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Sun C, Teng J, Wang D, Li J, Wang X, Zhao J, Shan E, Chen H, Wang Q. Potential threats of microplastics and pathogenic bacteria to the immune system of the mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 272:106959. [PMID: 38768528 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
As one of the main components of marine pollution, microplastics (MPs) inevitably enter the mussel aquaculture environment. At the same time, pathogenic bacteria, especially pathogens such as Vibrio, can cause illness outbreaks, leading to large-scale death of mussels. The potential harm of MPs and pathogenic bacteria to bivalve remains unclear. This study designed two experiments (1) mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were exposed to 100 particles/L or 1,000 particles/L polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA, 17.01 ± 6.74 μm) MPs and 1 × 107 CFU/mL Vibrio parahaemolyticus at the same time (14 days), and (2) mussels were exposed to 100 particles/L or 1,000 particles/L MPs for a long time (30 days) and then exposed to 1 × 107 CFU/mL V. parahaemolyticus to explore the effects of these two stresses on the mussel immune system. The results showed that after the combined exposure of V. parahaemolyticus and MPs, the lysosomal membrane stability of hemocytes decreased, lysozyme activity was inhibited, and hemocytes were induced to produce more lectins and defensins to fight pathogenic invasion. Long-term exposure to MPs caused a large amount of energy consumption in mussels, inhibited most of the functions of humoral immunity, increased the risk of mussel infection with pathogenic bacteria, and negatively affected mussel condition factor, the number of hemocytes, and the number of byssuses. Mussels may allocate more energy to deal with MPs and pathogenic bacterial infections rather than for growth. Above all, MPs exposure can affect mussel immune function or reduce its stress resistance, which in turn has an impact on mollusk farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Sun
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jia Teng
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Dongyu Wang
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jiashen Li
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Encui Shan
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China.
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2
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Azizan A, Venter L, Zhang J, Young T, Ericson JA, Delorme NJ, Ragg NLC, Alfaro AC. Interactive effects of elevated temperature and Photobacterium swingsii infection on the survival and immune response of marine mussels (Perna canaliculus): A summer mortality scenario. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 196:106392. [PMID: 38364448 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The New Zealand Greenshell™ mussel (Perna canaliculus) is an economically important aquaculture species. Prolonged increases in seawater temperature above mussel thermotolerance ranges pose a significant threat to mussel survival and health, potentially increasing susceptibility to bacterial infections. Using challenge experiments, this study examined the combined effects of increased seawater temperature and bacterial (Photobacterium swingsii) infection on animal survival, haemocyte and biochemical responses of adult mussels. Mussels maintained at three temperatures (16, 20 and 24 °C) for seven days were either not injected (control), injected with sterile marine broth (injection control) or P. swingsii (challenged with medium and high doses) and monitored daily for five days. Haemolymph and tissue samples were collected at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 h post-challenge and analysed to quantify bacterial colonies, haemocyte responses and biochemical responses. Mussels infected with P. swingsii exhibited mortalities at 20 and 24 °C, likely due to a compromised immune system, but no mortalities were observed when temperature was the only stressor. Bacterial colony counts in haemolymph decreased over time, suggesting bacterial clearance followed by the activation of immune signalling pathways. Total haemocyte counts and viability data supports haemocyte defence functions being stimulated in the presence of high pathogen loads at 24 °C. In the gill tissue, oxidative stress responses, measured as total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, were higher in infected mussels (compared to the controls) after 24h and 120h post-challenge at the lowest (16 °C) and highest temperatures (24 °C), indicating the presence of oxidative stress due to temperature and pathogen stressors. Overall, this work confirms that Photobacterium swingsii is pathogenic to P. canaliculus and indicates that mussels may be more vulnerable to bacterial pathogens under conditions of elevated temperature, such as those predicted under future climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awanis Azizan
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Leonie Venter
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tim Young
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; Centre for Biomedical & Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Norman L C Ragg
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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3
