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Changes in the salivary cotinine cut-offs to discriminate smokers and non-smokers before and after Spanish smoke-free legislation. Cancer Epidemiol 2022; 80:102226. [PMID: 35878525 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2022.102226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High levels of cotinine in non-smokers indicate passive exposure to tobacco smoke. This study aims to evaluate variations in salivary cotinine cut-offs to discriminate smokers and non-smokers before and after the implementation of smoke-free legislation (Law 28/2005 and Law 42/2010) in a sample of the adult population of Barcelona, Spain. METHODS This longitudinal study analyzes salivary cotinine samples and self-reported information from a representative sample (n = 676) of the adult population from Barcelona before and after the approval of smoke-free legislation. We calculated the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, to obtain optimal cotinine cut-off points to discriminate between smokers and non-smokers overall, by sex and age, and their corresponding sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve. We used linear mixed-effects models, with individuals as random effects, to model the percentage change of cotinine concentration before and after the implementation of both laws. RESULTS The mean salivary cotinine concentration was significantly lower post-2010 law (-85.8%, p < 0.001). The ROC curves determined that the optimal cotinine cut-off points for discriminating non-smokers and smokers were 10.8 ng/mL (pre-2005 law) and 5.6 ng/mL (post-2010 law), with a post-2010 law sensitivity of 92.6%, specificity of 98.4%, and an area under the curve of 97.0%. The post-2010 law cotinine cut-off points were 5.6 ng/mL for males and 1.9 ng/mL for females. CONCLUSION The implementation of Spanish smoke-free legislation was effective in reducing secondhand smoke exposure and, therefore, also in reducing the cut-off point for salivary cotinine concentration. This value should be used to better assess tobacco smoke exposure in this population.
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Andreu-Mondon M, Barrio-Gimenez P, Mondon-Vehils S. COVID-19 and restrictions on tobacco use. MEDICINA CLÍNICA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2021; 156:93. [PMID: 33521316 PMCID: PMC7834194 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcle.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Andreu-Mondon M, Barrio-Gimenez P, Mondon-Vehils S. [COVID-19 and restrictions on tobacco use]. Med Clin (Barc) 2020; 156:93. [PMID: 33243420 PMCID: PMC7832746 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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The decline of the incidence of meningococcal disease in Barcelona between 1988 and 2015: the influence of the vaccine against serogroup C. Med Clin (Barc) 2018; 151:390-396. [PMID: 29503027 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to describe the evolution of meningococcal disease (MD) in the city of Barcelona between 1988 and 2015 and to assess the impact of the vaccine against serogroup C. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY The evolution of MD and by serogroup was analysed using the information included in the mandatory notification diseases registry. Incidences of all serogroups between the periods of before and after the implementation of the serogroup C vaccine in 2000 were compared. Vaccination coverage among cases, serogroup among vaccinated cases and mortality and case fatality rates were analysed. RESULTS MD has evolved from an incidence rate in children aged under 1 of 63.09 cases per 100,000 in 1997-2000 to 15.44 per 100,000 in 2001-2015. All MD serogroups incidences decreased after the implementation of the vaccine, especially for serogroup C among children aged between 1 and 4. Since 2000 vaccine coverage in MD cases by this serogroup was 7.6% while in those affected by serogroup B it was 35.0% (p<.01). Among those vaccinated, 66.4% of cases were serogroup B and 5.2% were C (p<.01). Mortality and case fatality rates were 7.7% and 0.19/100,000 respectively, without significant changes in time regarding case fatality. CONCLUSIONS Incidence caused by serogroups B and C has decreased after the systematic vaccination against serogroup C. Vaccination against serogroup B could further reduce the impact of this lethal disease which has not decreased during this period.
