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Campagnini S, Pasquini G, Schlechtriem F, Fransvea G, Simoni L, Gerli F, Magaldi F, Cristella G, Riener R, Carrozza MC, Mannini A. Estimation of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Walking on a Photoelectric System: Validation on Healthy Children by Standard Gait Analysis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6059. [PMID: 37447908 DOI: 10.3390/s23136059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of stereophotogrammetry systems is challenging when targeting children's gait analysis due to the time required and the need to keep physical markers in place. For this reason, marker-less photoelectric systems appear to be a solution for accurate and fast gait analysis in youth. The aim of this study is to validate a photoelectric system and its configurations (LED filter setting) on healthy children, comparing the kinematic gait parameters with those obtained from a three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry system. Twenty-seven healthy children were enrolled. Three LED filter settings for the OptoGait were compared to the BTS P6000. The analysis included the non-parametric 80% limits of agreement and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Additionally, normalised limits of agreement and bias (NLoAs and Nbias) were compared to the clinical experience of physical therapists (i.e., assuming an error lower than 5% is acceptable). ICCs showed excellent consistency for most of the parameters and filter settings; NLoAs varied between 1.39% and 12.62%. An inverse association between the number of LEDs for filter setting and the bias values was also observed. Observations confirm the validity of the OptoGait system for the evaluation of spatiotemporal gait parameters in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guido Pasquini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 50143 Firenze, Italy
| | - Florian Schlechtriem
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Fransvea
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 50143 Firenze, Italy
| | - Laura Simoni
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 50143 Firenze, Italy
| | - Filippo Gerli
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 50143 Firenze, Italy
| | | | | | - Robert Riener
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrea Mannini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 50143 Firenze, Italy
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Cinar E, Saxena S, McFadyen BJ, Lamontagne A, Gagnon I. A prediction model of multiple resource theory for dual task walking. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1463922x.2021.1981483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eda Cinar
- McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shikha Saxena
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bradford J. McFadyen
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), CIUSSS-CN, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Rehabilitation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anouk Lamontagne
- Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital Research site of the Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation du Montréal métropolitain (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Gagnon
- McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Concussion Research Lab, Montreal Children’s Hospital, MUHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Cinar E, Saxena S, Gagnon I. Differential Effects of Concurrent Tasks on Gait in Typically Developing Children: A Meta-Analysis. J Mot Behav 2020; 53:509-522. [PMID: 32677588 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2020.1791038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to systematically analyze the literature surrounding dual-task (DT) effects on gait in typically developing children (TDC) and to conduct meta-analyses where applicable. After reviewing the abstracts of 676 articles, a total of 22 studies were included. The outcomes of interest were relative change in gait speed, cadence, stride length, double support time, variability in stride length between single and DT walking; and the exposures were concurrent tasks used for DT gait assessment. DT significantly affected each gait parameter (point estimate (PE), ranged from PE, -0.10; 95% CI, -0.13 to -0.08; p < .001 to PE, -0.66; 95% CI, -0.94 to -0.38; p < .001). The strength of DT effects varied by the concurrent task used. The greatest DT effect on gait speed, which was the most commonly presented outcome, was reported when upper extremity complex functional tasks (PE, -0.36; 95% CI, -0.49 to -0.23; p < .001, fine motor tasks (PE, -0.35; 95% CI, -0.38 to -0.32; p < .001), and verbal fluency tasks (PE, -0.26; 95% CI, -0.30 to -0.21; p < .001) were completed concurrently with gait. Children and adolescents experience performance decrements when they walk under DT conditions. Concurrent tasks differentially affect the degree of DT interference for each gait parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Cinar
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Shikha Saxena
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabelle Gagnon
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Concussion Research Lab, Trauma Center, Montreal Children's Hospital, MUHC, Westmount, Québec, Canada
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Prebor J, Samulski B, Armitano-Lago C, Morrison S. Chewing Entrains Cyclical Actions but Interferes With Discrete Actions in Children. J Mot Behav 2020; 53:364-372. [PMID: 32619148 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2020.1787319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Functional chewing patterns are achieved early in life prior to other motor skills like walking. Chewing seems to improve specific aspects of attention; however, there is limited research on chewing in dual motor tasks. This study examined relationships between chewing and secondary motor tasks in children. Sixteen typically developing children (13.1 ± 2.3 years) participated in finger tapping, simple reaction time, and walking while chewing at different speeds. The chewing rates varied when produced with a secondary motor task, especially for slow chewing and preferred chewing, and the secondary motor tasks were differentially influenced by the chewing. This relationship was not as strong as what has been reported in adults. It appears the neural oscillatory mechanisms involved in chewing and the secondary motor tasks may not be fully developed in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Prebor
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Brittany Samulski
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Cortney Armitano-Lago
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Steven Morrison
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
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Working memory is a core executive function supporting dual-task locomotor performance across childhood and adolescence. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 197:104869. [PMID: 32574754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Most daily-life ambulatory tasks involve dual tasking, for example, talking while walking. In children, the evidence supporting the effects of age on dual tasking is confounded by the difficulty of the cognitive task and lack of adjustment to suit individual cognitive abilities. To address this issue, the current study examined the effects of age, cognitive load, and executive functioning on the degree of dual-task gait interference across childhood and adolescence. We tested 120 typically developing children aged 6-11 years, adolescents aged 12-16 years, and young adults aged 18-25 years. Participants were asked to walk while performing a visuospatial working memory task at two levels of cognitive load (easy and difficult) adjusted to suit each participant's cognitive ability. Spatiotemporal characteristics and intra-individual variability of gait were measured using a GAITRite electronic walkway. Irrespective of the cognitive load level, children aged 6 to 11 years showed greater dual-task gait interference for selective spatiotemporal gait characteristics; however, the younger children showed a trade-off pattern in gait variability whereby they prioritized gait stability at the expense of cognitive performance. Our results also showed that age and working memory capacity were significant predictors of dual-task interference for a range of complementary gait parameters in the combined sample. Importantly, working memory capacity was part of a moderating relationship between age and dual-task gait interference. These findings emphasize the importance of dual-task prioritization strategies in younger children and highlight the role of individual differences in working memory capacity in performance in dual-task gait situations.
