1
|
Mkulo EM, Wang B, Amoah K, Huang Y, Cai J, Jin X, Wang Z. The current status and development forecasts of vaccines for aquaculture and its effects on bacterial and viral diseases. Microb Pathog 2024; 196:106971. [PMID: 39307198 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
The aquaculture sector predicts protein-rich meals by 2040 and has experienced significant economic shifts since 2000. However, challenges emanating from disease control measures, brood stock improvement, feed advancements, hatchery technology, and water quality management due to environmental fluctuations have been taken as major causative agents for hindering the sector's growth. For the past years, aquatic disease prevention and control have principally depended on the use of various antibiotics, ecologically integrated control, other immunoprophylaxis mechanisms, and chemical drugs, but the long-term use of chemicals such as antibiotics not only escalates antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes but also harms the fish and the environments, resulting in drug residues in aquatic products, severely obstructing the growth of the aquaculture sector. The field of science has opened new avenues in basic and applied research for creating and producing innovative and effective vaccines and the enhancement of current vaccines to protect against numerous infectious diseases. Recent advances in vaccines and vaccinology could lead to novel vaccine candidates that can tackle fish diseases, including parasitic organism agents, for which the current vaccinations are inadequate. In this review, we study and evaluate the growing aquaculture production by focusing on the current knowledge, recent progress, and prospects related to vaccinations and immunizations in the aquaculture industry and their effects on treating bacterial and viral diseases. The subject matter covers a variety of vaccines, such as conventional inactivated and attenuated vaccines as well as advanced vaccines, and examines their importance in real-world aquaculture scenarios. To encourage enhanced importation of vaccines for aquaculture sustainability and profitability and also help in dealing with challenges emanating from diseases, national and international scientific and policy initiatives need to be informed about the fundamental understanding of vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evodia Moses Mkulo
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, 524025, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Bei Wang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, 327005, China
| | - Kwaku Amoah
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, 327005, China.
| | - Yu Huang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, 327005, China
| | - Jia Cai
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, 327005, China
| | - Xiao Jin
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, 327005, China
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, 524025, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Agro-Tech Extension Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pan W, Fu J, Zeng R, Liang M, You Y, Zhan Z, Lu Z, Weng S, Guo C, He J. Evaluation of a Low-Temperature Immersion Immunization Strategy for the Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus orf037l Gene-Deleted Attenuated Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:1170. [PMID: 39460336 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12101170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2024] [Revised: 09/30/2024] [Accepted: 10/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) poses a significant threat to aquaculture sustainability, particularly affecting mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) and causing significant economic losses. METHODS To address this challenge, this study developed an ISKNV Δorf037l vaccine strain, where the orf037l gene was knocked out. Infection assays conducted at 28 °C showed that the knocking out the orf037l gene decreased the virulence of ISKNV and reduced lethality against mandarin fish by 26.7% compared to wild-type ISKNV. To further diminish residual virulence, the effect of low-temperature (22 °C) immersion immunization was evaluated. RESULTS The results indicate that low temperature significantly diminished the virulence of the Δorf037l vaccine strain, elevating the survival rate of mandarin fish to 90%. Furthermore, the vaccine strain effectively triggered the expression of crucial immune-related genes, such as IFN-h, IL-1, IκB, Mx, TNF-α, and Viperin, while inducing the production of specific neutralizing antibodies. Low-temperature immersion with Δorf037l achieved a high relative percentage of survival of 92.6% (n = 30) in mandarin fish, suggesting the potential of Δorf037l as a promising immersion vaccine candidate. CONCLUSIONS These findings contribute to advancing fish immersion vaccine development and demonstrate the importance and broad applicability of temperature optimization strategies in vaccine development. Our work carries profound implications for both the theoretical understanding and practical application in aquaculture disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Pan
- School of Marine Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol & Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals/Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiajie Fu
- School of Marine Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol & Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals/Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ruoyun Zeng
- School of Marine Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol & Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals/Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Mingcong Liang
- School of Marine Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol & Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals/Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanlin You
- School of Marine Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol & Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals/Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhan
- School of Marine Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol & Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals/Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhoutao Lu