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Arechavala T, Continente X, Pérez-Ríos M, Schiaffino A, Fernandez E, Cortés-Francisco N, Centrich F, Muñoz G, López MJ. Second-hand smoke exposure in homes with children: assessment of airborne nicotine in the living room and children’s bedroom. Tob Control 2017; 27:399-406. [DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundThe introduction of ‘smoke-free laws’ has reduced the population’s exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS), although SHS is still an issue in homes and other public places. Children are vulnerable to its health effects, and their greatest exposure occurs at home.ObjectivesTo assess airborne nicotine concentration of the living room and children’s bedroom of homes with children under 13 years of age, and to analyse factors associated with these levels.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study in Barcelona in 2015–2016, selecting a convenience sample from families with at least one child under 13 years of age. The sample comprised 50 families with smokers and 50 without. We measured airborne nicotine concentrations in the living room and children’s bedroom, and, using a questionnaire administered to the parents, collected information about smoking habits at home.ResultsHomes without smokers showed nicotine concentrations below the limit of detection (<0.02 µg/m3), while those with at least one smoker showed 0.16 µg/m3 in the living room and 0.12 µg/m3 in the bedroom. When smoking was allowed inside home, these values increased to 1.04 and 0.48 µg/m3, respectively. Moreover, nicotine concentrations in both rooms were strongly correlated (r=0.89), and higher nicotine levels were associated with the number of cigarettes smoked in the living room, smoking rules, the number of smokers living at home and tobacco smell.ConclusionsHomes with smokers present SHS in the living room and in the children’s bedroom. Therefore, programmes focused on reducing children’s SHS exposure are urgently needed.
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Raña P, Pérez-Ríos M, Santiago-Pérez MI, Crujeiras RM. Impact of a comprehensive law on the prevalence of tobacco consumption in Spain: evaluation of different scenarios. Public Health 2016; 138:41-9. [PMID: 27076441 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Since 2011, smoking legislation was hardened in Spain, banning tobacco consumption in all hospitality venues. Law 42/2010 was the first comprehensive tobacco control policy enacted in Spain. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect that this intervention has had in reducing the prevalence of tobacco consumption, setting up three scenarios on the basis of different theoretical levels of effect of the law. METHODS A predictive model based on Markov Chains was developed to distinguish the effect of tobacco control policies in different scenarios. STUDY DESIGN The model developed uses population, smoking rates and smoking characteristics from a non-transmissible disease surveillance system developed in Galicia (namely SICRI). RESULTS Results show that tobacco control policies hardly affect the predicted trend in a temporal frame of 10 years, with relative reduction in the predicted male smoking prevalence of 20.4% with no intervention, reaching a reduction of 26.1% under the maximum effect of the policies. CONCLUSIONS In the global population the effects of the law in the predicted prevalence have been barely perceived. For people under 25 years of age, interventions have had an important and positive effect, which proves that policies affecting this age group should be hardened.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Raña
- Department of Mathematics, University of A Coruña, Spain
| | - M Pérez-Ríos
- Epidemiology Unit, Galician Directorate for Public Health, Galician Health Authority, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - M I Santiago-Pérez
- Epidemiology Unit, Galician Directorate for Public Health, Galician Health Authority, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R M Crujeiras
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Pérez-Ríos M, Santiago-Pérez MI, Malvar A, Jesús García M, Seoane B, Suanzes J, Hervada X. [Impact of the Spanish smoking laws on the exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in Galicia (2005-2011)]. GACETA SANITARIA 2014; 28:20-4. [PMID: 23768560 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prevalence of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is a valuable index to assess the impact of the laws for tobacco control. The objective of this work is to analyse variations in the prevalence of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in Galicia (Spain) between 2005, before the Law 28/2005, and 2011, after the law 42/2010. METHODS Data were obtained from five population-based independent cross-sectional studies, telephone surveys, developed in Galicia between 2005 and 2011 among population aged 16 to 74 (n=34.419). Self-reported exposure among population aged between 16 and 74 was analysed by setting and tobacco consumption by prevalence with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Environmental tobacco smoke exposure decreased dramatically in Galicia between 2005 and 2011. In 2005, before the Law 28/2005, 95% of the population reported exposure to environmental tobacco smoke compared to 28% in 2011, after the Law 42/2010. Decrease was greater in workplaces in 2006 and in leisure time venues in 2011. After an initial decrease in 2006, exposure at home remains unchanged. CONCLUSIONS An important reduction in self-reported exposure to environmental tobacco smoke occurred in Galicia in the period 2005-2011, specially after the introduction of Laws 28/2005 and 42/2010. Nevertheless, one in four of the population aged 16 to 74 remained exposed in 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Pérez-Ríos
- Dirección Xeral de Innovación e Xestión da Saúde Pública, Consellería de Sanidade, Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, España; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España; Área de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, España.