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Ericson JA, Laroche O, Biessy L, Delorme NJ, Pochon X, Thomson-Laing J, Ragg NLC, Smith KF. Differential responses of selectively bred mussels ( Perna canaliculus) to heat stress-survival, immunology, gene expression and microbiome diversity. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1265879. [PMID: 38425477 PMCID: PMC10902150 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1265879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
New Zealand's green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) is an ecologically and economically important species. Marine heatwaves are increasing in frequency around NZ's coastline, and these events are correlated with increased stress and mortality of some aquaculture species. This study aimed to identify general biomarkers of heat stress in P. canaliculus and to assess whether responses differed between genetically distinct selectively bred mussels. We exposed three families of selectively bred mussels (families A, B and C) to three seawater temperature regimes in the laboratory: 1) a "control" treatment (ambient 12°C), 2) a 26°C heat challenge with a subsequent recovery period, and 3) a sustained 26°C heat challenge with no recovery. We investigated whether the survival, immune response (hemocyte concentration and viability, oxidative stress and total antioxidant capacity), hemocyte gene expression and gill microbiome differed between the families during the temperature challenges. In the sustained heat-stress treatment, family A had the highest survival rate (42% compared with 25% and 5% for families C and B, respectively). Gene expression levels significantly shifted during thermal stress and differed between families, with family A more dissimilar than families B and C. Family C had substantially more genes impacted by temperature treatment and timepoint than the other families, while family B had very little genes/pathways that responded to thermal stress. Genes related to heat shock proteins and immune responses (e.g., AIF1, CTSC, TOLL8, CASP9, FNTA, AHCY, CRYAB, PPIF) were upregulated in all families during heat stress. Microbiome species-richness differed between families before and during heat-stress, with family A having a distinctly different microbiome flora than the other families. Microbial diversity changed similarly in all families exposed to prolonged heat-stress, with species of Vibrio and Campylobacter increasing in these mussels. Our study highlights the use of non-lethal sampling of hemocytes as a diagnostic tool to explore the immune response and gene expression of selectively bred mussels, to predict their response to ocean warming. This approach can identify potential thermotolerant candidates for further selective breeding, which may increase the resilience of the mussel aquaculture industry in a warming ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xavier Pochon
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Kirsty F. Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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4
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Freire JMS, Farias ND, Hégaret H, da Silva PM. Morphological and functional characterization of the oyster Crassostrea gasar circulating hemocytes: Cell types and phagocytosis activity. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 4:100089. [PMID: 36941832 PMCID: PMC10023951 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemocytes are the circulating cells of the hemolymph of oysters and are responsible for numerous physiological functions, including immune defense. The oyster Crassostrea gasar is a native species inhabiting mangrove habitat and is of great commercial interest, cultured throughout the Brazilian coast, mainly in the north and northeast. Despite its commercial importance, little is known about its immunological aspects and defense cells, the hemocytes. This work aimed to morphologically characterize hemocytes of the oyster C. gasar and to study one of the main cellular defense response, phagocytosis, using light microscopy and flow cytometry. The results showed the presence of six hemocyte populations in C. gasar hemolymph. These comprise of large and small granulocytes, large and small hyalinocytes, blast-like cells and a rare type classified as vesicular or serous hemocytes. Hyalinocytes were highly abundant and the most heterogeneous cell population, while small granulocytes, along with vesicular hemocytes were the less abundant population. Hemocytes of C. gasar oysters demonstrated capabilities to phagocytose three different types of particles tested: zymosan A, latex particles and Escherichia coli, indicating a broad defense capacity. The zymosan A were the most engulfed particles, followed by beads, mainly phagocytized by granulocytes, the most phagocytic cells, and finally E. coli, which were the least phagocytized. This study is the first characterization of C. gasar oyster hemocytes and will support future studies that aim to understand the participation of different hemocyte types in defense responses against pathogens and/or environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesarela Merabe Silva Freire
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba – Campus I, 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Natanael Dantas Farias
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba – Campus I, 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin LEMAR-UMR6539, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Place Copernic, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Patricia Mirella da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba – Campus I, 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Corresponding author.
