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Matos JDP, Rodrigues MB, Duarte CK, Horta PM. A Scoping Review of Observational Studies on Food and Beverage Advertising on Social Media: A Public Health Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3615. [PMID: 36834312 PMCID: PMC9960697 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Popular social media platforms have been actively used by ultra-processed food companies to promote their products. Being exposed to this type of advertising increases the consumption of unhealthy foods and the risk of developing obesity and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Thus, monitoring commercial content on social media is a core public health practice. We aimed to characterize the methods used for monitoring food advertising on social media and summarize the investigated advertising strategies via a scoping review of observational studies. This study is reported according to the MOOSE Statement, and its protocol was registered with the PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (registration nº. CRD42020187740). Out of the 6093 citations retrieved, 26 met our eligibility criteria. The studies were published from 2014 to 2021, mostly after 2018. They focused on Australia, Facebook, strategies aimed at children and adolescents, and advertising practices of ultra-processed food companies. We grouped strategies in eight classes: post features (n = 18); connectivity and engagement (n = 18); economic advantages, gifts, or competitions (n = 14); claims (n = 14); promotional characters (n = 12); brand in evidence (n = 8); corporate social responsibility or philanthropy (n = 7); and COVID-19 (n = 3). We found similarities in the investigation of strategies regardless of the type of social media. Our findings can contribute to the designing of tools for monitoring studies and regulatory mechanisms to restrict the exposure of food advertising.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paula Martins Horta
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
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Meyerding SGH, Marpert JD. Modern pied pipers: Child social media influencers and junk food on YouTube: A study from Germany. Appetite 2023; 181:106382. [PMID: 36435300 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Kid influencers (under the age of 13) have profiles on social media platforms and create content to generate views and engagements. To reach young consumers, food companies are increasingly using kid influencers, perceived as highly trustworthy among children of the same age, to promote their (high-calorie) food products. Exposure to such content can lead to an increase in calorie intake. Therefore, this study aimed to identify which foods and beverages are featured in the videos of the four kid influencer channels most popular in Germany and, if possible, which Nutri-Score category these products receive. Of each channel, 50 of the most popular and 50 of the newest videos were analyzed regarding the food and beverage products and brands appearing in the video and the thumbnail. To analyze the number of appearances, each product was categorized as to whether it was branded or unbranded. Where possible, the Nutri-Score was then calculated for each product that appeared. Within the total video sample (N = 373), food and/or beverages appeared in almost 70% of the videos, of which 220 were branded and 178 were unbranded products. Due to incomplete nutrition labels of branded products, only 146 branded products could be analyzed, from which 66% received the worst Nutri-Score categories D and E. The unbranded foods were evaluated using products as similar as possible, of which the majority received Nutri-Score A. The most common brands included McDonald's, Kinder, and Coca-Cola, and the most frequent product categories were chocolate, candy, soft drinks, and fruit. The high number of high-calorie products in the videos shows that kid influencers might be regarded as a risk factor when it comes to childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan G H Meyerding
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Home Economics, HAW Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Jasmin D Marpert
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Home Economics, HAW Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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Meléndez-Illanes L, González-Díaz C, Álvarez-Dardet C. Advertising of foods and beverages in social media aimed at children: high exposure and low control. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1795. [PMID: 36138364 PMCID: PMC9494888 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This work is aimed to describe the recent scientific literature developed in the food/beverage sector and social networks aimed at children and adolescents, as well as current regulations. Methods A rapid review of the studies on advertising and social media aimed at children, published from 2010 tp 2020 is carried out, following the established inclusion criteria. In addition, the regulations in the countries in which the studies were carried out were also reviewed. Results Of the 573 articles, 7 met these criteria. The great attraction of unhealthy foods for children is observed, who remembered and recognized a greater number of unhealthy food brands and, by extension, the ability to influence of communication in social networks. Each country has its own self-regulation, two (Ireland and USA) have legislation on children’s food advertising, and Australia has legislation that applies only to open television. However, none of the analyzed countries have specific regulations on food, children and media advertising. Conclusions Given the fact that there is evidence about the great attraction that social networks suppose for the child, that they are a stimulus for the consumption of food and that many of these foods are harmful to their health; we should work in two directions: 1) Promote public policies based on promoting healthy habits among minors; and 2) Monitor and implement regulations in commercial communication social media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Meléndez-Illanes
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile. .,Communication, Food and Consumption Research Group (FOODCO), Alicante, Spain.
