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Runno-Paurson E, Agho CA, Nassar H, Hansen M, Leitaru K, Hallikma T, Cooke DEL, Niinemets Ü. The Variability of Phytophthora infestans Isolates Collected from Estonian Islands in the Baltic Sea. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:1645-1658. [PMID: 38127634 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-23-1399-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of a pathogen's genetic variability and population structure is of great importance to effective disease management. In this study, 193 isolates of Phytophthora infestans collected from three Estonian islands were characterized over 3 years using simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker data complemented by information on their mating type and resistance to metalaxyl. In combination with SSR marker data from samples in the neighboring Pskov region of Northwest Russia, the impact of regional and landscape structure on the level of genetic exchange was also examined. Among the 111 P. infestans isolates from Estonian islands, 49 alleles were detected among 12 SSR loci, and 59 SSR multilocus genotypes were found, of which 64% were unique. The genetic variation was higher among years than that among islands, as revealed by the analysis of molecular variance. The frequency of metalaxyl-resistant isolates increased from 9% in 2012 to 30% in 2014, and metalaxyl resistance was most frequent among A1 isolates. The test for isolation by distance among the studied regions was not significant, and coupled with the absence of genetic differentiation, the result revealed gene flow and the absence of local adaptation. The data are consistent with a sexual population in which diversity is driven by an annual germination of soilborne oospores. The absence of shared genotypes over the years has important implications when it comes to the management of diseases. Such population diversity can make it difficult to predict the nature of the outbreak in the coming year as the genetic makeup is different for each year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Runno-Paurson
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Collins A Agho
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Helina Nassar
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Merili Hansen
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kätlin Leitaru
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiit Hallikma
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
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Agho CA, Śliwka J, Nassar H, Niinemets Ü, Runno-Paurson E. Machine Learning-Based Identification of Mating Type and Metalaxyl Response in Phytophthora infestans Using SSR Markers. Microorganisms 2024; 12:982. [PMID: 38792811 PMCID: PMC11124124 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans is the causal agent of late blight in potato. The occurrence of P. infestans with both A1 and A2 mating types in the field may result in sexual reproduction and the generation of recombinant strains. Such strains with new combinations of traits can be highly aggressive, resistant to fungicides, and can make the disease difficult to control in the field. Metalaxyl-resistant isolates are now more prevalent in potato fields. Understanding the genetic structure and rapid identification of mating types and metalaxyl response of P. infestans in the field is a prerequisite for effective late blight disease monitoring and management. Molecular and phenotypic assays involving molecular and phenotypic markers such as mating types and metalaxyl response are typically conducted separately in the studies of the genotypic and phenotypic diversity of P. infestans. As a result, there is a pressing need to reduce the experimental workload and more efficiently assess the aggressiveness of different strains. We think that employing genetic markers to not only estimate genotypic diversity but also to identify the mating type and fungicide response using machine learning techniques can guide and speed up the decision-making process in late blight disease management, especially when the mating type and metalaxyl resistance data are not available. This technique can also be applied to determine these phenotypic traits for dead isolates. In this study, over 600 P. infestans isolates from different populations-Estonia, Pskov region, and Poland-were classified for mating types and metalaxyl response using machine learning techniques based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. For both traits, random forest and the support vector machine demonstrated good accuracy of over 70%, compared to the decision tree and artificial neural network models whose accuracy was lower. There were also associations (p < 0.05) between the traits and some of the alleles detected, but machine learning prediction techniques based on multilocus SSR genotypes offered better prediction accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collins A. Agho
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jadwiga Śliwka