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5
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Venter L, Alfaro AC, Ragg NLC, Delorme NJ, Ericson JA. The effect of simulated marine heatwaves on green-lipped mussels, Perna canaliculus: A near-natural experimental approach. J Therm Biol 2023; 117:103702. [PMID: 37729747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Marine heatwaves (MHW) are projected for the foreseeable future, affecting aquaculture species, such as the New Zealand green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus). Thermal stress alters mussel physiology highlighting the adaptive capacity that allows survival in the face of heatwaves. Within this study, adult mussels were subjected to three different seawater temperature regimes: 1) low (sustained 18 °C), 2) medium MHW (18-24 °C, using a +1 °C per week ramp) and 3) high MHW (18-24 °C, using a +2 °C per week ramp). Sampling was performed over 11 weeks to establish the effects of temperature on P. canaliculus survival, condition, specific immune response parameters, and the haemolymph metabolome. A transient 25.5-26.5 °C exposure resulted in 61 % mortality, with surviving animals showing a metabolic adjustment within aerobic energy production, enabling the activation of molecular defence mechanisms. Utilisation of immune functions were seen within the cytology results where temperature stress affected the percentage of superoxide-positive haemocytes and haemocyte counts. From the metabolomics results an increase in antioxidant metabolites were seen in the high MHW survivors, possibly to counteract molecular damage. In the high MHW exposure group, mussels utilised anaerobic metabolism in conjunction with aerobic metabolism to produce energy, to uphold biological functions and survival. The effect of exposure time was mainly seen on very long-, and long chain fatty acids, with increases observed at weeks seven and eight. These changes were likely due to the membrane storage functions of fatty acids, with decreases at week eleven attributed to energy metabolism functions. This study supports the use of integrated analytical tools to investigate the response of marine organisms to heatwaves. Indeed, specific metabolic pathways and cellular markers are now highlighted for future investigations aimed at targeted measures. This research contributes to a larger program aimed to identify resilient mussel traits and support aquaculture management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Venter
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Norman L C Ragg
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
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6
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Copedo JS, Webb SC, Ragg NLC, Ericson JA, Venter L, Schmidt AJ, Delorme NJ, Alfaro AC. Histopathological changes in the greenshell mussel, Perna canaliculus, in response to chronic thermal stress. J Therm Biol 2023; 117:103699. [PMID: 37708787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate change associated temperature challenges pose a serious threat to the marine environment. Elevations in average sea surface temperatures are occurring and increasing frequency of marine heatwaves resulting in mortalities of organisms are being reported. In recent years, marine farmers have reported summer mass mortality events of the New Zealand Greenshell mussel, Perna canaliculus, during the summer months; however, the etiological agents have yet to be determined. To elucidate the role of thermal stress, adult P. canaliculus were exposed to three chronic temperature treatments: a benign control of 17 °C and stressful elevations of 21 °C and 24 °C. Eight mussels per treatment were collected each month throughout a 14-month challenge period to identify and investigate histopathological differences among P. canaliculus populations exposed to the three temperatures. Histopathology revealed several significant deleterious alterations to tissues associated with temperature and exposure time. Increasing temperature and progression of time resulted in 1) an increase in the number of focal lipofuscin-ceroid aggregations, 2) an increase in focal hemocytosis, 3) an increase in the thickness of the sub-epithelial layer of the intestinal tract and 4) a decreased energy reserve cell (glycogen) coverage in the mantle. Prolonged exposure, irrespective of temperature, impacted gametogenesis, which was effectively arrested. Furthermore, increased levels of the heat shock protein 70 kDa (HSP 70) were seen in gill and gonad from thermally challenged mussels. The occurrence of the parasite Perkinsus olseni at month 5 in the 24 °C treatment, and month 7 at 21 °C was unexpected and may have exacerbated the fore-mentioned tissue conditions. Prolonged exposure to stable thermal conditions therefore appears to impact P. canaliculus, tissues with implications for broodstock captivity. Mussels experiencing elevated, temperatures of 21 and 24 °C demonstrated more rapid pathological signs. This research provides further insight into the complex host-pathogen-environment interactions for P. canaliculus in response to prolonged elevated temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna S Copedo
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand; Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Science, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Stephen C Webb
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Norman L C Ragg
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | | | - Leonie Venter
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Science, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Alfonso J Schmidt
- Hugh Green Cytometry Centre, Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | | | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Science, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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7
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Peruzza L, Tucci CF, Frizzo R, Riello T, Quagliariello A, Martino ME, Manuzzi A, Dalla Rovere G, Bonsembiante F, Gelain ME, Smits M, Borgheresi O, Camerani F, Panin M, Venier P, Mammi S, Hauton C, Patarnello T, Milan M, Bargelloni L. Impaired reproduction, energy reserves and dysbiosis: The overlooked consequences of heatwaves in a bivalve mollusc. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 193:115192. [PMID: 37364338 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Extreme events like Marine Heatwaves (MHWs) are becoming more intense, severe, and frequent, threatening benthic communities, specifically bivalves. However, the consequences of non-lethal MHWs on animals are still poorly understood. Here, we exposed the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum to non-lethal MHW for 30 days and provided an integrative view of its effects. Our result indicated that albeit non-lethal, MHW reduced clam's energy reserves (by reducing their hepato-somatic index), triggered antioxidant defenses (particularly in males), impaired reproduction (via the production of smaller oocytes in females), triggered dysbiosis in the digestive gland microbiota and altered animals' behaviour (by impacting their burying capacity) and filtration rate. Such effects were seen also at RNA-seq (i.e. many down-regulated genes belonged to reproduction) and metabolome level. Interestingly, negative effects were more pronounced in males than in females. Our results show that MHWs influence animal physiology at multiple levels, likely impacting its fitness and its ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Peruzza