- School of Marine Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol & Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals/Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- School of Marine Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol & Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals/Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Changjun Guo
- School of Marine Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol & Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals/Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jianguo He
- School of Marine Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol & Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals/Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sohn MY, Jeong JM, Kang G, Woo WS, Kim KH, Son HJ, Park CI. Oral administration enhances directly mucosal immune system in intestine of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024:105262. [PMID: 39270949 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Aquaculture is notably vulnerable to diseases, with Edwardsiella tarda causing significant mortality across various commercially important fish species in both freshwater and marine environments. In the aquaculture industry, sustainable disease control hinges on the effective development of vaccines. Oral vaccines present an appealing approach to immunization in fish due to their ease of antigen administration, reduced stress compared to non-oral delivery methods, and their potential applicability to both small and large finfish species. In mammals, the exposure of mucosal surfaces to antigens results in the secretion of antigen-specific IgA at these locations. Mammals have a common mucosal immune system, in which stimulation of one epithelium can also give rise to specific IgA or IgM responses in other mucosal organs. Mucosal immunoglobulins are particularly important in developing vaccines that provide mucosal immunity. However, it remains unclear whether fish share a common mucosal system. Moreover, neither Peyer's patches nor intestinal lymph nodes were identified. Nevertheless, oral vaccination remains an attractive method for inducing immunity. We investigated whether the activation of the mucosal immune response was induced by direct injection of the antigen. After oral antigen administration, antigen-specific antibody titers increased in the experimental group (E. tarda FKC vaccine). In the challenge experiment, the cumulative survival rate was 72% (E. tarda). This suggests that oral administration of antigens can activate intestinal mucosal immunity in flounders. Additionally, these results help understand the intestinal mucosal immune system of teleost fish. In the future, research on the signaling mechanisms of these genes is expected to provide helpful information for developing vaccine adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Young Sohn
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong, 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Jeong
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service (NFQS), 337, Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea (49111)
| | - Gyoungsik Kang
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong, 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Woo
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong, 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Kim
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong, 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Jeong Son
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong, 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong, 650-160, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun F, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Wang Q, Liu X. An aluminium adjuvant compound with ginseng stem leaf saponins enhances the potency of inactivated Pseudomonas plecoglossicida vaccine in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109243. [PMID: 37995892 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) farm industry in China suffered from huge economic loss caused by Pseudomonas plecoglossicida infection. Due to multi-antibiotic resistance, efficient vaccines are urgent to be developed to combat this pathogen. In this study, an inactivated vaccine was developed with an aluminium adjuvant (Alum) plus ginseng stem and leaf saponins (GSLS). As a result, the relative percentage survival (RPS) against P. plecoglossicida was up to 67.8 %. Comparatively, RPS of groups that vaccinated with only inactivated vaccine and vaccine containing Alum or Montanide™ 763A as adjuvant were 21.8 %, 32.2 % and 62.1 %, respectively. Assays for total serum protein and serum lysozyme activity in group vaccinated with inactivated vaccine plus Alum + GSLS adjuvant were significantly higher than that in control group. Moreover, specific antibody in serum elicited a rapid and persistent level. According to the expression of some immune related genes, inactivated vaccine plus Alum + GSLS adjuvant induced a stronger cellular immune response which was vital to defend against P. plecoglossicida. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the compound Alum and GSLS adjuvant is a potential adjuvant system to develop LYC vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yingbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qiyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases of MOA, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases of MOA, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai 200237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Roh H, Kannimuthu D. Assessments of epidemic spread in aquaculture: comparing different scenarios of infectious bacteria incursion through spatiotemporal hybrid modeling. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1205506. [PMID: 37771943 PMCID: PMC10527373 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1205506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The sustainable development of the aquaculture sector is at risk due to the significant challenges posed by many emerging infectious diseases. While disease prevention and control measures are becoming increasingly critical, there is a dearth of studies on the epidemiological aspects of disease transmission in aquatic ecosystems. This study aims to forecast the spread of a bacterial disease between fish farms in two regions, Romsdalsfjord in Norway and Gujwa in South Korea by applying a DTU-DADS-Aqua spatiotemporal hybrid simulation model. The simulation model assessed the pattern of disease transmission between fish farms under different degrees of transmission power based on the distance between farms (ScalingInf), host susceptibility (RelSusceptibility), the origin site of disease, and the capacity of culling fish. The distance between fish farms was found to have significant associations with disease transmission. In most simulation conditions, the disease transmission between different bay management areas (BMAs) was not evident in Romsdalsfjord. In the Guwja region, where there are relatively narrow distances between fish farms, the spread of infectious disease was greatly affected by ScalingInf. The impact of RelSusceptibility on disease transmission patterns is a critical factor to consider in simulation modeling. When RelSusceptibility ranges from 0.5-1, there is little impact on the likelihood of disease transmission. Conversely, lower ranges (0.2 and 0.05) of RelSusceptibility result in a significant decrease in the area affected by the spread of disease. Eradication measures could control the patterns of infectious disease transmission, but the effectiveness of the depopulation strategy can be dramatically changed depending on the geographical environment. In conclusion, through a comparative analysis of the disease transmission and management scenarios, this study demonstrates the potential use of existing simulation models in predicting the spread of infectious diseases under different epidemiological circumstances and quarantine actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- HyeongJin Roh
- Pathogen Transmission and Disease Research Group, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim MJ, Kim SY, Kim KH, Yoo SS, Lee TK, Choi TJ. High-Level Expression of Recombinant VHSV Glycoprotein Using Transformed C. vulgaris and Verification of Vaccine Efficacy. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1205. [PMID: 37515021 PMCID: PMC10385554 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for aquaculture is increasing, but production is declining due to high feed costs and disease outbreaks. Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) is a viral disease that seriously affects seawater and freshwater fish in aquaculture, including the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), a major aquaculture fish in Korea. However, very few vaccines are currently available for viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). The nutrient-rich microalga Chlorella vulgaris has been used as a feed additive in aquaculture and as a host for the industrial production of recombinant VHSV glycoprotein as an oral vaccine. In this study, VHSV glycoprotein was cloned with a salt-inducible promoter, and high levels of expression up to 41.1 mg/g wet C. vulgaris, representing 27.4% of total extracted soluble protein, were achieved by growing the transformed C. vulgaris for 5 days in the presence of 250 mM NaCl. The production of a neutralizing antibody was detected in the serum of fish given feed containing 9% VHSV glycoprotein-expressing C. vulgaris. Furthermore, relative survival rates of 100% and 81.9% were achieved following challenges of these fish with VHSV at 106 and 107 pfu/fish, respectively, indicating that C. vulgaris could be used as a platform for the production of recombinant proteins for use as oral vaccines in the control of viral diseases in aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jeong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hong Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Sik Yoo
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratory Co., Ltd., South Chungcheong, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Kyun Lee
- South Sea Environment Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje-si 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Choi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Irshath AA, Rajan AP, Vimal S, Prabhakaran VS, Ganesan R. Bacterial Pathogenesis in Various Fish Diseases: Recent Advances and Specific Challenges in Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020470. [PMID: 36851346 PMCID: PMC9968037 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is a fast-growing food sector but is plagued by a plethora of bacterial pathogens that infect fish. The rearing of fish at high population densities in aquaculture facilities makes them highly susceptible to disease outbreaks, which can cause significant economic loss. Thus, immunity development in fish through vaccination against various pathogens of economically important aquaculture species has been extensively studied and has been largely accepted as a reliable method for preventing infections. Vaccination studies in aquaculture systems are strategically associated with the economically and environmentally sustainable management of aquaculture production worldwide. Historically, most licensed fish vaccines have been developed as inactivated pathogens combined with adjuvants and provided via immersion or injection. In comparison, live vaccines can simulate a whole pathogenic illness and elicit a strong immune response, making them better suited for oral or immersion-based therapy methods to control diseases. Advanced approaches in vaccine development involve targeting specific pathogenic components, including the use of recombinant genes and proteins. Vaccines produced using these techniques, some of which are currently commercially available, appear to elicit and promote higher levels of immunity than conventional fish vaccines. These technological advancements are promising for developing sustainable production processes for commercially important aquatic species. In this review, we explore the multitude of studies on fish bacterial pathogens undertaken in the last decade as well as the recent advances in vaccine development for aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aadil Ahmed Irshath
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand Prem Rajan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (A.P.R.); (R.G.)