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute in Radzików, Department of Potato Genetics and Parental Lines, Platanowa Str. 19, 05-831 Młochów, Poland
| | - Helina Nassar
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Eve Runno-Paurson
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
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Population Dynamics of Phytophthora infestans in Egypt Reveals Clonal Dominance of 23_A1 and Displacement of 13_A2 Clonal Lineage. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030349. [PMID: 36983517 PMCID: PMC10054562 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and tomato (S. lycopersicum L.) are the most economically important vegetable crops in Egypt and worldwide. The winter crop in Egypt is particularly prone to late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans. A total of 152 P. infestans isolates were isolated from the 2013, 2014, 2016 and 2018 winter crops with 82 isolates from potato, 69 from tomato and one isolate from eggplant (S. melongena L.). All isolates belonged to the A1 mating type with no evidence of A2 or self-fertile strains. The majority of isolates (53%) were sensitive to metalaxyl, 32% were intermediate and 15% were resistant. Variation in aggressiveness between three P. infestans isolates EG-005 (13_A2) and EG-276 (23_A1) from potato, and EG-237 (23_A1) from eggplant was determined on tuber slices and leaflets of 10 potato cultivars. The eggplant isolate EG-237 showed higher sporulation capacity compared with the other tested isolates and was able to infect potato (Lady Rosetta cv) and tomato (Super Strain B cv). The simple sequence repeat (SSR) genotyping data showed that in contrast to our previous work (3-year period 2010–12) in which the proportion of 13_A2 lineage was 35%, all isolates belonged to the 23_A1 lineage. There was no evidence for the existence of the A2 mating type or 13_A2 lineage even in the destroyed field crops of some cultivars (Cara, Bellini and Valor) that had been reported as resistant to 23_A1. The data have been submitted into the Euroblight database to allow temporal and spatial genetic diversity to be examined in comparison with other regional P. infestans populations. The AVR2 and AVR2-like RXLR effector genes were amplified and sequenced. In the avirulent AVR2 gene, only one heterozygous SNP was detected at position 31 in the N terminus in six isolates out of eleven, whereas two heterozygous SNPs were detected at position 29 in the N-terminus and ninety-two in the C- terminus of the AVR2-like gene. This suggests that changes in the previously reported virulence profile of 23_A1 are not related to commercial cultivars carrying the R2 gene. In addition, this is the first report of P. infestans on eggplant in Egypt.
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Runno-Paurson E, Nassar H, Tähtjärv T, Eremeev V, Hansen M, Niinemets Ü. High Temporal Variability in Late Blight Pathogen Diversity, Virulence, and Fungicide Resistance in Potato Breeding Fields: Results from a Long-Term Monitoring Study. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182426. [PMID: 36145827 PMCID: PMC9502785 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Long-term site-specific studies describing changes in the phenotypic variability of Phytophthora infestans populations allow quantitative predictions of pathogen spread and possible outbreaks of epidemics, and provide key input for regional resistance breeding programs. Late blight samples were collected from potato (Solanum tuberosum) breeding fields in Estonia during a twelve-year study period between 2001 and 2014. In total, 207 isolates were assessed for mating type and 235 isolates for metalaxyl resistance and 251 isolates for virulence factors. The frequency of mating types strongly fluctuated across the years, whereas the later period of 2010–2014 was dominated by the A2 mating. Despite fluctuations, both mating types were recorded in the same fields in most years, indicating sustained sexual reproduction of P. infestans with oospore production. Metalaxyl-resistant and intermediately resistant strains dominated in the first years of study, but with the progression of the study, metalaxyl-sensitive isolates became dominant, reaching up to 88%. Racial diversity, characterized by normalized Shannon diversity index decreased in time, varying from 1.00 in 2003 to 0.43 in 2013. The frequency of several virulence factors changed in a time-dependent manner, with R2 increasing and R6, R8, and R9 decreasing in time. Potato cultivar resistance background did not influence the frequency of P. infestans mating type, response to metalaxyl, and racial diversity. However, the diversity index decreased in time among isolates collected from resistant and susceptible cultivars, and remained at a high level in moderately resistant cultivars. These data demonstrate major time-dependent changes in racial diversity, fungicide resistance, and virulence factors in P. infestans, consistent with alterations in the control strategies and popularity of potato cultivars with different resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Runno-Paurson
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
