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Erdmann EA, Brandhorst AKM, Gorbushina AA, Schumacher J. The Tet-on system for controllable gene expression in the rock-inhabiting black fungus Knufia petricola. Extremophiles 2024; 28:38. [PMID: 39105933 PMCID: PMC11303440 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-024-01354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Knufia petricola is a black fungus that colonizes sun-exposed surfaces as extreme and oligotrophic environments. As ecologically important heterotrophs and biofilm-formers on human-made surfaces, black fungi form one of the most resistant groups of biodeteriorating organisms. Due to its moderate growth rate in axenic culture and available protocols for its transformation and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, K. petricola is used for studying the morpho-physiological adaptations shared by extremophilic and extremotolerant black fungi. In this study, the bacteria-derived tetracycline (TET)-dependent promoter (Tet-on) system was implemented to enable controllable gene expression in K. petricola. The functionality i.e., the dose-dependent inducibility of TET-regulated constructs was investigated by using GFP fluorescence, pigment synthesis (melanin and carotenoids) and restored uracil prototrophy as reporters. The newly generated cloning vectors containing the Tet-on construct, and the validated sites in the K. petricola genome for color-selectable or neutral insertion of expression constructs complete the reverse genetics toolbox. One or multiple genes can be expressed on demand from different genomic loci or from a single construct by using 2A self-cleaving peptides, e.g., for localizing proteins and protein complexes in the K. petricola cell or for using K. petricola as host for the expression of heterologous genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen A Erdmann
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia K M Brandhorst
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna A Gorbushina
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Schumacher
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany.
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Catanzaro I, Gerrits R, Feldmann I, Gorbushina AA, Onofri S, Schumacher J. Deletion of the polyketide synthase-encoding gene pks1 prevents melanization in the extremophilic fungus Cryomyces antarcticus. IUBMB Life 2024. [PMID: 39011777 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Cryomyces antarcticus, a melanized cryptoendolithic fungus endemic to Antarctica, can tolerate environmental conditions as severe as those in space. Particularly, its ability to withstand ionizing radiation has been attributed to the presence of thick and highly melanized cell walls, which-according to a previous investigation-may contain both 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) and L-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) melanin. The genes putatively involved in the synthesis of DHN melanin were identified in the genome of C. antarcticus. Most important is capks1 encoding a non-reducing polyketide synthase (PKS) and being the ortholog of the functionally characterized kppks1 from the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola. The co-expression of CaPKS1 or KpPKS1 with a 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in the formation of a yellowish pigment, suggesting that CaPKS1 is the enzyme providing the precursor for DHN melanin. To dissect the composition and function of the melanin layer in the outer cell wall of C. antarcticus, non-melanized mutants were generated by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. Notwithstanding its slow growth (up to months), three independent non-melanized Δcapks1 mutants were obtained. The mutants exhibited growth similar to the wild type and a light pinkish pigmentation, which is presumably due to carotenoids. Interestingly, visible light had an adverse effect on growth of both melanized wild-type and non-melanized Δcapks1 strains. Further evidence that light can pass the melanized cell walls derives from a mutant expressing a H2B-GFP fusion protein, which can be detected by fluorescence microscopy. In conclusion, the study reports on the first genetic manipulation of C. antarcticus, resulting in non-melanized mutants and demonstrating that the melanin is rather of the DHN type. These mutants will allow to elucidate the relevance of melanization for surviving extreme conditions found in the natural habitat as well as in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Catanzaro
- Department Materials and the Environment, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Ruben Gerrits
- Department Materials and the Environment, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Feldmann
- Department Materials and the Environment, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna A Gorbushina
- Department Materials and the Environment, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvano Onofri
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Julia Schumacher
