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Hur Y, Oh BM, Seo HG, Hyun SE, Kim DJ, Kim H, Han TS, Park HJ, Lee CH, Lee WH. Reliability of Surface Electromyography From the Lower-limb Muscles During Maximal and Submaximal Voluntary Isometric Contractions in In-bed Healthy Individuals and Patients With Subacute Stroke. BRAIN & NEUROREHABILITATION 2024; 17:e14. [PMID: 39113922 PMCID: PMC11300959 DOI: 10.12786/bn.2024.17.e14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to develop maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and submaximal voluntary isometric contraction (subMVIC) methods and to assess the reliability of the developed methods for in-bed healthy individuals and patients with subacute stroke. The electromyography (EMG) activities from the lower-limb muscles including the tensor fascia lata (TFL), rectus femoris (RF), tibialis anterior (TA), and gastrocnemius (GC) on both sides were recorded during MVIC and subMVIC using surface EMG sensors in 20 healthy individuals and 20 subacute stroke patients. In inter-trial reliability, both MVIC and subMVIC methods demonstrated excellent reliability for all the measured muscles at baseline and follow-up evaluations in both healthy individuals and stroke patients. In inter-day reliability, MVIC showed good reliability for the TFL and moderate reliability for the RF, TA, and GC, while subMVIC showed good reliability for the TFL, RF, and GC and poor reliability for the TA in healthy individuals. In conclusion, the MVIC and subMVIC methods of EMG activities were feasible in in-bed healthy individuals and patients with subacute stroke. The results can serve as a basis for the clinical evaluation of muscular activities using quantitative EMG signals on the lower-limb muscles in stroke patients with impaired mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hur
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Mo Oh
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Gil Seo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Eun Hyun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Joo Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- NeuroTx Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Hakseung Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Seong Han
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jung Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chae Hyeon Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Hyung Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Zhu X, Pang Y, Li L, Sun W, Ding L, Song Q, Shen P. Standard isometric contraction has higher reliability than maximum voluntary isometric contraction for normalizing electromyography during level walking among older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1276793. [PMID: 38433819 PMCID: PMC10904509 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1276793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Electromyography (EMG) normalization often relies on maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), which may not be suitable for knee osteoarthritis (KOA) patients due to difficulties in generating maximum joint torques caused by pain. This study aims to assess the reliability of standard isometric contraction (SIC) for EMG normalization in older adults with KOA, comparing it with MVIC. Methods: We recruited thirty-five older adults with KOA and collected root mean square EMG amplitudes from seven muscles in the affected limb during level walking, SIC, and MVIC tests. EMG data during level walking were normalized using both SIC and MVIC methods. This process was repeated after at least 1 week. We calculated intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) with 95% confidence intervals to evaluate between- and within-day reliabilities. Results: SIC tests showed higher between- (ICC: 0.75-0.86) and within-day (ICC: 0.84-0.95) ICCs across all seven muscles compared to MVIC tests. When normalized with SIC, all seven muscles exhibited higher between- (ICC: 0.67-0.85) and within-day (ICC: 0.88-0.99) ICCs compared to MVIC normalization. Conclusion: This study suggests that SIC may offer superior movement consistency and reliability compared to MVIC for EMG normalization during level walking in older adults with KOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Zhu
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Yaya Pang
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, United States
| | - Wei Sun
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Lijie Ding
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Qipeng Song
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Peixin Shen
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
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Concha-Pérez E, Gonzalez-Hernandez HG, Reyes-Avendaño JA. Physical Exertion Recognition Using Surface Electromyography and Inertial Measurements for Occupational Ergonomics. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9100. [PMID: 38005488 PMCID: PMC10674923 DOI: 10.3390/s23229100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
By observing the actions taken by operators, it is possible to determine the risk level of a work task. One method for achieving this is the recognition of human activity using biosignals and inertial measurements provided to a machine learning algorithm performing such recognition. The aim of this research is to propose a method to automatically recognize physical exertion and reduce noise as much as possible towards the automation of the Job Strain Index (JSI) assessment by using a motion capture wearable device (MindRove armband) and training a quadratic support vector machine (QSVM) model, which is responsible for predicting the exertion depending on the patterns identified. The highest accuracy of the QSVM model was 95.7%, which was achieved by filtering the data, removing outliers and offsets, and performing zero calibration; in addition, EMG signals were normalized. It was determined that, given the job strain index's purpose, physical exertion detection is crucial to computing its intensity in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hugo G. Gonzalez-Hernandez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, NL, Mexico; (E.C.-P.); (J.A.R.-A.)
