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Sapkota D, Dennison S, Thompson C. Mental Disorders Among Mothers in Contact with the Criminal Justice System: A Scoping Review and Meta-analysis. Community Ment Health J 2024; 60:699-712. [PMID: 38280144 PMCID: PMC11001689 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-023-01222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
This scoping review critically assessed evidence regarding mental disorders among mothers involved with the criminal justice system (CJS) and provided pooled prevalence rates of mental disorders. In total, 27 studies were included in the review, with 23 studies from the United States of America and 26 focused on incarcerated mothers. The findings supported the evidence on substantial burden of mental disorders, among CJS-involved mothers. Several factors contributing to mental disorders were identified, including history of abuse/incarceration/mental illness, a greater number of pregnancies, child-rearing responsibilities, less contact with children, and poor social support, which were organised using a socioecological model. However, significant gaps in the current evidence base were apparent, including inconsistencies in methodologies and outcomes assessed and a lack of large, longitudinal studies. The study highlights the importance of high-quality longitudinal research to extend knowledge around causal pathways between different risk or protective factors and mental disorders among CJS-involved mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Sapkota
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, QLD, 4122, Australia.
| | - Susan Dennison
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, QLD, 4122, Australia
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia
| | - Carleen Thompson
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, QLD, 4122, Australia
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia
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Williams O, Gray BJ, Perrett SE. Identifying the public health needs of a UK probation cohort: a cross-sectional analysis. J Public Health (Oxf) 2024; 46:12-19. [PMID: 37738133 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health needs of those under probation are likely high, but they have received very little public health attention. Limited evidence exists on the public health needs and interventions to support this cohort. METHODS Surveys were completed by 257 people on probation as part of a local health needs assessment. Results were compared with the general population responses from the National Survey for Wales (2021-22). RESULTS People on probation were 4.2 times more likely to self-report not-good general health (fair, bad or very bad) than the general population (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] 4.2, 95% Confidence Intervals [CI] 3.2-5.4). The odds of having a mental health condition were over eight times higher than the general population (aOR 8.8, 95% CI 6.8-11.4). Prevalence of smoking (52%), drug use (60%), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (21%), autism (4%) and dyslexia (15%) were all higher than the general population. General Practitioner usage and hospital stays were higher, but dentist or optician usage lower than the general population (P < 0.05). Emergency departments were accessed by 35%, with 9% frequenting them three or more times. CONCLUSIONS People on probation have poorer self-reported health, higher prevalence of unhealthy behaviours and higher accessing of reactive health services than the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Williams
- Public Health Wales, 2 Capital Quarter, Tyndall Street, Cardiff, CF10 4BZ, Wales
| | - B J Gray
- Public Health Wales, 2 Capital Quarter, Tyndall Street, Cardiff, CF10 4BZ, Wales
| | - S E Perrett
- Public Health Wales, 2 Capital Quarter, Tyndall Street, Cardiff, CF10 4BZ, Wales
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Vega G, Rivera-Berríos N, Camacho-Martínez V, Marty Lugo R, Albizu-García C. Community Corrections Officers' Perspectives of the Impact of Hurricane Maria on the Participant's Mental Health and Substance Use: A Qualitative Content Analysis. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2023; 17:e510. [PMID: 37849348 PMCID: PMC10593498 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2023.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explored community supervision officers' perceptions of the individual, community, and organizational challenges confronted by program participants after Hurricane María and their recommendations for future emergency management. METHODS A qualitative content analysis was conducted for nine focus group with community supervision officers in Puerto Rico. Participants were asked about their perceptions of how the mental health and drug abuse of persons on parole or probation were affected and the measures taken to address these concerns in disaster response. RESULTS Narratives expose vulnerabilities experienced by those supervised and the aggregated challenges that impact retention in health and rehabilitative services, all of which can detract from successful sentence completion. The disaster response categories call for a more adaptable approach to overseeing procedures in light of the difficulties involved and recognizing the support of the supervised population who have contributed to community initiatives. CONCLUSION Findings will contribute to informing planning, preparedness, and responses that mitigate the adverse consequences this vulnerable population may experience when exposed to future disaster hazards. Addressing emergency preparedness in this setting provides an opportunity to enact reforms in community supervision and improve access to services needed to enable the successful reintegration of individuals into their communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Vega
- School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Nicole Rivera-Berríos
- School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Vilmary Camacho-Martínez
- School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - René Marty Lugo
- School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Carmen Albizu-García
- Center for Evaluation and Sociomedical Research, Graduate School of Public Health, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Yukhnenko D, Blackwood N, Lichtenstein P, Fazel S. Association of substance use and other psychiatric disorders with all-cause and external-cause mortality in individuals given community sentences in Sweden: a national cohort study. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2023; 33:100703. [PMID: 37954004 PMCID: PMC10636268 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Consistently high rates of premature mortality have been reported in individuals who receive community sentences. However, few studies have explored potential modifiable risk factors for these rates, particularly mental health. We examined the association of substance use and other psychiatric disorders with all-cause and external-cause mortality in individuals convicted of a criminal offence and given a community sentence. Methods We did a longitudinal cohort study of 109,751 individuals given community sentences in Sweden using population-based registers. We calculated mortality rates for all-cause and external-cause mortality, hazard ratios for the association between psychiatric disorders and mortality, and population attributable fractions to quantify the contribution of psychiatric disorders to mortality risk. Findings During the follow-up, 5749 (5.2%) individuals died, including 2709 (2.5%) from external causes. Individuals with pre-existing substance use and other psychiatric disorders had an increased mortality risk from any cause (aHR = 2.28 [95% CI 2.15-2.42]) and from external causes (3.11 [2.85-3.40]) compared to individuals without known psychiatric or substance use disorders. Suicide was the most common cause of death in younger persons. Interpretation In individuals given community sentences, substance use and other psychiatric disorders were associated with an increased risk of premature death with suicide being the leading cause of death. Community supervision represents an opportunity to provide sentenced individuals with access to evidence-based treatment targeting substance misuse and psychiatric disorders to prevent potentially preventable deaths. Funding Wellcome Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nigel Blackwood
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Maeng D, Tsun ZY, Lesch E, Jacobowitz DB, Strawderman RL, Harrington DK, Li Y, Weisman RL, Lamberti JS. Affordability of Forensic Assertive Community Treatment Programs: A Return-on-Investment Analysis. Psychiatr Serv 2023; 74:358-364. [PMID: 36065582 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.20220186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, the authors assessed return on investment (ROI) associated with a forensic assertive community treatment (FACT) program. METHODS A retrospective secondary data analysis of a randomized controlled trial comprising 70 legal-involved patients with severe mental illness was conducted in Rochester, New York. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either FACT or outpatient psychiatric treatment including intensive case management. Unit of service costs associated with psychiatric emergency department visits, psychiatric inpatient days, and days in jail were obtained from records of New York State Medicaid and the Department of Corrections. The total dollar value difference between the two trial arms calculated on a per-patient-per-year (PPPY) basis constituted the return from the FACT intervention. The FACT investment cost was defined by the total additional PPPY cost associated with FACT implementation relative to the control group. ROI was calculated by dividing the return by the investment cost. RESULTS The estimated return from FACT was $27,588 PPPY (in 2019 dollars; 95% confidence interval [CI]=$3,262-$51,913), which was driven largely by reductions in psychiatric inpatient days, and the estimated investment cost was $18,440 PPPY (95% CI=$15,215-$21,665), implying an ROI of 1.50 (95% CI=0.35-2.97) for FACT. CONCLUSIONS The Rochester FACT program was associated with approximately $1.50 return for every $1 spent on its implementation, even without considering potential returns from other sources, including reductions in acute medical care, crime-related damages, and public safety costs. ROI estimates were highly dependent on context-specific factors, particularly Medicaid reimbursement rates for assertive community treatment and hospital stays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Maeng
- Departments of Psychiatry (Maeng, Tsun, Lesch, Jacobowitz, Weisman, Lamberti), Biostatistics and Computational Biology (Strawderman, Harrington), and Public Health Sciences (Li), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Zhi-Yang Tsun
- Departments of Psychiatry (Maeng, Tsun, Lesch, Jacobowitz, Weisman, Lamberti), Biostatistics and Computational Biology (Strawderman, Harrington), and Public Health Sciences (Li), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Eric Lesch
- Departments of Psychiatry (Maeng, Tsun, Lesch, Jacobowitz, Weisman, Lamberti), Biostatistics and Computational Biology (Strawderman, Harrington), and Public Health Sciences (Li), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - David B Jacobowitz
- Departments of Psychiatry (Maeng, Tsun, Lesch, Jacobowitz, Weisman, Lamberti), Biostatistics and Computational Biology (Strawderman, Harrington), and Public Health Sciences (Li), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Robert L Strawderman
- Departments of Psychiatry (Maeng, Tsun, Lesch, Jacobowitz, Weisman, Lamberti), Biostatistics and Computational Biology (Strawderman, Harrington), and Public Health Sciences (Li), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Donald K Harrington
- Departments of Psychiatry (Maeng, Tsun, Lesch, Jacobowitz, Weisman, Lamberti), Biostatistics and Computational Biology (Strawderman, Harrington), and Public Health Sciences (Li), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Yue Li
- Departments of Psychiatry (Maeng, Tsun, Lesch, Jacobowitz, Weisman, Lamberti), Biostatistics and Computational Biology (Strawderman, Harrington), and Public Health Sciences (Li), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Robert L Weisman
- Departments of Psychiatry (Maeng, Tsun, Lesch, Jacobowitz, Weisman, Lamberti), Biostatistics and Computational Biology (Strawderman, Harrington), and Public Health Sciences (Li), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - J Steven Lamberti
- Departments of Psychiatry (Maeng, Tsun, Lesch, Jacobowitz, Weisman, Lamberti), Biostatistics and Computational Biology (Strawderman, Harrington), and Public Health Sciences (Li), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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Brooker C, Sirdifield C, Parkhouse T. Identifying mental illness and monitoring mental health in probation service settings. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PROBATION 2022; 14:179-203. [PMID: 36794232 PMCID: PMC7614176 DOI: 10.1177/20662203221140646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to improve a) identification and monitoring of people with mental illness on probation and b) understanding of the impact of interventions on mental health outcomes for the probation population. If data were routinely collected using validated screening tools and shared between agencies, this could inform practice and commissioning decisions, and ultimately it could improve health outcomes for people under supervision. The literature was reviewed to identify brief screening tools and outcome measures that have been used in prevalence and outcome studies conducted with adults on probation in Europe. This paper shares findings from the UK-based studies in which 20 brief screening tools and measures were identified. Recommendations are made based on this literature regarding suitable tools for use in probation to routinely identify a need for contact with mental health and/or substance misuse services and to measure change in mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Brooker
- Centre for Sociology and Criminology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Coral Sirdifield
- School of Health and Social Care, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Thomas Parkhouse
- School of Health and Social Care, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
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