- Department Materials and the Environment, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Wang WJ, Li XP, Shen WH, Huang QY, Cong RP, Zheng LP, Wang JW. Nitric oxide mediates red light-induced perylenequinone production in Shiraia mycelium culture. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2024; 11:2. [PMID: 38647587 PMCID: PMC10991179 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00725-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Perylenequinones (PQs) from bambusicolous Shiraia fungi serve as excellent photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. However, the lower yield of PQ production in mycelium cultures is an important bottleneck for their clinical application. Light has long been recognized as a pivotal regulatory signal for fungal secondary metabolite biosynthesis. In this study, we explored the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the growth and PQ biosynthesis in mycelium cultures of Shiraia sp. S9 exposed to red light. The continuous irradiation with red light (627 nm, 200 lx) suppressed fungal conidiation, promoted hyphal branching, and elicited a notable increase in PQ accumulation. Red light exposure induced NO generation, peaking to 81.7 μmol/g FW on day 8 of the culture, with the involvement of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)- or nitrate reductase (NR)-dependent pathways. The application of a NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) restored conidiation of Shiraia sp. S9 under red light and stimulated PQ production, which was mitigated upon the introduction of NO scavenger carboxy-PTIO or soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor NS-2028. These results showed that red light-induced NO, as a signaling molecule, was involved in the regulation of growth and PQ production in Shiraia sp. S9 through the NO-cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. While mycelial H2O2 content exhibited no significant alternations, a transient increase of intracellular Ca2+ and extracellular ATP (eATP) content was detected upon exposure to red light. The generation of NO was found to be interdependent on cytosolic Ca2+ and eATP concentration. These signal molecules cooperated synergistically to enhance membrane permeability and elevate the transcript levels of PQ biosynthetic genes in Shiraia sp. S9. Notably, the combined treatment of red light with 5 μM SNP yielded a synergistic effect, resulting in a substantially higher level of hypocrellin A (HA, 254 mg/L), about 3.0-fold over the dark control. Our findings provide valuable insights into the regulation of NO on fungal secondary metabolite biosynthesis and present a promising strategy involving the combined elicitation with SNP for enhanced production of photoactive PQs and other valuable secondary metabolites in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Juan Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xin Ping Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Wen Hao Shen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qun Yan Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Rui Peng Cong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Li Ping Zheng
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Jian Wen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Berti L, Marvasi M, Perito B. Characterization of the Community of Black Meristematic Fungi Inhabiting the External White Marble of the Florence Cathedral. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:665. [PMID: 37367601 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Meristematic black fungi are a highly damaging group of microorganisms responsible for the deterioration of outdoor exposed monuments. Their resilience to various stresses poses significant challenges for removal efforts. This study focuses on the community of meristematic fungi inhabiting the external white marble of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, where they contribute to its darkening. Twenty-four strains were isolated from two differently exposed sites of the Cathedral, and their characterization was conducted. Phylogenetic analysis using ITS and LSU rDNA regions revealed a wide diversity of rock-inhabiting fungal strains within the sampled areas. Eight strains, belonging to different genera, were also tested for thermal preferences, salt tolerance, and acid production to investigate their tolerance to environmental stressors and their interaction with stone. All tested strains were able to grow in the range of 5-30 °C, in the presence 5% NaCl, and seven out of eight strains were positive for the production of acid. Their sensitivities to essential oils of thyme and oregano and to the commercial biocide Biotin T were also tested. The essential oils were found to be the most effective against black fungi growth, indicating the possibility of developing a treatment with a low environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Berti
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
- Department of Sciences of Antiquity, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00186 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Marvasi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Brunella Perito
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
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Verde-Yáñez L, Usall J, Teixidó N, Vall-Llaura N, Torres R. Deciphering the Effect of Light Wavelengths in Monilinia spp. DHN-Melanin Production and Their Interplay with ROS Metabolism in M. fructicola. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:653. [PMID: 37367589 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi are influenced by many biotic and abiotic factors. Among them, light is a source of information for fungi and also a stress factor that triggers multiple biological responses, including the activation of secondary metabolites, such as the production of melanin pigments. In this study, we analyzed the melanin-like production in in vitro conditions, as well as the expression of all biosynthetic and regulatory genes of the DHN-melanin pathway in the three main Monilinia species upon exposure to light conditions (white, black, blue, red, and far-red wavelengths). On the other hand, we analyzed, for the first time, the metabolism related to ROS in M. fructicola, through the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the expression of stress-related genes under different light conditions. In general, the results indicated a clear importance of black light on melanin production and expression in M. laxa and M. fructicola, but not in M. fructigena. Regarding ROS-related metabolism in M. fructicola, blue light highlighted by inhibiting the expression of many antioxidant genes. Overall, it represents a global description of the effect of light on the regulation of two important secondary mechanisms, essential for the adaptation of the fungus to the environment and its survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Verde-Yáñez