| | - María Isolina Santiago-Pérez
- Dirección Xeral de Innovación e Xestión da Saúde Pública, Consellería de Sanidade, Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, España
| | - Alberto Malvar
- Dirección Xeral de Innovación e Xestión da Saúde Pública, Consellería de Sanidade, Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, España
| | - María Jesús García
- Dirección Xeral de Innovación e Xestión da Saúde Pública, Consellería de Sanidade, Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, España
| | - Bernardo Seoane
- Dirección Xeral de Innovación e Xestión da Saúde Pública, Consellería de Sanidade, Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, España
| | - Jorge Suanzes
- Dirección Xeral de Innovación e Xestión da Saúde Pública, Consellería de Sanidade, Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, España
| | - Xurxo Hervada
- Dirección Xeral de Innovación e Xestión da Saúde Pública, Consellería de Sanidade, Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, España
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Ribot B, Isern R, Hernández-Martínez C, Canals J, Aranda N, Arija V. [Effects of tobacco habit, second-hand smoking and smoking cessation during pregnancy on newborn's health]. Med Clin (Barc) 2013; 143:57-63. [PMID: 24361155 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2013.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Tobacco during pregnancy affects the health of the newborn. The aim was to assess the effect of maternal exposure to active and passive tobacco and of smoking cessation on the risk of preterm deliveries and birth weight, taking into account other risk factors. PATIENTS AND METHOD Longitudinal study conducted in 282 healthy pregnant women. General, obstetrical and hematological data were collected as it was the smoking habit during pregnancy. Pregnant women were classified as "exposed to smoke" (active smoker and passive smoker) and "unexposed to smoke" (non-smokers and women who quitted smoking during pregnancy). RESULTS A percentage of 59.2 were non-smokers, 18.4% active smokers, 8.5% second-hand smokers and 13.8% had stopped smoking. Unexposed pregnant women who stopped smoking had the same risk of premature deliveries and children with similar birth weight as non-smoker women. Active and second-hand smokers were at higher risk of preterm deliveries than non-smokers (odds ratio [OR] 6.5, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.4-30.8 and OR 6.2, 95% CI 1.0-38.9, respectively); however, higher levels of hemoglobin in the 1st and 3rd trimester exerted a protective effect (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.8-0.9). Active and second-hand smokers had babies weighing less than non-smokers (around 129 and 178g less, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Active or passive exposure to smoke during pregnancy and lower hemoglobin levels are associated with an increased risk of premature deliveries and lower birth weight. Stopping smoking during pregnancy prevents these detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Ribot
- Grupo de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Mental (NUTRISAM), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, España
| | - Rosanna Isern
- Grupo de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Mental (NUTRISAM), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, España
| | - Carmen Hernández-Martínez
- Grupo de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Mental (NUTRISAM), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, España
| | - Josefa Canals
- Grupo de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Mental (NUTRISAM), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, España
| | - Núria Aranda
- Grupo de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Mental (NUTRISAM), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, España
| | - Victoria Arija
- Grupo de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Mental (NUTRISAM), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, España; Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Tarragona-Reus, Institut d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Tarragona, España.
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Agüero F, Dégano IR, Subirana I, Grau M, Zamora A, Sala J, Ramos R, Treserras R, Marrugat J, Elosua R. Impact of a partial smoke-free legislation on myocardial infarction incidence, mortality and case-fatality in a population-based registry: the REGICOR Study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53722. [PMID: 23372663 PMCID: PMC3553094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death, and smoking its strongest modifiable risk factor. Our aim was to determine the impact of the Spanish 2006 partial smoke-free legislation on acute myocardial infarction (AMI) incidence, hospitalization and mortality rates, and 28-day case-fatality in Girona, Spain. METHODS Using a population-based registry (the REGICOR Study), we compared population incidence, hospitalization, and mortality rates, and 28-day case-fatality in the pre- and post-ban periods (2002-2005 and 2006-2008, respectively) by binomial regression analysis adjusted for confounding factors. We also analyzed the ban's impact on the outcomes of interest using the AMI definitions of the American Heart Association (AHA)/European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the World Health Organization (WHO)-Monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular diseases (MONICA). RESULTS In the post-ban period, AMI incidence and mortality rates significantly decreased (relative risk [RR] = 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.81-0.97 and RR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.71-0.94, respectively). Incidence and mortality rates decreased in both sexes, especially in women, and in people aged 65-74 years. Former and non-smokers (passive smokers) showed diminished incidence rates. Implementation of the ban was not associated with AMI case-fatality. Models tended to be more significant with the WHO-MONICA than with the AHA/ESC definition. CONCLUSIONS The 2006 Spanish partial smoke-free legislation was associated with a decrease in population AMI incidence and mortality, particularly in women, in people aged 65-74 years, and in passive smokers. These results clarify the association between AMI mortality and the enactment of a partial smoke-free legislation and reinforce the effectiveness of smoking regulations in preventing CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Agüero
- Department of Research in Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders (RICAD), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Parc de Salut Mar-Pompeu Fabra University-Public Health Agency of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene R. Dégano
- Department of Research in Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders (RICAD), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isaac Subirana
- Department of Research in Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders (RICAD), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Epidemiology and Public Health CIBER (Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Grau
- Department of Research in Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders (RICAD), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Zamora
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Comarcal de Blanes, Girona, Spain
| | - Joan Sala
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Rafel Ramos
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, IDIAP JGol (Institut d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol), Girona, Spain
| | - Ricard Treserras
- Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Marrugat
- Department of Research in Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders (RICAD), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberto Elosua
- Department of Research in Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders (RICAD), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
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Hernández-Aguado I. The tobacco ban in Spain: how it happened, a vision from inside the government. J Epidemiol Community Health 2013; 67:542-3. [PMID: 23322848 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2012-201933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ildefonso Hernández-Aguado
- Department of Public Health, History of Science and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University Miguel Hernández, Ciber de epidemiología y salud pública, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.