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Clancy EA, Morin EL, Hajian G, Merletti R. Tutorial. Surface electromyogram (sEMG) amplitude estimation: Best practices. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2023; 72:102807. [PMID: 37552918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2023.102807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This tutorial intends to provide insight, instructions and "best practices" for those who are novices-including clinicians, engineers and non-engineers-in extracting electromyogram (EMG) amplitude from the bipolar surface EMG (sEMG) signal of voluntary contractions. A brief discussion of sEMG amplitude extraction from high density sEMG (HDsEMG) arrays and feature extraction from electrically elicited contractions is also provided. This tutorial attempts to present its main concepts in a straightforward manner that is accessible to novices in the field not possessing a wide range of technical background (if any) in this area. Surface EMG amplitude, also referred to as the sEMG envelope [often implemented as root mean square (RMS) sEMG or average rectified value (ARV) sEMG], quantifies the voltage variation of the sEMG signal and is grossly related to the overall neural excitation of the muscle and to peripheral parameters. The tutorial briefly reviews the physiological origin of the voluntary sEMG signal and sEMG recording, including electrode configurations, sEMG signal transduction, electronic conditioning and conversion by an analog-to-digital converter. These topics have been covered in greater detail in prior tutorials in this series. In depth descriptions of state-of-the-art methods for computing sEMG amplitude are then provided, including guidance on signal pre-conditioning, absolute value vs. square-law detection, selection of appropriate sEMG amplitude smoothing filters and attenuation of measurement noise. The tutorial provides a detailed list of best practices for sEMG amplitude estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evelyn L Morin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Gelareh Hajian
- Toronto Rehab Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Roberto Merletti
- LISiN, Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy.
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Kim J, Kim Y, Moon J, Kong J, Kim SJ. Biomechanical Analysis of the Unaffected Limb While Using a Hands-Free Crutch. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8020056. [PMID: 37218852 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Basic human ambulation relies on a bipedal gait, which has been reported to be directly related to quality of life. However, injuries to the lower limb can cause an inability to walk and require non-weightbearing periods to heal. Among the many ambulatory aids, standard axillary crutches are prescribed. However, due to the disadvantages of having to use both hands, a slow gait, pain, nerve damage, and gait patterns that differ from that of healthy subjects, currently, a new generation of ambulatory aids has emerged. Among such aids, hands-free crutches (HFCs) are of particular interest due to their form factor, which does not require the use of the hands and facilitates a bipedal gait. In this study, we present an assessment of whether any different gait patterns, compared to overground gait, appeared on the unaffected limb during walking with an HFC. The spatiotemporal parameters, plantar force, lower-limb joint angles, and EMG patterns were evaluated. In conclusion, the results from 10 healthy subjects suggest that wearing an HFC causes only slight changes in the biomechanical gait patterns examined in the unaffected limb compared with overground walking without an HFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewook Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yekwang Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhui Moon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Kong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Kantha P, Hsu WL, Chen PJ, Tsai YC, Lin JJ. A novel balance training approach: Biomechanical study of virtual reality-based skateboarding. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1136368. [PMID: 36845193 PMCID: PMC9950389 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1136368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The use of virtual reality (VR) technology in training and rehabilitation gained increasing attention in recent years due to its potential to provide immersive and interactive experiences. We developed a novel VR-based balance training, VR-skateboarding, for improving balance. It is important to investigate the biomechanical aspects of this training, as it would have benefited both health professionals and software engineers. Aims: This study aimed to compare the biomechanical characteristics of VR-skateboarding with those of walking. Materials and Methods: Twenty young participants (10 males and 10 females) were recruited. Participants underwent VR-skateboarding and walking at the comfortable walking speed, with the treadmill set at the same speed for both tasks. The motion capture system and electromyography were used to determine joint kinematics and muscle activity of the trunk and legs, respectively. The force platform was also used to collect the ground reaction force. Results: Participants demonstrated increased trunk flexion angles and muscle activity of trunk extensor during VR-skateboarding than during walking (p < 0.01). For the supporting leg, participants' joint angles of hip flexion and ankle dorsiflexion, as well as muscle activity of knee extensor, were higher during VR-skateboarding than during walking (p < 0.01). For the moving leg, only hip flexion increased in VR-skateboarding when compared to walking (p < 0.01). Furthermore, participants increased weight distribution in the supporting leg during VR-skateboarding (p < 0.01). Conclusion: VR-skateboarding is a novel VR-based balance training that has been found to improve balance through increased trunk and hip flexion, facilitated knee extensor muscles, and increased weight distribution on the supporting leg compared to walking. These differences in biomechanical characteristics have potential clinical implications for both health professionals and software engineers. Health professionals may consider incorporating VR-skateboarding into training protocols to improve balance, while software engineers may use this information to design new features in VR systems. Our study suggests that the impact of VR-skateboarding particularly manifest when focusing on the supporting leg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phunsuk Kantha
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Li Hsu
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan,Physical Therapy Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,*Correspondence: Wei-Li Hsu,
| | - Po-Jung Chen
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Tsai
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiu-Jenq Lin
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan,Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Variability in Normalization Methods of Surface Electromyography Signals in Eccentric Hamstring Contraction. J Sport Rehabil 2022; 31:1083-1088. [PMID: 35981713 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2022-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In human movement analysis, normalization of a surface electromyography signal is a crucial step; therefore, parameter selection for this procedure must be adequately justified. The aim of this research was to determine the variability of electromyography signals in eccentric hamstring contraction under different normalization parameters. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Nine university rugby players (age 21.50 [3.61] y; body mass index 21.50 [4.95]) and no history of recent hamstring injury. Values from maximum voluntary isometric contraction protocol and task related (ie, Nordic hamstring exercise) were used for surface electromyography signal normalization. Intersubject and intrasubject variation coefficients were used for normalization method variability and for signal reproducibility, respectively. RESULTS Intrasubject variation coefficient value indicates acceptable reproducibility of surface electromyography (less than 12%) for all normalization procedures. Lower values of intersubject variation coefficient value were achieved for normalization procedures using task-related values. CONCLUSION Parameters extracted from task execution provided less variability for surface electromyography amplitude normalization in eccentric hamstring muscle contractions.
