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Zhang J, Wang J, Chen L, Yu X, Zhang S, Yu Y. Toxicity and Toxicokinetics of a Four-Week Repeated Gavage of Levamisole in Male Beagle Dogs: A Good Laboratory Practice Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:141. [PMID: 38276014 PMCID: PMC10819294 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Levamisole (LVM) is considered an immunomodulatory agent that has the potential to treat various cancer and inflammation diseases. However, there is still much debate surrounding the toxicokinetic and toxicological information of LVM. Therefore, it is crucial to assess its toxicity to provide useful data for future human LVM risk assessments. In this study, a barrier environment was established under the guidance of good laboratory practice (GLP) at the Fujian Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation. Male beagle dogs were orally administered with 5, 15, and 30 mg/kg of LVM daily for four weeks. Toxicity assessment was based on various factors such as mortality, clinical signs, food and water consumption, body weight, body temperature, electrocardiogram, ophthalmological examination, hematology, serum biochemistry, organ/body coefficients, histopathological study, and toxicokinetic analysis. The results of this study showed that LVM did not exhibit any significant toxicological effects on beagle dogs at the exposure levels tested. A no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of LVM was set at 30 mg/kg/day for male beagle dogs, which is equivalent to a 12-fold clinical dose in humans. Moreover, the repeated exposure to LVM for four weeks did not lead to any bioaccumulation. These findings provide valuable insights for future human LVM risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (J.Z.); (J.W.); (L.C.); (X.Y.)
- Fujian Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Junxiang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (J.Z.); (J.W.); (L.C.); (X.Y.)
- Fujian Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Lingfan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (J.Z.); (J.W.); (L.C.); (X.Y.)
- Fujian Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Xiangbin Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (J.Z.); (J.W.); (L.C.); (X.Y.)
- Fujian Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Shuihua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (J.Z.); (J.W.); (L.C.); (X.Y.)
- Fujian Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yue Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (J.Z.); (J.W.); (L.C.); (X.Y.)
- Fujian Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation, Fuzhou 350122, China
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Woo WS, Kang G, Kim KH, Son HJ, Sohn MY, Lee JH, Seo JS, Kwon MG, Park CI. Exploring the Efficacy and Safety of Levamisole Hydrochloride against Microcotyle sebastis in Korean Rockfish ( Sebastes schlegelii): An In Vitro and In Vivo Approach. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1791. [PMID: 37889686 PMCID: PMC10252069 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections pose significant challenges in aquaculture, and the increasing resistance to conventional anthelmintics necessitates the exploration of alternative treatments. Levamisole hydrochloride (HCl) has demonstrated efficacy against monogenean infections in various fish species; however, research focused on Microcotyle sebastis infections in Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of levamisole HCl against M. sebastis infections in Korean rockfish with the goal of optimizing anthelmintic usage in aquaculture. In this study, we first assessed the susceptibility of M. sebastis to levamisole HCl in vitro. Subsequently, in vivo evaluations were conducted to assess the drug's efficacy, safety, and to identify optimal administration methods. In vitro experiments revealed concentration-dependent sensitivity of M. sebastis to levamisole HCl, with a minimum effective concentration (MEC) of 100 mg/L. In vivo experiments employed oral administration, intraperitoneal injection, and immersion treatments based on the MEC. Oral administration proved to be a safe method, yielding efficacy rates of 27.3% and 41.6% for 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg doses, respectively, in contrast to the immersion and injection methods, which induced symptoms of abnormal swimming, vomiting, and death. Biochemical analyses conducted to assess the safety of levamisole HCl revealed a transient, statistically significant elevation in the levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) on day three post-administration at 20 °C. Following this, no substantial differences were observed. However, at 13 °C, the enzyme levels remained relatively consistent, emphasizing the role of water temperature conditions in influencing the action of levamisole HCl. Our research findings substantiate the efficacy of levamisole HCl against M. sebastis in Korean rockfish, underscoring its potential for safe oral administration. These results provide valuable insights for developing parasite control strategies involving levamisole HCl in Korean rockfish populations while minimizing adverse impacts on fish health and the environment. However, this study bears limitations due to its controlled setting and narrow focus. Future research should expand on these findings by testing levamisole HCl in diverse environments, exploring different administration protocols, and examining wider temperature ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Sik Woo