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Carmen Federica Tucci
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Riccardo Frizzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Tobia Riello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Quagliariello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Martino
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alice Manuzzi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giulia Dalla Rovere
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Gelain
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Morgan Smits
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Camerani
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Mattia Panin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Venier
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Mammi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Chris Hauton
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way Southampton, UK
| | - Tomaso Patarnello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; NFBC, National Future Biodiversity Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimo Milan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; NFBC, National Future Biodiversity Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; NFBC, National Future Biodiversity Center, Palermo, Italy
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8
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Andreyeva AY, Lobko VV, Gostyukhina OL, Tkachuk AA, Murashova AI, Malakhova LV, Kladchenko ES. Accumulation, functional and antioxidant responses to acute exposure to Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in Mytilus galloprovincialis. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 191:114923. [PMID: 37058832 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Mussels were exposed to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) (0.4 mg L-1 and 4.0 mg L-1) for 24 h and 48 h and its effect on hemocyte cellular composition and spontaneous reactive oxygen production (ROS) levels in hemocytes were evaluated. Exposure to DEHP induced a loss in spontaneous ROS production levels in hemocytes and decreased agranulocyte number in hemolymph. DEHP was found to accumulate in hepatopancreas of mussels and this process was associated with an increase of catalase (CAT) activity after 24 h incubation. At the end of the experimental period (48 h) CAT activity recovered up to control levels. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in hepatopancreas increased following 48 h exposure to DEHP. The results indicated that DEHP could affect hemocyte immune properties, and also cause non-specific general stress-response of the antioxidant complex, which, in turn, was not associated with pronounced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yu Andreyeva
- Laboratory of ecological immunology of aquatic organisms, A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, Leninsky ave, 38, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - V V Lobko
- Laboratory of ecological immunology of aquatic organisms, A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, Leninsky ave, 38, Moscow 119991, Russia; Department of Radiation and Chemical Biology, A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, Leninsky ave, 38, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - O L Gostyukhina
- Laboratory of ecological immunology of aquatic organisms, A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, Leninsky ave, 38, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - A A Tkachuk
- Laboratory of ecological immunology of aquatic organisms, A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, Leninsky ave, 38, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - A I Murashova
- Laboratory of ecological immunology of aquatic organisms, A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, Leninsky ave, 38, Moscow 119991, Russia; Department of Radiation and Chemical Biology, A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, Leninsky ave, 38, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - L V Malakhova
- Department of Radiation and Chemical Biology, A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, Leninsky ave, 38, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - E S Kladchenko
- Laboratory of ecological immunology of aquatic organisms, A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, Leninsky ave, 38, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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9
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Muznebin F, Alfaro AC, Venter L, Young T. Acute thermal stress and endotoxin exposure modulate metabolism and immunity in marine mussels (Perna canaliculus). J Therm Biol 2022; 110:103327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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10
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Ericson JA, Venter L, Welford MRV, Kumanan K, Alfaro AC, Ragg NLC. Effects of seawater temperature and acute Vibriosp. challenge on the haemolymph immune and metabolic responses of adult mussels (Perna canaliculus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:664-675. [PMID: 35981703 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The New Zealand Greenshell™ mussel (Perna canaliculus) is an endemic bivalve species with cultural importance, that is harvested recreationally and commercially. However, production is currently hampered by increasing incidences of summer mortality in farmed and wild populations. While the causative factors for these mortality events are still unknown, it is believed that increasing seawater temperatures and pathogen loads are potentially at play. To improve our understanding of these processes, challenge experiments were conducted to investigate the combined effects of increased seawater temperature and Vibrio infection on the immune and metabolic responses of adult mussels. Biomarkers that measure the physiological response of mussels to multiple-stressors can be utilised to study