- Correspondence:
| | - Helina Nassar
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Terje Tähtjärv
- Estonian Crop Research Institute, J. Aamisepa 1, 48309 Jõgeva, Estonia
| | - Viacheslav Eremeev
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Merili Hansen
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
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Highly Diverse Phytophthora infestans Populations Infecting Potato Crops in Pskov Region, North-West Russia. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050472. [PMID: 35628727 PMCID: PMC9147476 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There is limited understanding of the genetic variability in Phytophthora infestans in the major potato cultivation region of north-western Russia, where potato is grown primarily by small households with limited chemical treatment of late blight. In this study, the mating type, sensitivity to metalaxyl, and genotype and population genetic diversity (based on 12 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers) of 238 isolates of P. infestans from the Pskov region during the years 2010–2013 were characterized. The aim was to examine the population structure, phenotypic and genotypic diversity, and the prevalent reproductive mode of P. infestans, as well as the influence of the location, time, and agricultural management practices on the pathogen population. The frequency of the A2 mating was stable over the four seasons and ranged from 33 to 48% of the sampled population. Both mating types occurred simultaneously in 90% of studied fields, suggesting the presence of sexual reproduction and oospore production in P. infestans in the Pskov region. Metalaxyl-sensitive isolates prevailed in all four years (72%), however, significantly fewer sensitive isolates were found in samples from large-scale conventional fields. A total of 50 alleles were detected in the 141 P. infestans isolates analyzed for genetic diversity. Amongst the 83 SSR multilocus genotypes (MLGs) detected, 65% were unique and the number of MLGs varied between locations from 3 to 20. These results, together with the high genotypic diversity observed in all the locations and the lack of significance of linkage disequilibrium, suggest that sexual recombination is likely responsible for the unique MLGs and the high genetic diversity found in the Pskov region population, resembling those of north-eastern European populations.
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Puidet B, Mabon R, Guibert M, Kiiker R, Soonvald L, Le VH, Eikemo H, Dewaegeneire P, Saubeau G, Chatot C, Aurousseau F, Cooke DEL, Lees AK, Abuley IK, Hansen JG, Corbière R, Leclerc M, Andrivon D. Examining Phenotypic Traits Contributing to the Spread in Northern European Potato Crops of EU_41_A2, a New Clonal Lineage of Phytophthora infestans. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:414-421. [PMID: 34080915 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-20-0542-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, genotypes of Phytophthora infestans were regionally distributed in Europe, with populations in western Europe being dominated by clonal lineages and those in northern Europe being genetically diverse because of frequent sexual reproduction. However, since 2013 a new clonal lineage (EU_41_A2) has successfully established itself and expanded in the sexually recombining P. infestans populations of northern Europe. The objective of this study was to study phenotypic traits of the new clonal lineage of P. infestans, which may explain its successful establishment and expansion within sexually recombining populations. Fungicide sensitivity, aggressiveness, and virulence profiles of isolates of EU_41_A2 were analyzed and compared with those of the local sexual populations from Denmark, Norway, and Estonia. None of the phenotypic data obtained from the isolates collected from Denmark, Estonia, and Norway independently explained the invasive success of EU_41_A2 within sexual Nordic populations. Therefore, we hypothesize that the expansion of this new genotype could result from a combination of fitness traits and more favorable environmental conditions that have emerged in response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Puidet
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Riinu Kiiker
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Crop Research Institute, 48309 Jõgeva, Estonia
| | - Liina Soonvald
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vinh Hong Le
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Håvard Eikemo
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Pauline Dewaegeneire
- Sipre and FN3PT-inov3PT, 76110 Bretteville Du Grand Caux and 62217 Achicourt, France
| | | | - Catherine Chatot
- Florimond Desprez Veuve & Fils, 59242 Cappelle-en-Pévèle, France
- Germicopa Breeding, 29520 Châteauneuf du Faou, France
| | - Frédérique Aurousseau
- Sipre and FN3PT-inov3PT, 76110 Bretteville Du Grand Caux and 62217 Achicourt, France
| | - David E L Cooke
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Alison K Lees
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac K Abuley