| | - Sugumar Vimal
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Medical College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 600 077, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vasantha-Srinivasan Prabhakaran
- Department of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600 077, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (A.P.R.); (R.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang J, Zhang S, Sun X, Xu X. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the immune response of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) induced by inactivated bivalent vaccine. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108461. [PMID: 36462744 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio species are important pathogens that affect a wide range of farmed fish. Vaccination is regarded as the most efficacious strategy for fighting bacterial infections. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In the present study, a comparative transcriptome analysis was performed on the spleens from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) induced by an inactivated bivalent vaccine (Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio harveyi, IVVah1) at 4 week and 1 day post further challenge. Strong immune responses were induced by the bivalent vaccine, besides differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with adaptive immunity, more innate immunity-related DEGs were detected. At the late stage of vaccination, immune-related molecules associated with pattern recognition receptors, inflammatory factors, complement and coagulation cascade-related components, and antigen processing and presentation were significantly regulated, and some of them were even further up-regulated after the bacterial challenge, indicating the cooperation of multiple immune processes during the vaccine immunization process. In addition to the terms or pathways associated with the immune response, enrichment analysis revealed multiple significantly enriched terms/pathways associated with the response to stimulus/stress, homeostasis, metabolism, and biosynthesis, suggesting that a defensive status was established by the bivalent vaccine. This study furnishes new insights into the internal mechanism of immunity upon a combined vaccine administrating in turbot and lays a foundation for developing highly immunogenic vaccines in teleost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | | | - Xiangyi Sun
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiudan Xu
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Baek EJ, Kim MJ, Kim KI. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the antiviral activity of arctigenin, ribavirin, and ivermectin against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108456. [PMID: 36473646 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) causes a severe and often lethal infection in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in Korea, resulting in mass mortality and substantial economic loss. As a potential prevention strategy for infectious viral diseases, this study aimed to evaluate the antiviral activity of three compounds (arctigenin [ARG], ribavirin [RBV], and ivermectin [IVM]) against VHSV infection in vitro and in vivo. In epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells, the expression of both VHSV glycoprotein (G) and nucleoprotein (N) genes were significantly suppressed by the three compounds in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Also, cell morphology and viability were maintained at the following concentrations: ARG 1.5 mg/L, RBV 2.5 mg/L, and IVM 10 mg/L. The fish that were treated with RBV (8.33 mg/kg) and IVM (0.25 mg/kg) before VHSV infection and those treated with IVM (0.25 mg/kg) after VHSV infection showed significant improvements in the survival rate, a reduction in the viral shedding rate, and downregulation of viral gene expression compared to those seen in fish with naïve VHSV infections. Furthermore, among the innate immune genes studied, persistent expression of Mx and upregulation of tumor necrosis factor-α gene expression in VHSV-infected fish treated with RBV and IVM revealed that these compounds might induce an immunostimulatory effect as one of their antiviral activities. Overall, this study supports the use of RBV and IVM as antiviral agents to control VHSV infections in olive flounder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Baek
