Modulation of growth performance and nonspecific immunity of red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkia upon dietary fulvic acid supplementation

Dietary fulvic acid improves immune, digestive and antioxidant parameters in juvenile white-leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in a super-intensive system

In the current study, the effects of dietary fulvic acid supplementation at levels of 0.5, 1 and 2% were examined in white-leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. A significant increase in the weight of the shrimp was observed in the group treated with 2% fulvic acid in comparison to the control group. This may have been associated with an increased digestive efficiency, with the food conversion ratio reducing from 2.4 to 1.9, and increased hepatopancreatic amylase, protease, and lipase enzyme activities. Enhanced activity of hemolymph superoxide dismutase was suggestive of an enhanced immune capacity, while hemolymph cell count increased by 16.4 and 13.6% in shrimp receiving diets supplemented with 1 and 2% fulvic acid, respectively. Additionally, the number of large granular cells increased by 37.3% and 40.8% relative to the control in these two groups. Furthermore, the lysozyme activity increased in shrimp receiving dietary supplementation of 1% and 2% fulvic acid by 16.7% and 24.7%, respectively. Phenol oxidase activity, which activates phagocytosis and encapsulation of invading pathogens, increased in all groups supplemented with fulvic acid, with the highest activity in the 1% fulvic acid group. Overall the present results suggest that fulvic acid is a promising feed additive for white-leg shrimp super-intensive culture.

Integrated microbiome and metabolome analyses reveal the effects of low pH on intestinal health and homeostasis of crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)

Low pH (LpH) poses a significant challenge to the health, immune response, and growth of aquatic animals worldwide. Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is a globally farmed freshwater species with a remarkable adaptability to various environmental stressors. However, the effects of LpH stress on the microbiota and host metabolism in crayfish intestines remain poorly understood. In this study, integrated analyses of antioxidant enzyme activity, histopathological damage, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were performed to investigate the physiology, histopathology, microbiota, and metabolite changes in crayfish intestines exposed to LpH treatment. The results showed that LpH stress induced obvious changes in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and histopathological alterations in crayfish intestines. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed that exposure to LpH caused significant alterations in the diversity and composition of the crayfish intestinal microbiota at the phylum and genus levels. At the genus level, 14 genera including Bacilloplasma, Citrobacter, Shewanella, Vibrio, RsaHf231, Erysipelatoclostridium, Anaerorhabdus, Dysgonomonas, Flavobacterium, Tyzzerella, Brachymonas, Muribaculaceae, Propionivibrio, and Comamonas, exhibited significant differences in their relative abundances. The LC-MS analysis revealed 859 differentially expressed metabolites in crayfish intestines in response to LpH, including 363 and 496 upregulated and downregulated metabolites, respectively. These identified metabolites exhibited significant enrichment in 24 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways (p < 0.05), including seven and 17 upregulated and downregulated pathways, respectively. These pathways are mainly associated with energy and amino acid metabolism. Correlation analysis revealed a strong correlation between the metabolites and intestinal microbiota of crayfish during LpH treatment. These findings suggest that LpH may induce significant oxidative stress, intestinal tissue damage, disruption of intestinal microbiota homeostasis, and alterations in the metabolism in crayfish. These findings provide valuable insights into how the microbial and metabolic processes of crayfish intestines respond to LpH stress.

Effects of fulvic acid on broiler performance, blood biochemistry, and intestinal microflora

To study the effects of mineral fulvic acid (FuA) on broiler performance, slaughter performance, blood biochemistry index, antioxidant function, immune performance, and intestinal microflora, 360 Arbor Acres (AA) broiler chickens with similar body weights were randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 12 chickens in each replicate in the current study. Chickens in the control group (C) were fed with the basal diet, and chickens in the test groups (I, II, III, and IV) were fed with the diet supplemented with 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% mineral FuA, respectively. The indicators were measured on the hatching day, d 21 and d 35. From the whole experimental period, FuA supplement significantly increased average body weight (ABW) (P < 0.05), average daily gain (ADG) of broilers (P < 0.05), and thymus weight (P < 0.05) in II and IV groups, but bascially reduced the pH value of thigh meat. FuA supplement significantly improved aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity in the group III on d 35 (P < 0.05) and the serum levels of IgA and IgG on d 21 and d 35 (P < 0.05), but reduced glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) level on d 21 (P < 0.05) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in serum on d 35 (P < 0.05). FuA supplement significantly affected the abundance of Barnesiella, Lachnospiraceae, Alistipes, Lactobacillus, and Christensenellaceae on genus level. Differences between group III and other groups were significant in the genera microflora composition on d 21 and d 35. Functional analysis showed that the cecum microbiota were mainly enriched in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and energy metabolism. In conclusion, FuA may potentially have significant positive effects on the growth performance and immune function of AA chickens through the modulation of the gut microbiota, and the 0.1% FuA was the best in broiler diet based on the present study.

Dietary fulvic acid supplementation improves the growth performance and immune response of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicas)

The present study aims to explore the effects of dietary fulvic acid (FA) supplementation on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicas). FA was used to replace 0 (control), 0.1, 0.5 and 1 g cellulose in the basic diet of sea cucumber to formulate four experimental feeds with equivalent nitrogen and energy denoted as F0, F0.1, F0.3 and F1, respectively. No significant differences were observed in the survival rate among all groups (P > 0.05). Results show that the body weight gain rate, specific growth rate, intestinal trypsin, amylase and lipase activities, serum superoxide dismutase, catalase, lysozyme, alkaline and acid phosphatase activities and disease resistance ability against the pathogen, Vibrio splendidus of the sea cucumbers fed with FA-containing diets were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). The optimum dose of dietary FA supplementation required for the maximum growth of sea cucumber was 0.54 g/kg. Therefore, dietary FA supplementation to the feed of sea cucumber can significantly improve its growth performance immune response.