- IRTA, Postharvest Programme, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Agrobiotech Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003 Lleida, Spain
| | - Josep Usall
- IRTA, Postharvest Programme, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Agrobiotech Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003 Lleida, Spain
| | - Neus Teixidó
- IRTA, Postharvest Programme, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Agrobiotech Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003 Lleida, Spain
| | - Núria Vall-Llaura
- IRTA, Postharvest Programme, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Agrobiotech Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003 Lleida, Spain
| | - Rosario Torres
- IRTA, Postharvest Programme, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Agrobiotech Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003 Lleida, Spain
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6
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Villa F, Wu YL, Zerboni A, Cappitelli F. In Living Color: Pigment-Based Microbial Ecology At the Mineral-Air Interface. Bioscience 2022; 72:1156-1175. [PMID: 36451971 PMCID: PMC9699719 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biac091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigment-based color is one of the most important phenotypic traits of biofilms at the mineral-air interface (subaerial biofilms, SABs), because it reflects the physiology of the microbial community. Because color is the hallmark of all SABs, we argue that pigment-based color could convey the mechanisms that drive microbial adaptation and coexistence across different terrestrial environments and link phenotypic traits to community fitness and ecological dynamics. Within this framework, we present the most relevant microbial pigments at the mineral-air interface and discuss some of the evolutionary landscapes that necessitate pigments as adaptive strategies for resource allocation and survivability. We report several pigment features that reflect SAB communities' structure and function, as well as pigment ecology in the context of microbial life-history strategies and coexistence theory. Finally, we conclude the study of pigment-based ecology by presenting its potential application and some of the key challenges in the research.
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7
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Pócsi I, Szigeti ZM, Emri T, Boczonádi I, Vereb G, Szöllősi J. Use of red, far-red, and near-infrared light in imaging of yeasts and filamentous fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3895-3912. [PMID: 35599256 PMCID: PMC9200671 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract While phototoxicity can be a useful therapeutic modality not only for eliminating malignant cells but also in treating fungal infections, mycologists aiming to observe morphological changes or molecular events in fungi, especially when long observation periods or high light fluxes are warranted, encounter problems owed to altered regulatory pathways or even cell death caused by various photosensing mechanisms. Consequently, the ever expanding repertoire of visible fluorescent protein toolboxes and high-resolution microscopy methods designed to investigate fungi in vitro and in vivo need to comply with an additional requirement: to decrease the unwanted side effects of illumination. In addition to optimizing exposure, an obvious solution is red-shifted illumination, which, however, does not come without compromises. This review summarizes the interactions of fungi with light and the various molecular biology and technology approaches developed for exploring their functions on the molecular, cellular, and in vivo microscopic levels, and outlines the progress towards reducing phototoxicity through applying far-red and near-infrared light. Key points • Fungal biological processes alter upon illumination, also under the microscope • Red shifted fluorescent protein toolboxes decrease interference by illumination • Innovations like two-photon, lightsheet, and near IR microscopy reduce phototoxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsa M Szigeti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Emri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Imre Boczonádi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Vereb
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Szöllősi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
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8