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jae Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Il Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Radhakrishnan A, Vaseeharan B, Ramasamy P, Jeyachandran S. Oral vaccination for sustainable disease prevention in aquaculture-an encapsulation approach. AQUACULTURE INTERNATIONAL : JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN AQUACULTURE SOCIETY 2022; 31:867-891. [PMID: 36407965 PMCID: PMC9660215 DOI: 10.1007/s10499-022-01004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of infectious diseases in the aquaculture industry and a limited number of safe and effective oral vaccines has imposed a challenge not only for fish immunity but also a threat to human health. The availability of fish oral vaccines has expanded recently, but little is known about how well they work and how they affect the immune system. The unsatisfactory efficacy of existing oral vaccinations is partly attributable to the antigen degradation in the adverse gastrointestinal environment of fishes, the highly tolerogenic gut environment, and inferior vaccine formulation. To overcome such challenges in designing: an easier, cost-efficient, and effective vaccination method, several encapsulation methods are being adopted to safeguard antigens from the intestinal atmosphere for their immunogenic functions. Oral vaccination is easily degraded by gastric acids and enzymes before reaching the immunological site; however, this issue can be solved by encapsulating antigens in poly-biodegradable nanoparticles, transgenic designed bacteria, plant systems, and live feeds. To enhance the immunological impact, each antigen delivery method operates at a different level. Utilizing nanotechnology, it has been possible to regulate vaccination parameters, target particular cells, and lower the antigen dosage with potent nanomaterials such as chitosan, poly D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) as vaccine carriers. Live feeds such as Artemia salina can be utilized as bio-carrier, owing to their appropriate size and non-filter feed system, through a process called bio-encapsulation. It ensures the protection of antigens over the fish intestine and ensures complete uptake by immune cells in the hindgut for increased immune response. This review comprises recent advances in oral vaccination in aquaculture in terms of an encapsulation approach that can aid in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Radhakrishnan
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, National College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620001 India
| | - Baskaralingam Vaseeharan
- Department of Animal Health & Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003 India
| | - Pasiyappazham Ramasamy
- Marine Natural Product Division, Department of Physiology, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Insti tute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Sivakamavalli Jeyachandran
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, National College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620001 India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Du Y, Hu X, Miao L, Chen J. Current status and development prospects of aquatic vaccines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1040336. [PMID: 36439092 PMCID: PMC9684733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1040336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases are a significant impediment to aquaculture's sustainable and healthy growth. The aquaculture industry is suffering significant financial losses as a result of the worsening water quality and increasing frequency of aquatic disease outbreaks caused by the expansion of aquaculture. Drug control, immunoprophylaxis, ecologically integrated control, etc. are the principal control strategies for fish infections. For a long time, the prevention and control of aquatic diseases have mainly relied on the use of various antibiotics and chemical drugs. However, long-term use of chemical inputs not only increases pathogenic bacteria resistance but also damages the fish and aquaculture environments, resulting in drug residues in aquatic products, severely impeding the development of the aquaculture industry. The development and use of aquatic vaccines are the safest and most effective ways to prevent aquatic animal diseases and preserve the health and sustainability of aquaculture. To give references for the development and implementation of aquatic vaccines, this study reviews the development history, types, inoculation techniques, mechanisms of action, development prospects, and challenges encountered with aquatic vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoman Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Liang Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu X, Xing J, Tang X, Sheng X, Chi H, Zhan W. Splenic protection network revealed by transcriptome analysis in inactivated vaccine-immunized flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus) against Edwardsiella tarda infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1058599. [PMID: 36439120 PMCID: PMC9681833 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1058599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The protective immune response produced by fish after vaccination is crucial for vaccine effectiveness. Our previous studies have shown inactivated vaccine against Edwardsiella tarda can induce immune response in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). To elucidate the protective immune response at the genetic level, in this study, flounder was immunized with inactivated E. tarda for 5 weeks, and then they were challenged with E. tarda. The spleen was dissected at 7th day post immunization, 1st and 7th day post challenge, respectively. Transcriptome