- Aarhus University, Nordre Ringgade 1, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens G Hansen
- Aarhus University, Nordre Ringgade 1, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Hashemi M, Tabet D, Sandroni M, Benavent-Celma C, Seematti J, Andersen CB, Grenville-Briggs LJ. The hunt for sustainable biocontrol of oomycete plant pathogens, a case study of Phytophthora infestans. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kanetis LI, Pittas L, Nikoloudakis N, Cooke DEL, Ioannou N. Characterization of Phytophthora infestans Populations in Cyprus, the Southernmost Potato-Producing European Country. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:3407-3417. [PMID: 34003038 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-20-2694-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyprus is the southernmost island country of Europe, located in the Mediterranean. Despite its limited area, potato production is considered an integral source of the national agricultural revenue. During 2010-2012, a late blight epidemic period for the country, the population structure of Phytophthora infestans was analyzed via a sample of 539 isolates collected from all of the main potato-cultivating regions of Cyprus. We determined mating type, mefenoxam sensitivity, and genetic polymorphism at 12 simple sequence repeat (SSRs) loci. Although both mating types were detected in the country, a gradual but dynamic shift toward A2 dominance was manifested over time. The pathogen population also demonstrated reduced sensitivity to the phenylamide fungicide, since 96.2% of the tested isolates had high (70.3%) and intermediate (25.9%) resistance to mefenoxam, which suggests that it should be replaced with other active ingredients in local disease management strategies. The genotypic analysis also revealed the predominance of the highly aggressive mefenoxam-insensitive EU_13_A2 lineage across the country, with a frequency of 79.2%. Other samples comprised an older lineage EU_2_A1 (19.5%), a very low proportion of EU_23_A1 (0.37%), and others that did not match any known lineage (0.92%). SSRs data supported triploid genomes among the dominant lineages, and patterns of their asexual population history were also apparent. A high subclonal variation of the 13_A2 population was detected, which suggested introduction events of this widespread genotype to Cyprus from major tuber-exporting countries. Present data indicate the severe impact of inoculum migration to the structure of the local population; thus, current phytosanitary procedures should be reconsidered and possibly attuned. This is the first comprehensive study to elucidate the diversity of P. infestans in Cyprus and could serve as a baseline for future monitoring of this highly adaptive plant pathogen, given that late blight management strategies should be constantly refined according to the traits of the dominant genotypes of P. infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukas I Kanetis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Lambros Pittas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Nikolaos Nikoloudakis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | | | - Nikolaos Ioannou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
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Janiszewska M, Sobkowiak S, Stefańczyk E, Śliwka J. Population Structure of Phytophthora infestans from a Single Location in Poland Over a Long Period of Time in Context of Weather Conditions. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 81:746-757. [PMID: 33123759 PMCID: PMC7982385 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01630-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary is a destructive potato pathogen. Changing weather conditions are among the factors that influence the pathogen population structure. In this study, 237 P. infestans isolates were collected from a single unprotected experimental field in an area with high late-blight pressure located in Boguchwała in the southeastern part of Poland during 15 growing seasons (2000-2014). The isolates were assessed for mating type, mitochondrial haplotype, resistance to metalaxyl, virulence, and polymorphism of 14 single-sequence repeat markers (SSRs). The results revealed 89 unique genotypes among the 237 P. infestans isolates. Eighty-seven isolates belonged to genotype 34_A1, which was detected in all the years of research except 2012. Isolates of P. infestans from individual years were very similar to each other, as shown by Nei's genetic identity based on 14 SSR markers. The obtained results on isolate characteristics were analyzed in terms of meteorological data (air temperature and precipitation) and indicated that frost, long winters, and hot, dry summers did not directly affect the P. infestans population structure. We described the variability in metalaxyl resistance and virulence among isolates of the P. infestans genotype 34_A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Janiszewska
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute, Młochów Research Centre, Platanowa 19, 05-831, Młochów, Poland.