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Lopez MJ, Fernandez E, Perez-Rios M, Martinez-Sanchez JM, Schiaffino A, Galan I, Moncada A, Fu M, Montes A, Salto E, Nebot M. Impact of the 2011 Spanish Smoking Ban in Hospitality Venues: Indoor Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Influence of Outdoor Smoking. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 15:992-6. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Bacigalupe A, Esnaola S, Martín U, Borrell C. Two decades of inequalities in smoking prevalence, initiation and cessation in a southern European region: 1986-2007. Eur J Public Health 2012; 23:552-8. [PMID: 22874737 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cks104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The smoking epidemic is still progressing in southern Europe. We aimed to analyse the magnitude and trend of social inequalities in smoking prevalence, initiation and cessation in the Basque Country, a southern European region, from 1986 to 2007, determining the patterns by sex and age. METHODS This was a cross-sectional time trend study on the population aged >24 years using the Basque Country Health Surveys of 1986, 1992, 1997, 2002 and 2007. Age-adjusted prevalence of current and ever smoking and cessation were calculated, as were relative index of inequality and population-attributable risk by occupational social class and educational level. Relative risk of starting smoking was estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression models. Calculations were performed separately by sex and for two age groups (25-44 years and >44 years). RESULTS Men and young women in the Basque Country have evolved towards the last stage of the epidemic, with an increasing concentration of smoking in disadvantaged groups, by educational level, especially among the youngest population. In older women, smoking continues rising, especially among higher socio-economic groups, though differences between groups are diminishing. The role of initiation and cessation inequalities as determinants of smoking inequalities differed considerably by age and sex. CONCLUSION Inequalities in smoking prevalence widened from 1986 to 2007 in the Basque Country, especially among the youngest population. The changing pattern of these inequalities and the different roles of initiation and cessation dynamics need to be taken into account to improve the results of tobacco control policies and their effect on smoking inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Bacigalupe
- Health Studies and Research Unit, Department of Health and Consumer Affairs, Basque Government, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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[Impact of the smoke-free legislation on the prevalence and referred time exposure to the environmental tobacco smoke in Zaragoza]. Aten Primaria 2012; 44:603-10. [PMID: 22579640 DOI: 10.1016/j.aprim.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of the Law 42/2010, on the health measures on smoking, on the prevalence of the exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), the repercussions in frequently visited places, and support of the new legislation. DESIGN A before-after evaluation by comparing two cross-sectional studies the comparison of two transverse surveys. PLACE Primary Care, Delicias district (115,446 inhabitants) of Zaragoza city, including the Delicias Sur, Delicias Norte, Bombarda and Univérsitas basic health districts. PARTICIPANTS A total of 387 users in 2009, and 400 in 2011 with ages between 20 and 79 years old assigned to the participating Primary Care Centres. MAIN MEASUREMENTS Prevalences and mean exposure times, with their confidence intervals (CI). The differences were then calculated using the Chi-squared test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). RESULTS The exposure prevalence to the ETS in 2011 was shown to be lower and statistically significant than that found before the implementation of the new legislative measure, falling from the 61.9% to the 40.5% (CI 95%=35.8-45.4%), with 61.5% of those polled being in favour of the new law (CI 95%=59.2-68.75), and 80.5% (79,08-86.44) mentioned still going to the same places with the same frequency. CONCLUSIONS The impact has been favourable, decreasing the exposure by more than 20%, with this fall being more marked in the population that currently define themselves as non-smokers. There is population support for the new legislation. Finally, there has been no observed fall in the frequency of visits to the same places.
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