analysis showed that average of 46 million clean reads were obtained per library, while percentage of clean reads being mapped to reference genome was more than 89% in all cases, which suggested good quality of samples. As for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identification in inactivated E. tarda groups, at 7th day post immunization, 1422 DEGs were identified and significantly enriched in innate immune-related pathways, such as Phagosome, Cell adhesion molecules and NF-kappa B signaling pathway; At 1st post challenge day, 1210 DEGs were identified and enriched to Antigen processing and presentation and Cell adhesion molecules, indicating that the pathogen was rapidly recognized and delivered; At 7th post challenge day, 1929 DEGs were identified, belonged to Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, Antigen processing and presentation, Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation and Th17 cell differentiation. Compared to 7th post immunization day, 73 immune-associated DEGs were identified at 1st post challenge day. Protein-protein interaction networks analysis revealed 11 hub genes (TLR7, TLR3, CXCR4, IFIH1, TLR8 etc), associated with recognition of pathogens and activation of innate immunity; while for 7th post challenge day, 141 immune-associated DEGs were identified. 30 hub genes (IL6, STAT1, HSP90A.1, TLR7, IL12β etc) were associated with stimulation of lymphocyte differentiation and activation of cellular immunity. Ten immune-related genes were randomly selected for RT-qPCR validation at each time point. In conclusion, data revealed protection of flounder against E. tarda infection by inactivated vaccine is mediated via immediate recognition of pathogen and subsequently activation of cellular immunity. Results give new aspect for vaccine protection cascades, is good references for vaccine evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, MOE, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | | | | | | | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, MOE, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu X, Xing J, Tang X, Sheng X, Chi H, Zhan W. Protective cellular and humoral immune responses to Edwardsiella tarda in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) immunized by an inactivated vaccine. Mol Immunol 2022; 149:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
14
|
Huo X, Wang Z, Xiao X, Yang C, Su J. Oral Administration of Nanopeptide CMCS-20H Conspicuously Boosts Immunity and Precautionary Effect Against Bacterial Infection in Fish. Front Immunol 2022; 12:811616. [PMID: 35087530 PMCID: PMC8786714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.811616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Massive mortalities caused by bacterial infections in intensive aquaculture result in serious economic losses. In this study, a novel antimicrobial peptide gcIFN-20H was efficiently expressed in Pichia pastoris (GS115) and loaded on carboxylmethyl chitosan (CMCS) to prepare CMCS-20H nanoparticles. Through physical characterization assays (TEM, DLS, BCA, and Raman) and biological activity tests (antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity), CMCS-20H nanopeptide was verified to be spherical nanoparticles with sustained release, antimicrobial activity, and negligible toxicity. CMCS-20H nanoparticles are more resistant to intestinal degradation than unloaded gcIFN-20H by indirect immunofluorescence assay. Oral administration was then carried out for 42 days. Complement C3 content, lysozyme, and total superoxide dismutase activities are highest in CMCS-20H group by serum biochemistry index assays. After challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila, the survival rate in CMCS-20H group is highest (46%), which is 64% higher than the control group (28%). Meanwhile, the tissue bacterial loads (intestine, spleen, head kidney, trunk kidney, hepatopancreas, muscle, and blood) in the CMCS-20H group are significantly lower than other groups. By PAS staining analysis, the number of intestinal villi goblet cells and the thickness of mucin in the CMCS-20H group obviously increased. CMCS-20H effectively enhances mRNA expressions of some important immune genes (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-2, IFN-γ2, and IgM). The minimal tissue lesions (Intestine, spleen, and trunk kidney) were seen in the CMCS-20H group by histopathological examination. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that oral CMCS-20H maintains the intestinal microbiome homeostasis in bacterial infection. The results indicate that the novel nanopeptide CMCS-20H as the immunopotentiator can remarkably boost fish immunity and precautionary effect by oral administration and address the theoretical mechanisms and insights into the promising application prospect in aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Huo