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Erdmann EA, Nitsche S, Gorbushina AA, Schumacher J. Genetic Engineering of the Rock Inhabitant Knufia petricola Provides Insight Into the Biology of Extremotolerant Black Fungi. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:862429. [PMID: 37746170 PMCID: PMC10512386 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.862429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Black microcolonial fungi (Ascomycetes from Arthonio-, Dothideo-, and Eurotiomycetes) are stress-tolerant and persistent dwellers of natural and anthropogenic extreme habitats. They exhibit slow yeast-like or meristematic growth, do not form specialized reproduction structures and accumulate the black pigment 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin in the multilayered cell walls. To understand how black fungi live, survive, colonize mineral substrates, and interact with phototrophs genetic methods are needed to test these functions and interactions. We chose the rock inhabitant Knufia petricola of the Chaetothyriales as a model for developing methods for genetic manipulation. Here, we report on the expansion of the genetic toolkit by more efficient multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 using a plasmid-based system for expression of Cas9 and multiple sgRNAs and the implementation of the three resistance selection markers genR (geneticin/nptII), baR (glufosinate/bar), and suR (chlorimuron ethyl/sur). The targeted integration of expression constructs by replacement of essential genes for pigment synthesis allows for an additional color screening of the transformants. The black-pink screening due to the elimination of pks1 (melanin) was applied for promoter studies using GFP fluorescence as reporter. The black-white screening due to the concurrent elimination of pks1 and phs1 (carotenoids) allows to identify transformants that contain the two expression constructs for co-localization or bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) studies. The co-localization and interaction of the two K. petricola White Collar orthologs were demonstrated. Two intergenic regions (igr1, igr2) were identified in which expression constructs can be inserted without causing obvious phenotypes. Plasmids of the pNXR-XXX series and new compatible entry plasmids were used for fast and easy generation of expression constructs and are suitable for a broad implementation in other fungi. This variety of genetic tools is opening a completely new perspective for mechanistic and very detailed study of expression, functioning and regulation of the genes/proteins encoded by the genomes of black fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen A. Erdmann
- Department of Materials and the Environment, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology Chemistry Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Nitsche
- Department of Materials and the Environment, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology Chemistry Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna A. Gorbushina
- Department of Materials and the Environment, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology Chemistry Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Earth Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Schumacher
- Department of Materials and the Environment, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology Chemistry Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Liu B, Fu R, Wu B, Liu X, Xiang M. Rock-inhabiting fungi: terminology, diversity, evolution and adaptation mechanisms. Mycology 2022; 13:1-31. [PMID: 35186410 PMCID: PMC8856086 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2021.2002452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rock-inhabiting fungi (RIF) constitute an ecological group associated with terrestrial rocks. This association is generally restricted to the persistent colonisation of rocks and peculiar morphological features based on melanisation and slow growth, which endow RIF with significance in eukaryotic biology, special status in ecology, and exotic potential in biotechnology. There is a need to achieve a better understanding of the hidden biodiversity, antistress biology, origin and convergent evolution of RIF, which will facilitate cultural relic preservation, exploitation of the biogeochemical cycle of rock elements and biotechnology applications. This review focuses on summarising the current knowledge of rock-inhabiting fungi, with particular reference to terminology, biodiversity and geographic distribution, origin and evolution, and stress adaptation mechanisms. We especially teased out the definition through summing up the terms related to rock-inhabting fungi, and also provided a checklist of rock-inhabiting fungal taxa recorded following updated classification schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Meichun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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A Simple and Low-Cost Strategy to Improve Conidial Yield and Stress Resistance of Trichoderma guizhouense through Optimizing Illumination Conditions. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8010050. [PMID: 35049990 PMCID: PMC8779183 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is perceived by photoreceptors in fungi and further integrated into the stress-activated MAPK HOG pathway, and thereby potentially activates the expression of genes for stress responses. This indicates that the precise control of light conditions can likely improve the conidial yield and stress resistance to guarantee the low cost and long shelf life of Trichoderma-based biocontrol agents and biofertilizers. In this study, effects of wavelengths and intensities of light on conidial yield and stress tolerance to osmotic, oxidative and pH stresses in Trichoderma guizhouense were investigated. We found that 2 μmol photons/(m2 × s) of blue light increased the conidial yield more than 1000 folds as compared to dark condition and simultaneously enhanced conidial stress resistance. The enhanced conidial stress resistance is probably due to the upregulated stress-related genes in blue light, which is under the control of the blue light receptor BLR1 and the MAP kinase HOG1.