Effects of supplemental fulvic acid on survival, growth performance, digestive ability and immunity of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) larvae

A 30-day feeding trial was designed to evaluate the effect of supplemental fulvic acid (FA) on survival, growth performance, digestive ability and immunity of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) larvae (initial body weight 11.33 ± 0.57 mg). Four isonitrogenous and isolipids diets containing 0.00%, 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.04% FA were formulated, respectively. Results showed that the supplementation of 0.04% FA significantly improved survival rate of large yellow croaker larvae. Meanwhile, supplemental FA significantly increased final body weight and specific growth rate. Based on the specific growth rate, the optimal supplementation was 0.0135% FA. Larvae fed the diet with 0.01% FA had significantly higher villus height than the control. The supplementation of 0.01%–0.02% FA significantly increased the muscular thickness of intestine. Moreover, supplementation of FA significantly increased mRNA expression of intestinal epithelial proliferation and barrier genes (pcna, zo-1 and zo-2). Diets supplemented with 0.02%–0.04% FA significantly increased the activity of trypsin in the intestinal segment, while 0.01%–0.02% FA significantly increased the activity of trypsin in the pancreatic segment. Compared with the control, supplementation of FA remarkably increased activities of alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase in the brush border membrane of intestine. Larvae fed the diet with 0.01% FA significantly increased activities of lysozyme and total nitric oxide synthase. Furthermore, the supplementation of 0.01% to 0.02% FA significantly decreased the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tnf-α and il-6). Concurrently, supplemental FA significantly increased anti-inflammatory cytokine (il-10) mRNA expression level. In conclusion, this study indicated that the supplementation of FA could improve the survival rate and growth performance of larvae by promoting intestinal development, digestive enzymes activities and innate immunity.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus CadC regulates acid tolerance response to enhance bacterial motility and cytotoxicity

Pathogens adapted to sub-lethal acidic conditions could increase the virulence and survival ability under lethal conditions. In the aquaculture industry, feed acidifiers have been used to increase the growth of aquatic animals. However, there is limited study on the effects of acidic condition on the virulence and survival of pathogens in aquaculture. In this study, we investigated the survival ability of Vibrio parahaemolyticus at lethal acidic pH (4.0) after adapted the bacteria to sub-lethal acidic pH (5.5) for 1 hr. Our results indicated that the adapted strain increased the survival ability at lethal acidic pH invoked by an inorganic (HCl) or organic (citric) acid. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) results revealed that 321 genes were differentially expressed at the sub-lethal acidic pH including cadC, cadBA and groES/groEL relating to acid tolerance response (ATR), as well as genes relating to outer membrane, heat-shock proteins, phosphotransferase system and flagella system. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) confirmed that cadC and cadBA were upregulated under sub-lethal acidic conditions. The CadC protein could directly regulate the expression of cadBA to modulate the ATR in V. parahaemolyticus. RNA-seq data also indicated that 113 genes in the CadC-dependent way and 208 genes in the CadC-independent way were differentially expressed, which were related to the regulation of ATR. Finally, the motility and cytotoxicity of the sub-lethal acidic adapted wild type (WT) were significantly increased compared with the unadapted strain. Our results demonstrated that the dietary acidifiers may increase the virulence and survival of V. parahaemolyticus in aquaculture.

Effect of dietary Antarctic krill Euphausia superba on the growth performance and nonspecific immunity of red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkia

This study aims to investigate the effects of replacing different proportions of fishmeal with Antarctic krill (AK) on the growth performance, body composition and nonspecific immunity index of red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkia. AK was used to replace 0 (control), 25%, 50% and 100% of the fishmeal in the basic diet of crayfish to formulate four test feeds with basically equivalent nitrogen and lipid contents; these feeds were denoted AK0, AK25, AK50 and AK100, respectively. Compared with the control group, crayfish fed diets with AK replacement showed increased body weight gain; feed efficiency; survival rate; body protein content; phenoloxidase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities; total haemocyte counts; number of hyaline, semigranular and granular cells; and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila. Conversely, the body lipid level of these crayfish decreased relative to that of the control. However, a high AK level (AK100) does not show improvements in efficiency compared with a moderate AK level (AK50). Based on the efficiency of AK in enhancing the growth performance and nonspecific immunity of crayfish, the optimum replacement proportion of fishmeal with AK was 50%. These results confirm that AK can promote the growth of crayfish and improve their disease resistance.

The growth performance and nonspecific immunity of red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkia affected by dietary Rhodiola rosea polysaccharide

This study aims to investigate the effects of Rhodiola rosea polysaccharide (RRP) on the growth performance and nonspecific immunity of red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkia. RRP was prepared by hot water extraction and partly characterised by high-performance liquid chromatography and sugar composition analyses. Three diets supplemented with three different levels of RRP (0.2, 0.6 and 1 g kg diet^-1) were formulated and tested for growth performance and nonspecific immunity of red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii, while a diet without any RRP supplementation served as control. After 8 weeks of feeding, body weight gain, feed efficiency, survival rate, phenoloxidase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione peroxidase level, total haemocyte count and number of hyaline cells, semigranular cells and granular cells and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila were higher than those of the control. Moreover, based on the efficiency of RRP on the growth performance and nonspecific immunity of crayfish, the optimum dose of RRP was found to be 0.6 g kg diet^-1. Hence, intake of diets containing RRP could enhance the growth performance, immune responses and improve resistance of crayfish to infection by A. hydrophila.