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhensheng Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xun Xiao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunrong Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee EG, Kwak JS, Kim KH. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated generation of auxotrophic Edwardsiella piscicida mutants and immunization in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:98-105. [PMID: 35114359 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Edwardsiella piscicida has been a cause of mass mortality in cultured fish. In this study, to produce auxotrophic E. piscicida mutants, a CRISPR/Cas9 system was used instead of the traditional sacB-based allelic exchange method. Under the optimal CRISPR engineering condition, we could efficiently produce either alr or asd gene knockout E. piscicida auxotrophic mutants, and this genome editing process was much simpler and faster than the allelic exchange method. The simultaneous knockout of double auxotrophic genes (alr and asd) and the insertion of a foreign gene expression cassette in E. piscicida chromosome were also successfully performed using the established CRISPR/Cas9 system. Furthermore, to enhance the possibility to get permission as a commercial vaccine, we produced an auxotrophic E. piscicida mutant having only one nucleotide-deleted alr gene (E. piscicida △alr-1). Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) fingerlings immunized with 1 × 106 and 1 × 105 CFU/fish of E. piscicida △alr-1 showed the superior ability in the induction of serum agglutination activity and in the protection against E. piscicida compared to killed E. piscicida. However, olive flounder immunized with 1 × 107 CFU/fish of E. piscicida △alr-1 showed high mortality far before the challenge, and the isolated E. piscicida from moribund and dead fish had the wild type alr gene, suggesting the reversion of one base-deleted alr gene to original form by a second mutation in olive flounder. Therefore, investigation on the minimum number of edited nucleotide for stable maintenance of E. piscicida mutants should be further conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Gyeong Lee
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Jun Soung Kwak
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Ki Hong Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kole S, Dar SA, Shin SM, Jeong HJ, Jung SJ. Potential Efficacy of Chitosan-Poly (Lactide-Co-Glycolide)-Encapsulated Trivalent Immersion Vaccine in Olive Flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus) Against Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus, Streptococcus parauberis Serotype I, and Miamiensis avidus (Scuticociliate). Front Immunol 2021; 12:761130. [PMID: 34925332 PMCID: PMC8677005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.761130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is the most valuable aquaculture species in Korea, corresponding to ~60% of its total production. However, infectious diseases often break out among farmed flounders, causing high mortality and substantial economic losses. Although some deleterious pathogens, such as Vibrio spp. and Streptococcus iniae, have been eradicated or contained over the years through vaccination and proper health management, the current disease status of Korean flounder shows that the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), Streptococcus parauberis, and Miamiensis avidus are causing serious disease problem in recent years. Furthermore, these three pathogens have differing optimal temperature and can attack young fingerlings and mature fish throughout the year-round culture cycle. In this context, we developed a chitosan-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)-encapsulated trivalent vaccine containing formalin-killed VHSV, S. parauberis serotype-I, and M. avidus and administered it to olive flounder fingerlings by immersion route using a prime-boost strategy. At 35 days post-initial vaccination, three separate challenge experiments were conducted via intraperitoneal injection with the three targeted pathogens at their respective optimal temperature. The relative percentages of survival were 66.63%, 53.3%, and 66.75% in the group immunized against VHSV, S. parauberis serotype-I, and M. avidus, respectively, compared to the non-vaccinated challenge (NVC) control group. The immunized fish also demonstrated significantly (p < 0.05) higher specific antibody titers in serum and higher transcript levels of Ig genes in the mucosal and systemic tissues than those of NVC control fish. Furthermore, the study showed significant (p < 0.05) upregulation of various immune genes in the vaccinated fish, suggesting induction of strong protective immune response, ultimately leading to improved survival against the three pathogens. Thus, the formulated mucosal vaccine can be an effective prophylactic measure against VHS, streptococcosis, and scuticociliatosis diseases in olive flounder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajal Kole
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
| | - Showkat Ahmad Dar
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
| | - Su-Mi Shin
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jong Jeong
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
| | - Sung-Ju Jung