| | - S Sobkowiak
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute, Młochów Research Centre, Platanowa 19, 05-831, Młochów, Poland
| | - E Stefańczyk
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute, Młochów Research Centre, Platanowa 19, 05-831, Młochów, Poland
| | - J Śliwka
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute, Młochów Research Centre, Platanowa 19, 05-831, Młochów, Poland
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De Vrieze M, Gloor R, Massana Codina J, Torriani S, Gindro K, L'Haridon F, Bailly A, Weisskopf L. Biocontrol Activity of Three Pseudomonas in a Newly Assembled Collection of Phytophthora infestans Isolates. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1555-1565. [PMID: 31041882 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-18-0487-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Late blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans constitutes the greatest threat to potato production worldwide. Considering the increasing concerns regarding the emergence of novel fungicide-resistant genotypes and the general demand for reducing inputs of synthetic and copper-based fungicides, the need for alternative control methods is acute. Several bacterial antagonists have shown anti-Phytophthora effects during in vitro and greenhouse experiments. We report the effects of three Pseudomonas strains recovered from field-grown potatoes against a collection of P. infestans isolates assembled for this study. The collection comprised 19 P. infestans isolates of mating types A1 and A2 greatly varying in fungicide resistance and virulence profiles as deduced from leaf disc experiments on Black's differential set. The mycelial growth of all P. infestans isolates was fully inhibited when co-cultivated with the most active Pseudomonas strain (R47). Moreover, the isolates reacted differently to exposure to the less active Pseudomonas strains (S19 and R76). Leaf disc infection experiments with six selected P. infestans isolates showed that four of them, including highly virulent and fungicide-resistant ones, could be efficiently controlled by different potato-associated Pseudomonas strains.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mout De Vrieze
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Research Division Plant Protection, Agroscope, Route de Duillier 60, CH-1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Ramona Gloor
- Research Division Plant Protection, Agroscope, Route de Duillier 60, CH-1260 Nyon, Switzerland
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Josep Massana Codina
- Research Division Plant Protection, Agroscope, Route de Duillier 60, CH-1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Torriani
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Katia Gindro
- Research Division Plant Protection, Agroscope, Route de Duillier 60, CH-1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Floriane L'Haridon
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Bailly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laure Weisskopf
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Nsibo DL, Barnes I, Kunene NT, Berger DK. Influence of farming practices on the population genetics of the maize pathogen Cercospora zeina in South Africa. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 125:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Stefańczyk E, Sobkowiak S, Brylińska M, Śliwka J. Expression of the Potato Late Blight Resistance Gene Rpi-phu1 and Phytophthora infestans Effectors in the Compatible and Incompatible Interactions in Potato. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:740-748. [PMID: 28134594 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-16-0328-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study describes late blight resistance of potato breeding lines resulting from crosses between cultivar 'Sárpo Mira' and Rpi-phu1 gene donors. The progeny is investigated for the presence of Rpi-Smira1 and Rpi-phu1 resistance (R) genes. Interestingly, in detached-leaflet tests, plants with both R genes withstood the infection of the Phytophthora infestans isolate virulent to each gene separately, due to either interaction of these genes or the presence of additional resistance loci. The interaction was studied further in three chosen breeding lines on the transcriptional level. The Rpi-phu1 expression, measured over 5 days, revealed different patterns depending on the outcome of the interaction with P. infestans: it increased in infected plants whereas it remained low and stable when infection was unsuccessful. The expression patterns of P. infestans effectors Avr-vnt1, AvrSmira1, and Avr8, recognized by the Rpi-phu1, Rpi-Smira1, and Rpi-Smira2 genes, respectively, were evaluated in the same experimental setup. This is the first report that the Avr-vnt1 effector expression is not switched off permanently in virulent isolates to avoid recognition by an R protein but can reappear in a postbiotrophic phase and is present constantly when infecting plants without the corresponding R gene. Both a plant and a pathogen can react to the other interacting side by changing the transcript accumulation of R genes or effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Stefańczyk
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Młochów Research Centre, Platanowa 19, 05-831, Młochów, Poland
| | - Sylwester Sobkowiak
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Młochów Research Centre, Platanowa 19, 05-831, Młochów, Poland
| | - Marta Brylińska
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Młochów Research Centre, Platanowa 19, 05-831, Młochów, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Śliwka
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Młochów Research Centre, Platanowa 19, 05-831, Młochów, Poland
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