resilience in a changing environment, and support efforts to strengthen biosecurity management. Mussels acclimated to two temperatures (16 °C and 24 °C) were injected with either autoclaved, filtered seawater (control) or Vibriosp. DO1 (infected). Then, haemolymph was sampled 24 h post-injection and analysed to quantify haemocyte immune responses (via flow-cytometry), antioxidant capacity (measured electrochemically) and metabolic responses (via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) to bacterial infection. Both seawater temperature and injection type significantly influenced the immune and metabolite status of mussels. A lack of interaction effects between temperature and injection type indicated that the effects of Vibrio sp. 24 h post-infection were similar between seawater temperatures. Infected mussels had a higher proportion of dead haemocytes and lower overall haemocyte counts than uninfected controls. The proportion of haemocytes showing evidence of apoptosis was higher in mussels held at 24 °C compared with those held at 16 °C. The proportion of haemocytes producing reactive oxygen species did not differ between temperatures or injection treatments. Mussels held at 24 °C exhibited elevated levels of metabolites linked to the glycolysis pathway to support energy production. The saccharopin-lysine pathway metabolites were also increased in these mussels, indicating the role of lysine metabolism. A decrease in metabolic activity (decreases in BCAAs, GABA, urea cycle metabolites, oxidative stress metabolites) was largely seen in mussels injected with Vibrio sp. Itaconate increased as seen in previous studies, suggesting that antimicrobial activity may have been activated in infected mussels. This study highlights the complex nature of immune and metabolic responses in mussels exposed to multiple stressors and gives an insight into Vibrio sp. infection mechanisms at different seawater temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonie Venter
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mena R V Welford
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Karthiga Kumanan
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand; Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Norman L C Ragg
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
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11
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de la Ballina NR, Maresca F, Cao A, Villalba A. Bivalve Haemocyte Subpopulations: A Review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:826255. [PMID: 35464425 PMCID: PMC9024128 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bivalve molluscs stand out for their ecological success and their key role in the functioning of aquatic ecosystems, while also constituting a very valuable commercial resource. Both ecological success and production of bivalves depend on their effective immune defence function, in which haemocytes play a central role acting as both the undertaker of the cellular immunity and supplier of the humoral immunity. Bivalves have different types of haemocytes, which perform different functions. Hence, identification of cell subpopulations and their functional characterisation in immune responses is essential to fully understand the immune system in bivalves. Nowadays, there is not a unified nomenclature that applies to all bivalves. Characterisation of bivalve haemocyte subpopulations is often combined with 1) other multiple parameter assays to determine differences between cell types in immune-related physiological activities, such as phagocytosis, oxidative stress and apoptosis; and 2) immune response to different stressors such as pathogens, temperature, acidification and pollution. This review summarises the major and most recent findings in classification and functional characterisation of the main haemocyte types of bivalve molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria R. de la Ballina
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Francesco Maresca
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório de Ciências do Mar, Universidade de Évora, Sines, Portugal
| | - Asunción Cao
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Antonio Villalba
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Plentziako Itsas Estazioa (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Antonio Villalba,
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12
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Delorme NJ, Schmidt AJ, Zamora LN, Burritt DJ, Ragg NLC. A new method to localise and quantify oxidative stress in live juvenile mussels. Biol Open 2021; 10:273729. [PMID: 34842270 PMCID: PMC8689488 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress and survival of the juvenile New Zealand green-lipped mussel, Perna canaliculus, is a poorly understood bottleneck in the ecological and economic performance of a significant aquaculture crop. This species was therefore selected as a model organism for the development of a new method to quantify oxidative stress in whole individuals. An in vivo ROS-activated stain (CellROX™) was administered to anaesthetised, translucent juveniles that were subsequently formaldehyde fixed and then visualised using confocal microscopy. Subsequent application of image analysis to quantifying ROS-positive tissue areas was successfully used to detect stress differences in juvenile mussels exposed to varying levels of emersion. This integrated method can be used to localise and quantify ROS production in individual translucent bivalve life stages (larval and juvenile), while relative stability following fixation greatly expands potential practical field applications. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first and third authors of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalí J Delorme
- Aquaculture Group, Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - Alfonso J Schmidt
- Hugh Green Cytometry Centre, Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Leonardo N Zamora
- Aquaculture Group, Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - David J Burritt
- Botany Department, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Norman L C Ragg
- Aquaculture Group, Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
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13
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Ericson JA, Ragg NLC, Rolton A. Flow cytometric validation of a commercial kit to assess the concentration and viability of bivalve hemocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:452-455. [PMID: 34688865 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Ericson
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Norman L C Ragg
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Anne Rolton
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand.