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dar SA, Kole S, Shin SM, Jeong HJ, Jung SJ. Comparative study on antigen persistence and immunoprotective efficacy of intramuscular and intraperitoneal injections of squalene - aluminium hydroxide (Sq + Al) adjuvanted viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus vaccine in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Vaccine 2021; 39:6866-6875. [PMID: 34696933 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The profitability of the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) aquaculture industry in Korea depends on high production and maintenance of flesh quality, as consumers prefer to eat raw flounders from aquaria and relish the raw muscles as 'sashimi'. For sustaining high production, easy-to-deliver and efficient vaccination strategies against serious pathogens, such as viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), is very important as it cause considerable losses to the industry. Whereas, a safe and non-invasive vaccine formulation that is free from unacceptable side-effects and does not devalue the fish is needed to maintain flesh quality. We previously developed a squalene-aluminium hydroxide (Sq + Al) adjuvanted VHSV vaccine that conferred moderate to high protection in flounder, without causing any side effects when administered through the intraperitoneal (IP) injection route. However, farmers often demand intramuscular (IM) injection vaccines as they are relatively easy to administer in small fishes. Therefore, we administered the developed vaccine via IP and IM routes and investigated the safety and persistency of the vaccine at the injection site. In addition, we conducted a comparative analysis of vaccine efficacy and serum antibody response. The clinical and histological observation of the IM and IP groups showed that our vaccine remained persistence at the injection sites for 10-17 weeks post vaccination (wpv), without causing any adverse effects to the fish. The relative percentage of survival were 100% and 71.4% for the IP group and 88.9% and 92.3% for the IM group at 3 and 17 wpv, respectively. Thus, considering the persistency period (24 wpv) and both short and long-term efficacy of our vaccine, the present study offers an option to flounder farmers in selecting either IM or IP delivery strategy according to their cultured fish size and harvesting schedule - IM vaccination for small-sized fish and IP vaccination for table-sized fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Showkat Ahmad Dar
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sajal Kole
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Mi Shin
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jong Jeong
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ju Jung
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mugimba KK, Byarugaba DK, Mutoloki S, Evensen Ø, Munang’andu HM. Challenges and Solutions to Viral Diseases of Finfish in Marine Aquaculture. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060673. [PMID: 34070735 PMCID: PMC8227678 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is the fastest food-producing sector in the world, accounting for one-third of global food production. As is the case with all intensive farming systems, increase in infectious diseases has adversely impacted the growth of marine fish farming worldwide. Viral diseases cause high economic losses in marine aquaculture. We provide an overview of the major challenges limiting the control and prevention of viral diseases in marine fish farming, as well as highlight potential solutions. The major challenges include increase in the number of emerging viral diseases, wild reservoirs, migratory species, anthropogenic activities, limitations in diagnostic tools and expertise, transportation of virus contaminated ballast water, and international trade. The proposed solutions to these problems include developing biosecurity policies at global and national levels, implementation of biosecurity measures, vaccine development, use of antiviral drugs and probiotics to combat viral infections, selective breeding of disease-resistant fish, use of improved diagnostic tools, disease surveillance, as well as promoting the use of good husbandry and management practices. A multifaceted approach combining several control strategies would provide more effective long-lasting solutions to reduction in viral infections in marine aquaculture than using a single disease control approach like vaccination alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kizito K. Mugimba
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda;
- Correspondence: (K.K.M.); (H.M.M.); Tel.: +256-772-56-7940 (K.K.M.); +47-98-86-86-83 (H.M.M.)
| | - Denis K. Byarugaba
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda;
| | - Stephen Mutoloki
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, 0102 Oslo, Norway; (S.M.); (Ø.E.)
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, 0102 Oslo, Norway; (S.M.); (Ø.E.)
| | - Hetron M. Munang’andu
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, 0102 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (K.K.M.); (H.M.M.); Tel.: +256-772-56-7940 (K.K.M.); +47-98-86-86-83 (H.M.M.)
| |
Collapse
|