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Effects of dual tasking on postural and gait performances in children with cerebral palsy and healthy children. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019; 79:54-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Kachouri H, Laatar R, Borji R, Rebai H, Sahli S. Using a dual-task paradigm to investigate motor and cognitive performance in children with intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2019; 33:172-179. [PMID: 31441573 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effects of dual-task (DT) constraints on walking performance in children with intellectual disability (ID). METHODS Fifteen children with intellectual disability and fifteen age-matched typically developed children were asked to walk at a preferred speed: along a path (baseline condition), while carrying a glass of water and while quoting animal names. RESULTS The present study findings showed that DTs affect walking performance of both typically developed children and those with intellectual disability. In children with intellectual disability, DT walking decrements were significantly higher when performing a concurrent motor task than cognitive one. CONCLUSIONS DT constraints with a secondary motor or cognitive tasks seemed challenging for children with intellectual disability suggesting that future treatments or assessments should consider using DT constraints to manipulate the difficulty of tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Kachouri
- Research Unit of Education, Motor skills, Sports and Health, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rabeb Laatar
- Research Unit of Education, Motor skills, Sports and Health, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rihab Borji
- Research Unit of Education, Motor skills, Sports and Health, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Haithem Rebai
- Research Unit of Education, Motor skills, Sports and Health, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Sahli
- Research Unit of Education, Motor skills, Sports and Health, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Rabaglietti E, De Lorenzo A, Brustio PR. The Role of Working Memory on Dual-Task Cost During Walking Performance in Childhood. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1754. [PMID: 31417472 PMCID: PMC6685415 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of a secondary motor task on walking ability, whether performance differed according to age and the possible relationship between cognitive abilities, specifically working memory, and dual-task costs in children with typical development. Fifty-three female children (mean age M = 10 ± 2 years), were divided into two different age groups: a young (7–9 years; n = 17) and an older group (10–13 years; n = 36). First, participants performed a Walking Test (WT) without additional tasks; afterward, they performed the same walking test while performing each of the following tasks: carrying (1) a glass of water, (2) a ball on a round tray and (3) the combination of both tasks (1) and (2). The Test of Memory and Learning were used to assess working memory. WTs under a dual-task condition generally produced worse results compared to a single-task condition [F(3,135) = 32.480, p < 0.001]. No age-related difference was observed [F(1,45) = 0.497, p = 0.485]. Age, digit forward and backward, facial memory, and paired recall accounted altogether for 28.6% of variance in dual-task ability during WT while carrying a glass of water and a ball on a round tray. Specifically, facial memory significantly accounted for the variance of DTC in WTWT (β = −0.381, p = 0.016). Moreover, a trend toward a statistical significance was observed for digit forward (β = −0.275, p = 0.085). Results underlined that regardless of the age, a dual-task performance might affect walking performance depending on the required secondary task. Moreover, our results showed the association between working memory skills and dual-task cost in walking ability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paolo Riccardo Brustio
- NeuroMuscularFunction Research Group, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Schott N, Klotzbier TJ. Profiles of Cognitive-Motor Interference During Walking in Children: Does the Motor or the Cognitive Task Matter? Front Psychol 2018; 9:947. [PMID: 29951020 PMCID: PMC6008773 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The evidence supporting the effects of age on the ability to coordinate a motor and a cognitive task show inconsistent results in children and adolescents, where the Dual-Task Effects (DTE) – if computed at all – range from either being lower or comparable or higher in younger children than in older children, adolescents and adults. A feasible reason for the variability in such findings is the wide range of cognitive tasks (and to some extend of motor tasks) used to study Cognitive-Motor Interference (CMI). Our study aims at determining the differences in CMI when performing cognitive tasks targeting different cognitive functions at varying walking pathways. 69 children and adolescents (boys, n = 45; girls, n = 24; mean age, 11.5 ± 1.50 years) completed higher-level executive function tasks (2-Back, Serial Subtraction, Auditory Stroop, Clock Task, TMT-B) in comparison to non-executive distracter tasks [Motor Response Task (MRT), TMT-A] to assess relative effects on gait during straight vs. repeated Change of Direction (COD) walking. DT during COD walking was assessed using the Trail-Walking-Test (TWT). The motor and cognitive DTE were calculated for each task. There were significant differences between 5th and 8th graders on single gait speed on the straight (p = 0.016) and the COD pathway (p = 0.023), but not on any of the DT conditions. The calculation of DTEs revealed that motor DTEs were lowest for the MRT and highest for the TWT in the numbers/letters condition (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). In contrast, there were cognitive benefits for the higher-order cognitive tasks on the straight pathways, but cognitive costs for both DT conditions on the COD pathway (p < 0.01 for all comparisons). Our findings demonstrate that DT changes in walking when completing a secondary task that involve higher-level cognition are attributable to more than low-level divided attention or motor response processes. These results specifically show the direct competition for higher-level executive function resources important for walking, and are in agreement with previous studies supporting the cognitive-motor link in relation to gait in children. This might be in line with the idea that younger children may not have adequate cognitive resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Schott
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas J Klotzbier
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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