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11
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Rasiukevičiūtė N, Brazaitytė A, Vaštakaitė-Kairienė V, Valiuškaitė A. Different LED Light Wavelengths and Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density Effect on Colletotrichum acutatum Growth. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11010143. [PMID: 35009145 PMCID: PMC8747561 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of different photon flux density (PFD) and light-emitting diodes (LED) wavelengths on strawberry Colletotrichum acutatum growth characteristics. The C. acutatum growth characteristics under the blue 450 nm (B), green 530 nm (G), red 660 nm (R), far-red 735 nm (FR), and white 5700 K (W) LEDs at PFD 50, 100 and 200 μmol m−2 s−1 were evaluated. The effect on C. acutatum mycelial growth evaluated by daily measuring until five days after inoculation (DAI). The presence of conidia and size (width and length) evaluated after 5 DAI. The results showed that the highest inhibition of fungus growth was achieved after 1 DAI under B and G at 50 μmol m−2 s−1 PFD. Additionally, after 1–4 DAI under B at 200 μmol m−2 s−1 PFD. The lowest conidia width was under FR at 50 μmol m−2 s−1 PFD and length under FR at 100 μmol m−2 s−1 PFD. Various LED light wavelengths influenced differences in C. acutatum colonies color. In conclusion, different photosynthetic photon flux densities and wavelengths influence C. acutatum growth characteristics. The changes in C. acutatum morphological and phenotypical characteristics could be related to its ability to spread and infect plant tissues. This study’s findings could potentially help to manage C. acutatum by LEDs in controlled environment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neringa Rasiukevičiūtė
- Laboratory of Plant Protection, Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno Street 30, LT-54333 Babtai, Lithuania;
- Correspondence:
| | - Aušra Brazaitytė
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno Street 30, LT-54333 Babtai, Lithuania; (A.B.); (V.V.-K.)
| | - Viktorija Vaštakaitė-Kairienė
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno Street 30, LT-54333 Babtai, Lithuania; (A.B.); (V.V.-K.)
| | - Alma Valiuškaitė
- Laboratory of Plant Protection, Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno Street 30, LT-54333 Babtai, Lithuania;
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12
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Brancini GTP, Hallsworth JE, Corrochano LM, Braga GÚL. Photobiology of the keystone genus Metarhizium. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 226:112374. [PMID: 34954528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metarhizium fungi are soil-inhabiting ascomycetes which are saprotrophs, symbionts of plants, pathogens of insects, and participate in other trophic/ecological interactions, thereby performing multiple essential ecosystem services. Metarhizium species are used to control insect pests of crop plants and insects that act as vectors of human and animal diseases. To fulfil their functions in the environment and as biocontrol agents, these fungi must endure cellular stresses imposed by the environment, one of the most potent of which is solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Here, we examine the cellular stress biology of Metarhizium species in context of their photobiology, showing how photobiology facilitates key aspects of their ecology as keystone microbes and as mycoinsectides. The biophysical basis of UV-induced damage to Metarhizium, and mechanistic basis of molecular and cellular responses to effect damage repair, are discussed and interpreted in relation to the solar radiation received on Earth. We analyse the interplay between UV and visible light and how the latter increases cellular tolerance to the former via expression of a photolyase gene. By integrating current knowledge, we propose the mechanism through which Metarhizium species use the visible fraction of (low-UV) early-morning light to mitigate potentially lethal damage from intense UV radiation later in the day. We also show how this mechanism could increase Metarhizium environmental persistence and improve its bioinsecticide performance. We discuss the finding that visible light modulates stress biology in the context of further work needed on Metarhizium ecology in natural and agricultural ecosystems, and as keystone microbes that provide essential services within Earth's biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme T P Brancini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - John E Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Luis M Corrochano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Gilberto Ú L Braga
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
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13
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Olivares-Yañez C, Sánchez E, Pérez-Lara G, Seguel A, Camejo PY, Larrondo LF, Vidal EA, Canessa P. A comprehensive transcription factor and DNA-binding motif resource for the construction of gene regulatory networks in Botrytis cinerea and Trichoderma atroviride. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:6212-6228. [PMID: 34900134 PMCID: PMC8637145 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea and Trichoderma atroviride are two relevant fungi in agricultural systems. To gain insights into these organisms' transcriptional gene regulatory networks (GRNs), we generated a manually curated transcription factor (TF) dataset for each of them, followed by a GRN inference utilizing available sequence motifs describing DNA-binding specificity and global gene expression data. As a proof of concept of the usefulness of this resource to pinpoint key transcriptional regulators, we employed publicly available transcriptomics data and a newly generated dual RNA-seq dataset to build context-specific Botrytis and Trichoderma GRNs under two different biological paradigms: exposure to continuous light and Botrytis-Trichoderma confrontation assays. Network analysis of fungal responses to constant light revealed striking differences in the transcriptional landscape of both fungi. On the other hand, we found that the confrontation of both microorganisms elicited a distinct set of differentially expressed genes with changes in T. atroviride exceeding those in B. cinerea. Using our regulatory network data, we were able to determine, in both fungi, central TFs involved in this interaction response, including TFs controlling a large set of extracellular peptidases in the biocontrol agent T. atroviride. In summary, our work provides a comprehensive catalog of transcription factors and regulatory interactions for both organisms. This catalog can now serve as a basis for generating novel hypotheses on transcriptional regulatory circuits in different experimental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Olivares-Yañez
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 330, Santiago, Chile
| | - Evelyn Sánchez
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Genomica y Bioinformatica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino la Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriel Pérez-Lara
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 330, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Seguel
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Genetica Molecular y Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela Y Camejo
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis F Larrondo
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Genetica Molecular y Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elena A Vidal
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Genomica y Bioinformatica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino la Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Biotecnologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino la Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulo Canessa
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 330, Santiago, Chile
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14
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Yu Z, Streng C, Seibeld RF, Igbalajobi OA, Leister K, Ingelfinger J, Fischer R. Genome-wide analyses of light-regulated genes in Aspergillus nidulans reveal a complex interplay between different photoreceptors and novel photoreceptor functions. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009845. [PMID: 34679095 PMCID: PMC8535378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi sense light of different wavelengths using blue-, green-, and red-light photoreceptors. Blue light sensing requires the “white-collar” proteins with flavin as chromophore, and red light is sensed through phytochrome. Here we analyzed genome-wide gene expression changes caused by short-term, low-light intensity illumination with blue-, red- or far-red light in Aspergillus nidulans and found that more than 1100 genes were differentially regulated. The largest number of up- and downregulated genes depended on the phytochrome FphA and the attached HOG pathway. FphA and the white-collar orthologue LreA fulfill activating but also repressing functions under all light conditions and both appear to have roles in the dark. Additionally, we found about 100 genes, which are red-light induced in the absence of phytochrome, suggesting alternative red-light sensing systems. We also found blue-light induced genes in the absence of the blue-light receptor LreA. We present evidence that cryptochrome may be part of this regulatory cue, but that phytochrome is essential for the response. In addition to in vivo data showing that FphA is involved in blue-light sensing, we performed spectroscopy of purified phytochrome and show that it responds indeed to blue light. Fungi are microorganisms with important roles in the environment, as symbionts, as pathogens, or as workhorses in biotechnology. They constantly need to adapt to changing environmental conditions, often far away from their optima. One important environmental factor, fungi respond to is ambient light. The presence of light tells them if they are exposed to a surface and thus potentially to heat, harmful irradiation, or desiccation or other stressful conditions, or whether they are growing inside soil or litter with more constant conditions. Interestingly, many fungi harbor photosensors for blue-, green- and red light. We show here that in the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans a large proportion of the genome is under light control, and many genes are regulated through phytochrome and thus by red light. However, phytochrome is also used for blue-light sensing. Many genes are controlled by blue- and by red light signaling systems, but many also respond only to specific wavelengths. The study provides important groundwork for future research to unravel how different genes are regulated at the molecular level and to decipher the biological meaning for the complex light-regulatory systems found in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhong Yu
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (ZY); (RF)
| | - Christian Streng
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ramon F. Seibeld
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Olumuyiwa A. Igbalajobi
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kai Leister
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Julian Ingelfinger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- * E-mail: (ZY); (RF)
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15