| | - Cristina González-Díaz
- Communication, Food and Consumption Research Group (FOODCO), Alicante, Spain.,Department of Communication and Social Psychology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Carlos Álvarez-Dardet
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.,Public Health Research Group, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.,Biomedical Research Center in Epidemiology and Public Health Network (CIBERESP), University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Kim DM, Kim BM, Kim KH. The Mediating Effects of Food Content Watching Motivation on the between Watching Time and Nutrition Quotient of Adolescents in Seoul, Korea. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193901. [PMID: 36235554 PMCID: PMC9572136 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Food-related content varies widely and is increasingly popular. Using various media, teenagers can easily access food content, which could affect they eating habits. This study was conducted to confirm the effects of watching motivation on the relationship between food content watching time and eating habits among adolescents in Seoul, Korea. Exactly 806 participants were surveyed about their food content watching status, including watching time and watching motivation. The Nutrition Quotient for adolescents (NQ-A) questionnaire was used to confirm eating habits. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to classify watching motivation’s subfactors. A parallel multimedia model was used to analyze the effect of watching motivation on the relationship between food content watching time and eating habits. As a result of this study, following the factor analysis, watching motivation was classified into information acquisition, emotional satisfaction, and enjoyment. The influence of food content watching time on NQ-A scores through information acquisition motivation was positively significant, whereas that through emotional satisfaction motivation was negatively significant. Enjoyment motivation did not indirectly affect the relationship between food content watching time and NQ-A scores. Hence, attention should be paid to these mediating factors when analyzing the relationship between watching food-related content and eating habits. Developing and distributing content that meets viewing motivations should help improve adolescents’ eating habits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-901-8591; Fax: +82-2-901-8372
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Hernández MN, Bermúdez-Tamayo C, Alguacil J, Cantarero D, Casino G, Santillán A, Calvente MG, Epstein D, Hernán M, García LP, Portiño MC, Cantero MTR, Segura A, Amez JG, Juárez L, Miranda JJ, Tejero MF, March JC, Marcos-Marcos J, Cucunubá ZM, Lumbreras B, Mar J, Peiró R, Álvarez-Dardet C. [Gaceta Sanitaria in 2021. Protecting the planet to protect health]. GACETA SANITARIA 2022; 36:101-105. [PMID: 35331385 PMCID: PMC8936667 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Negrín Hernández
- Comité Editorial de Gaceta Sanitaria; Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, España
| | - Clara Bermúdez-Tamayo
- Comité Editorial de Gaceta Sanitaria; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, España; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España.
| | - Juan Alguacil
- Comité Editorial de Gaceta Sanitaria; Departamento de Sociología, Trabajo Social y Salud Pública, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, España
| | - David Cantarero
- Comité Editorial de Gaceta Sanitaria; Departamento de Economía, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, España
| | - Gonzalo Casino
- Comité Editorial de Gaceta Sanitaria; Departamento de Comunicación, Universidad Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, España; Centro Cochrane Iberoamericano, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, España
| | - Azucena Santillán
- Comité Editorial de Gaceta Sanitaria; Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, España
| | - Mar García Calvente
- Comité Editorial de Gaceta Sanitaria; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, España
| | - David Epstein
- Comité Editorial de Gaceta Sanitaria; Departamento de Economía, Universidad de Granada, Granada, España
| | - Mariano Hernán
- Comité Editorial de Gaceta Sanitaria; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, España; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España
| | - Leila Posenato García
- Comité Editorial de Gaceta Sanitaria; Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasil
| | - Mercedes Carrasco Portiño
- Comité Editorial de Gaceta Sanitaria; Departamento de Obstetricia y Puericultura, Universidad de Concepción, Chile; Grupo de Investigación en Salud Pública, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, España
| | - María Teresa Ruiz Cantero
- Comité Editorial de Gaceta Sanitaria; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España; Grupo de Investigación en Salud Pública, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, España
| | - Andreu Segura
- Comité Editorial de Gaceta Sanitaria; Departamento de Ciencias Experimentales y de la Salud, Universidad Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, España
| | - Javier García Amez
- Comité Editorial de Gaceta Sanitaria; Departamento de Ciencias Jurídicas Básicas, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, España
| | - Lucero Juárez
- Comité Editorial de Gaceta Sanitaria; Universidad del Valle de México, Ciudad de México DF, México
| | - Juan Jaime Miranda
- Comité Editorial de Gaceta Sanitaria; Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Perú
| | - Manuel Franco Tejero
- Comité Editorial de Gaceta Sanitaria; Departamento de Cirugía, Ciencias Médicas y Sociales, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), España
| | - Joan Carles March
- Comité Editorial de Gaceta Sanitaria; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, España; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España
| | - Jorge Marcos-Marcos
- Comité Editorial de Gaceta Sanitaria; Departamento de Psicología de la Salud, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, España
| | - Zulma M Cucunubá
- Comité Editorial de Gaceta Sanitaria; Departamento de Epidemiología Clínica y Bioestadística, Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Blanca Lumbreras
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España; Departamento de Salud Pública, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, España
| | - Javier Mar
- Vocalía SESPAS de Gaceta Sanitaria; Hospital Alto Deba, Arrasate (Gipuzkoa), España
| | - Rosana Peiró
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España; Consejo Asesor de Gaceta Sanitaria; Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana FISABIO-Salud Pública, Valencia, España
| | - Carlos Álvarez-Dardet
- Comité Editorial de Gaceta Sanitaria; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España; Grupo de Investigación en Salud Pública, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, España
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