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14
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Sharma S, Venter L, Alfaro AC, Ragg NLC, Delorme NJ, Zamora LN. Physiological responses of juvenile New Zealand geoduck (Panopea zelandica) following emersion and recovery. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 41:100929. [PMID: 34773739 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The New Zealand geoduck clam is a unique seafood delicacy, with animals selling for up to $US 220-330/kg. Stress accumulated during transport of juveniles to grow-out sites represent a bottleneck in the aquaculture process. In this study, the physiological responses of juvenile geoducks following emersion (3- and 8-h), and recovery (1- and 5-days) were investigated. An integrated approach of flow cytometry, osmolality and metabolomics, along with behavioural assessments was used. Both cellular and chemical haemolymph parameters and metabolite profiles were recorded for P. zelandica juveniles and are reported herein for the first time. An increase in haemolymph osmolality was experienced with an increase in emersion period, with significant differences seen between the 3- and 8-h emersion groups after 5 days of recovery. Viability measures of haemocytes varied insignificantly between experimental groups, creating baseline ranges. The proportion of haemocytes undergoing respiratory burst activity did not appear to be affected by emersion and re-immersion. Haemocyte mitochondrial membrane potential was highest following 1-day of recovery, likely linked to metabolic readjustment, and increased glycolysis, taking place following emersion. Metabolomics analyses suggest that protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolite classes assist with energy production in geoducks. Activation of anaerobic metabolic pathways, with a high dependence on succinate, were prominent in the 8-h exposure group, with metabolic recovery still taking place following 5-days of immersion, mainly due to proteins restoring energy reserves. Elucidating the physiological responses of juvenile geoduck subjected to transport stress can aid cultivation methods already underway to develop a novel, high value aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaneel Sharma
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Leonie Venter
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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15
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Chakraborty S, Ray M, Ray S. Bivalve haemocyte adhesion, aggregation and phagocytosis: A tool to reckon arsenic induced threats to freshwater ecosystem. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:229-237. [PMID: 33979692 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The freshwater aquifers of the Indo-Gangetic plains support rich biodiversity which is under the threat of arsenic contamination. The filter feeding bivalve mollusc Lamellidens marginalis is a sessile and sentinel resident of these freshwater habitats. In the present study, the classical cell behaviours of adhesion and aggregation were monitored in the circulating haemocytes of the freshwater bivalve under the exposure of sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) at sublethal concentrations in controlled laboratory conditions for a maximum time-span of sixteen days. The toxic metalloid significantly inhibited non-self adhesion, inter-haemocyte interactions and haemocyte aggregation in a dose and time dependent manner. The natural occurrence of the filopods on the haemocytes was significantly diminished in the bivalves exposed to the inorganic arsenite. Moreover, a significant fall in the kinetics of phagocytosis index and haemocyte adhesion was observed under the in vitro exposure to NaAsO2. Compromised non-self adhesion, cell-cell aggregation and phagocytosis of non-self particles by the bivalve haemocytes probably indicate susceptible immunological status of the bivalve. Such vulnerable immunity of the bivalve probably signifies the nature of imminent threat to the freshwater ecosystem as a whole under inorganic arsenite exposure. The findings would be helpful to design bivalve haemocyte based inexpensive biomonitoring tool to assess the health of freshwater ecosystem under potential arsenic threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Chakraborty
- Department of Zoology, Government General Degree College at Keshiary, Paschim Medinipur, PIN 721135, West Bengal, India
| | - Mitali Ray
- Department of Zoology, Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, PIN 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Sajal Ray
- Department of Zoology, Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, PIN 700019, West Bengal, India.