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Streng C, Hartmann J, Leister K, Krauß N, Lamparter T, Frankenberg-Dinkel N, Weth F, Bastmeyer M, Yu Z, Fischer R. Fungal phytochrome chromophore biosynthesis at mitochondria. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108083. [PMID: 34254350 PMCID: PMC8447599 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles because of their function in energy conservation. Here, we show an involvement of mitochondria in phytochrome‐dependent light sensing in fungi. Phytochrome photoreceptors are found in plants, bacteria, and fungi and contain a linear, heme‐derived tetrapyrrole as chromophore. Linearization of heme requires heme oxygenases (HOs) which reside inside chloroplasts in planta. Despite the poor degree of conservation of HOs, we identified two candidates in the fungus Alternaria alternata. Deletion of either one phenocopied phytochrome deletion. The two enzymes had a cooperative effect and physically interacted with phytochrome, suggesting metabolon formation. The metabolon was attached to the surface of mitochondria with a C‐terminal anchor (CTA) sequence in HoxA. The CTA was necessary and sufficient for mitochondrial targeting. The affinity of phytochrome apoprotein to HoxA was 57,000‐fold higher than the affinity of the holoprotein, suggesting a “kiss‐and‐go” mechanism for chromophore loading and a function of mitochondria as assembly platforms for functional phytochrome. Hence, two alternative approaches for chromophore biosynthesis and insertion into phytochrome evolved in plants and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Streng
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jana Hartmann
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Kai Leister
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Norbert Krauß
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tilman Lamparter
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Franco Weth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Zhenzhong Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
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16
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Losi A, Gärtner W. A light life together: photosensing in the plant microbiota. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:451-473. [PMID: 33721277 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria and fungi of the plant microbiota can be phytopathogens, parasites or symbionts that establish mutually advantageous relationships with plants. They are often rich in photoreceptors for UVA-Visible light, and in many cases, they exhibit light regulation of growth patterns, infectivity or virulence, reproductive traits, and production of pigments and of metabolites. In addition to the light-driven effects, often demonstrated via the generation of photoreceptor gene knock-outs, microbial photoreceptors can exert effects also in the dark. Interestingly, some fungi switch their attitude towards plants in dependence of illumination or dark conditions in as much as they may be symbiotic or pathogenic. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the roles of light and photoreceptors in plant-associated bacteria and fungi aiming at the identification of common traits and general working ideas. Still, reports on light-driven infection of plants are often restricted to the description of macroscopically observable phenomena, whereas detailed information on the molecular level, e.g., protein-protein interaction during signal transduction or induction mechanisms of infectivity/virulence initiation remains sparse. As it becomes apparent from still only few molecular studies, photoreceptors, often from the red- and the blue light sensitive groups interact and mutually modulate their individual effects. The topic is of great relevance, even in economic terms, referring to plant-pathogen or plant-symbionts interactions, considering the increasing usage of artificial illumination in greenhouses, the possible light-regulation of the synthesis of plant-growth stimulating substances or herbicides by certain symbionts, and the biocontrol of pests by selected fungi and bacteria in a sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aba Losi
- Department of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - Wolfgang Gärtner
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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17
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An advanced genetic toolkit for exploring the biology of the rock-inhabiting black fungus Knufia petricola. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22021. [PMID: 33328531 PMCID: PMC7745021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcolonial black fungi are a group of ascomycetes that exhibit high stress tolerance, yeast-like growth and constitutive melanin formation. They dominate a range of hostile natural and man-made environments, from desert rocks and salterns to dishwashers, roofs and solar panels. Due to their slow growth and a lack of genetic tools, the underlying mechanisms of black fungi’s phenotypic traits have remained largely unexplored. We chose to address this gap by genetically engineering the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola (Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriales), a species that exhibits all characteristics of black fungi. A cell biological approach was taken by generating K. petricola strains expressing green or red fluorescent protein variants. By applying: (1) traditional gene replacement; (2) gene editing and replacement via plasmid-based or ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-based CRISPR/Cas9, and (3) silencing by RNA interference (RNAi), we constructed mutants in the pathways leading to melanin, carotenoids, uracil and adenine. Stable single and double mutants were generated with homologous recombination (HR) rates up to 100%. Efficient, partially cloning-free strategies to mutate multiple genes with or without resistance cassettes were developed. This state-of-the-art genetic toolkit, together with the annotated genome sequence of strain A95, firmly established K. petricola as a model for exploring microcolonial black fungi.