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoungsik Kang
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Kim
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Jeong Son
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Young Sohn
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, 216, Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Soo Seo
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, 216, Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Gyeong Kwon
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, 216, Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
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Tabari MA, Poźniak B, Mostafavi niaki ST, Salehi A, Youssefi MR. Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of levamisole in Ascaridia galli experimentally infected ducks. Vet Parasitol 2022; 312:109838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Srisapoome P, Tell LA, Chou CC. Editorial: Aquatic Pharmacology, Volume II: Pharmacokinetics for Aquatic Species. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1039868. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1039868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Youssefi MR, Khabbazian FG, Navidi N, Yazdani Rostam MM, Giorgi M, Abouhosseini Tabari M. Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacies of fenbendazole in comparison with levamisole in helminth-infected Caspian turtles (Mauremys caspica). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 46:170-176. [PMID: 36065517 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of fenbendazole and levamisole were determined in Caspian turtles after a single intravenous (i.v.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) administration. Thirty turtles diagnosed as naturally infected with Serpinema microcephalus and Falcaustra armenica nematodes received fenbendazole (50 mg/kg) or levamisole (10 mg/kg) by i.v. and s.c. administrations. Blood samples were collected at time 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h after drug administration. Plasma drug concentrations were determined by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method. Data were analyzed by noncompartmental methods. The mean elimination half-life of levamisole was 5.16 h and 12.03 h for i.v. and s.c. routes, respectively, and for fenbendazole, the mean elimination half-life was 25.38 h (i.v.) and 29.77 h (s.c.). The total clearance and volume of distribution at steady-state for levamisole and fenbendazole following i.v. administration were 0.22, 0.44 ml/g/h, and 1.06 and 7.35 ml/g, respectively. For the s.c. route, the peak plasma concentration of levamisole and fenbendazole was 10.53 and 5.24 μg/mL, respectively. The s.c. bioavailability of levamisole and fenbendazole was complete. Considering high anthelmintic efficacy and bioavailability after s.c. administration of levamisole and fenbendazole, and the absence of adverse effects, this route of administration is an easy and efficacious way of treating nematodes in Caspian turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Youssefi
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Niki Navidi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Yazdani Rostam
- Resident of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Kolarova J, Stara A, Zuskova E, Velisek J. Safety of the anthelminthic drugs levamisole, fenbendazole, and ivermectin administered in therapeutic baths for the common carp Cyprinus carpio. VET MED-CZECH 2022; 67:371-378. [PMID: 39100132 PMCID: PMC11295876 DOI: 10.17221/146/2021-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the safe "off label" use of selected antiparasitic drugs in fish, we assessed the effects of a therapeutic bath with levamisole (50 mg/l), fenbendazole (25 mg/l), and ivermectin (0.031 mg/l) on the haematological and biochemical blood indices, oxidative and antioxidant variables, and gill histology of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Levamisole did not affect the haematological profile, but significantly increased (P < 0.01) the plasma glucose, lactate, and ammonia concentrations, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase activities, TBARS (muscle, liver), total superoxide dismutase activity (muscle), and catalase activity (liver) and significantly decreased (P < 0.01) plasma aspartate aminotransferase and glutathione reductase activity (gill, liver, muscle). Ivermectin led to a significantly (P < 0.01) greater muscle total superoxide dismutase activity compared to the controls, whereas the haematological and biochemical indices remained unchanged. On the other hand, fenbendazole did not affect the haematological or biochemical indices, and the oxidative stress parameters and antioxidant indices did not differ from the controls. The bath in FBZ can be recommended for safe antiparasitic treatment in carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Kolarova
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Alzbeta Stara
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Zuskova
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Velisek
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
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