complexity and function. Bivalve mollusks, such as clams, mussels, oysters and scallops, are relevant bred species, and their global farming maintains a high incremental annual growth rate, representing a considerable proportion of the overall fishery activities. Bivalve mollusks are filter feeders; therefore by filtering a great quantity of water, they may bioaccumulate in their tissues a high number of microorganisms that can be considered infectious for humans and higher vertebrates. Moreover, since some pathogens are also able to infect bivalve mollusks, they are a threat for the entire mollusk farming industry. In consideration of the leading role in aquaculture and the growing financial importance of bivalve farming, much interest has been recently devoted to investigate the pathogenesis of infectious diseases of these mollusks in order to be prepared for public health emergencies and to avoid dreadful income losses. Several bacterial and viral pathogens will be described herein. Despite the minor complexity of the organization of the immune system of bivalves, compared to mammalian immune systems, a precise description of the different mechanisms that induce its activation and functioning is still missing. In the present review, a substantial consideration will be devoted in outlining the immune responses of bivalves and their repertoire of immune cells. Finally, we will focus on the description of antimicrobial peptides that have been identified and characterized in bivalve mollusks. Their structural and antimicrobial features are also of great interest for the biotechnology sector as antimicrobial templates to combat the increasing antibiotic-resistance of different pathogenic bacteria that plague the human population all over the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Francesco Mosca
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Francesca Mariani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Veronica Folliero
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Marilena Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Pietro Giorgio Tiscar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
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Merien F. A Journey with Elie Metchnikoff: From Innate Cell Mechanisms in Infectious Diseases to Quantum Biology. Front Public Health 2016; 4:125. [PMID: 27379227 PMCID: PMC4909730 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many reviews of Elie Metchnikoff’s work have been published, all unanimously acknowledging the significant contributions of his cellular theory to the fields of immunology and infectious diseases. In 1883, he published a key paper describing phagocytic cells in frogs. His descriptions were not just about phagocytes involved in host defense, he also described how these specialized cells eliminated degenerating or dying cells of the host. This perspective focuses on key concepts developed by Metchnikoff by presenting relevant excerpts of his 1883 paper and matching these concepts with challenges of modern immunology. A new approach to macrophage polarization is included to introduce some creative thinking about the exciting emerging area of quantum biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Merien
- AUT-Roche Diagnostics Laboratory, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
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