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18
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Favero-Longo SE, Viles HA. A review of the nature, role and control of lithobionts on stone cultural heritage: weighing-up and managing biodeterioration and bioprotection. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:100. [PMID: 32607867 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02878-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lithobionts (rock-dwelling organisms) have been recognized as agents of aesthetic and physico-chemical deterioration of stonework. In consequence, their removal from cultural heritage stone surfaces (CHSS) is widely considered a necessary step in conservation interventions. On the other hand, lithobiontic communities, including microbial biofilms ('biological patinas'), can help integrate CHSS with their environmental setting and enhance biodiversity. Moreover, in some cases bioprotective effects have been reported and even interpreted as potential biotechnological solutions for conservation. This paper reviews the plethora of traditional and innovative methodologies to characterize lithobionts on CHSS in terms of biodiversity, interaction with the stone substrate and impacts on durability. In order to develop the best management and conservation strategies for CHSS, such diagnosis should be acquired on a case-by-case basis, as generalized approaches are unlikely to be suitable for all lithobionts, lithologies, environmental and cultural contexts or types of stonework. Strategies to control biodeteriogenic lithobionts on CHSS should similarly be based on experimental evaluation of their efficacy, including long-term monitoring of the effects on bioreceptivity, and of their environmental safety. This review examines what is known about the efficacy of control methods based on traditional-commercial biocides, as well as those based on innovative application of substances of plant and microbial origin, and physical techniques. A framework for providing a balanced scientific assessment of the role of lithobionts on CHSS and integrating this knowledge into management and conservation decision-making is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Enrico Favero-Longo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Heather A Viles
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
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19
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Alder-Rangel A, Idnurm A, Brand AC, Brown AJP, Gorbushina A, Kelliher CM, Campos CB, Levin DE, Bell-Pedersen D, Dadachova E, Bauer FF, Gadd GM, Braus GH, Braga GUL, Brancini GTP, Walker GM, Druzhinina I, Pócsi I, Dijksterhuis J, Aguirre J, Hallsworth JE, Schumacher J, Wong KH, Selbmann L, Corrochano LM, Kupiec M, Momany M, Molin M, Requena N, Yarden O, Cordero RJB, Fischer R, Pascon RC, Mancinelli RL, Emri T, Basso TO, Rangel DEN. The Third International Symposium on Fungal Stress - ISFUS. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:235-252. [PMID: 32389286 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stress is a normal part of life for fungi, which can survive in environments considered inhospitable or hostile for other organisms. Due to the ability of fungi to respond to, survive in, and transform the environment, even under severe stresses, many researchers are exploring the mechanisms that enable fungi to adapt to stress. The International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS) brings together leading scientists from around the world who research fungal stress. This article discusses presentations given at the third ISFUS, held in São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil in 2019, thereby summarizing the state-of-the-art knowledge on fungal stress, a field that includes microbiology, agriculture, ecology, biotechnology, medicine, and astrobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Idnurm
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexandra C Brand
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Exeter, England, UK
| | - Alistair J P Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Exeter, England, UK
| | - Anna Gorbushina
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Materials and the Environment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina M Kelliher
- Department of Molecular & Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Claudia B Campos
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - David E Levin
- Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deborah Bell-Pedersen
- Center for Biological Clocks Research, Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ekaterina Dadachova
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Florian F Bauer
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Geoffrey M Gadd
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gilberto U L Braga
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme T P Brancini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Graeme M Walker
- School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | | | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Jan Dijksterhuis
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jesús Aguirre
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - John E Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Julia Schumacher
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Materials and the Environment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Koon Ho Wong
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Laura Selbmann
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy; Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA), Mycological Section, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Martin Kupiec
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michelle Momany
- Fungal Biology Group & Plant Biology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mikael Molin
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Natalia Requena
- Molecular Phytopathology Department, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Oded Yarden
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jeruslaem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Radamés J B Cordero
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Renata C Pascon
- Biological Sciences Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Tamas Emri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Thiago O Basso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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