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16
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Lu J, Shi Y, Yao T, Bai C, Jiang J, Ye L. Gender Differences in Hemocyte Immune Parameters of Hong Kong Oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis During Immune Stress. Front Immunol 2021; 12:659469. [PMID: 33868307 PMCID: PMC8044396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.659469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender differences in individual immune responses to external stimuli have been elucidated in many invertebrates. However, it is unclear if gender differences do exist in the Hong Kong oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis, one of the most valuable marine species cultivated along the coast of South China. To clarify this, we stimulated post-spawning adult C. hongkongensis with Vibrio harveyi and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Gender-based differences in some essential functional parameters of hemocytes were studied via flow cytometry. Obvious gender-, subpopulation-, and immune-specific alterations were found in the hemocyte immune parameters of C. hongkongensis. Three hemocyte subpopulations were identified: granulocytes, semi-granulocytes, and agranulocytes. Granulocytes, the chief phagocytes and major producers of esterase, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide, were the main immunocompetent hemocytes. Immune parameter alterations were notable in the accumulation of granulocyte esterase activities, lysosomal masses, nitric oxide levels, and granulocyte numbers in male oysters. These results suggest that post-spawning-phase male oysters possess a more powerful immune response than females. Gender and subpopulation differences in bivalve immune parameters should be considered in the future analysis of immune parameters when studying the impact of pathogenic or environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tuo Yao
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingzhe Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingtong Ye
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Kim JH, Lee HM, Cho YG, Shin JS, You JW, Choi KS, Hong HK. Flow cytometric characterization of the hemocytes of blood cockles Anadara broughtonii (Schrenck, 1867), Anadara kagoshimensis (Lischke, 1869), and Tegillarca granosa (Linnaeus, 1758) as a biomarker for coastal environmental monitoring. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 160:111654. [PMID: 33181933 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Marine bivalves are often used as a sentinel species in coastal environmental monitoring since changes in the environmental quality are often well preserved in their cells and tissues. Anadara and Tegillarca species of Arcidae, the blood cockles, are considered to be good sentinel species in monitoring coastal pollution and ecosystem health because they are distributed widely in the subsurface of intertidal mudflats. Internal cellular defense of the blood cockles to physical and biological stresses is mediated by the circulating hemocytes, while their hemocyte types and functions are poorly studied. In this study, we first characterized morphology and immune-related activities of hemocytes of three common blood cockles Anadara broughtonii, A. kagoshimensis, and Tegillarca granosa using flow cytometry. Based on cell morphology and immunological functions, we described five types of hemocytes identically in the three blood cockles: erythrocytes type-I (erythrocytes-I), erythrocytes type-II (erythrocytes-II), granulocytes, hyalinocytes, and blast-like cells. Erythrocytes were round cells containing hemoglobin with numerous granules in the cytoplasm and these cells consist of two central populations. Erythrocytes-I were the most abundant cells accounting for 80-89% of the total circulating hemocytes and exhibited a certain level of lysosome and oxidative capacity. Erythrocytes-II were the largest cells and displayed high lysosome content and the most active oxidative capacity. Both erythrocytes-I and erythrocytes-II did not show phagocytosis capacity. Granulocytes were intermediated-sized hemocytes characterized by granules in the cytoplasm and long pseudopodia on the cell surface, and these cells were mainly engaged in the cellular defense exhibiting the largest lysosome content, the most active phagocytosis, and high oxidative capacity. Contrary to granulocytes, hyalinocytes were comparatively small and round cells and exhibited no granules in the cytoplasm. Hyalinocytes displayed a certain level of lysosome and phagocytosis and oxidative capacities. Blast-like cells characterized by the smallest size and small quantity of cytoplasm and exhibited an absence of phagocytosis and extremely low oxidative capacity, suggesting that this population is not directly involved in the cell-mediated immune activities. In conclusion, flow cytometry indicated that three blood cockles had five types of hemocytes, and the erythrocytes and granulocytes were mainly involved in the immunological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hwa Kim
- Department of Marine Life Science (BK21 PLUS) and Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Lee
- Department of Marine Life Science (BK21 PLUS) and Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ghan Cho
- Department of Marine Life Science (BK21 PLUS) and Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seop Shin
- Department of Marine Life Science (BK21 PLUS) and Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won You
- Korea Institute of Coastal Ecology, Inc., Bucheon 14449, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Sik Choi
- Department of Marine Life Science (BK21 PLUS) and Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ki Hong
- Department of Marine Life Science (BK21 PLUS) and Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
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