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Yin L, Liu K, Liu C, Feng X, Wang L. Effect of Kinesiology Tape on Muscle Activation of Lower Extremity and Ankle Kinesthesia in Individuals With Unilateral Chronic Ankle Instability. Front Physiol 2022; 12:786584. [PMID: 34975539 PMCID: PMC8718686 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.786584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of kinesiology tape (KT) on lower limb muscle activation during computerized dynamic posturography (CDP) tasks and ankle kinesthesia in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Methods: Thirty-five men with CAI participated in this study. The experimental procedure followed a repeated measures design. Muscle activation of lower extremity and ankle kinesthesia of participants were measured using four taping treatments, namely, KT, athletic tape (AT), sham tape (ST), and no tape (NT) in a randomized order. Muscle activation was assessed using surface electromyography (sEMG) synchronized with CDP tests from seven lower extremity muscles of the unstable limb. Ankle kinesthesia was measured by using a threshold to detect the passive motion direction of the unstable ankle. Parameters were analyzed by using a one-way repeated measures ANOVA and followed by pairwise comparisons with a Bonferroni correction. Results: No significant difference was observed among different taping treatments for the majority of parameters during CDP. Except for condition 4 with open eyes, sway-referenced surface, and fixed surround in the sensory organization test (SOT), gastrocnemius medialis root mean square (RMS) was 28.19% lower in AT compared with NT (p = 0.021, 95% CI = 0.002-0.039), while gastrocnemius lateralis RMS was 20.25% lower in AT compared with KT (p = 0.038, 95% CI = 0.000-0.021). In forward-small sudden translation from motor control test (MCT), for peroneal longus (PL), RMS was 24.04% lower in KT compared with ST (p = 0.036, 95% CI = 0.000-0.018). In toes-down sudden rotation from adaption test (ADT), for PL, RMS was 23.41% lower in AT compared with ST (p = 0.015, 95% CI = 0.002-0.027). In addition, no significant difference was observed for a threshold to the detection of passive motion direction among different taping treatments. Conclusion: This study indicated that KT had minimal effect on the muscle activation of the unstable lower limb during static stance, self-initiated, and externally triggered perturbation tasks from CDP and ankle kinesthesia among individuals with CAI, suggesting that the benefit of KT was too small to be clinically worthwhile during application for CAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Yin
- Rehabilitation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengmei Liu
- Rehabilitation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Feng
- Rehabilitation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Moissenet F, Tabard-Fougère A, Genevay S, Armand S. Normalisation of a biarticular muscle EMG signal using a submaximal voluntary contraction: Choice of the standardised isometric task for the rectus femoris, a pilot study. Gait Posture 2022; 91:161-164. [PMID: 34736094 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electromyography (EMG) signal amplitude is often altered by factors related to the participants and the measurement system. To overcome this issue, a normalisation of the EMG signal amplitude can be performed. Recently, it has been demonstrated that a submaximal voluntary contraction (subMVC) normalisation approach, inspired by grade 3 of manual muscle testing, could produce reliable results. However, rectus femoris (RF) normalisation resulted in low reliability. While the normalisation task chosen for this biarticular muscle was to maintain a knee extension against gravity (ISO-K), a hip flexion isometric task (ISO-H) could also be applied. RESEARCH QUESTION This pilot study aimed to assess the impact of the normalisation task on the RF EMG signal quality and related intra-rater within-day reliability during ISO-K and ISO-H, and intra-rater between-day reliability of the EMG signal amplitude during gait. METHODS Twenty-four asymptomatic participants were asked to perform ISO-K and ISO-H tasks with both legs and then to walk at self-spontaneous speed, in two identical sessions one week apart. A wireless EMG system was used to record the EMG signal of bilateral RF during each task. RESULTS Signal-to-noise ratio during ISO-K and ISO-H was ≥ 15 dB in respectively 51% and 98% of all task repetitions. Intra-rater within-day reliability was acceptable using ISO-K (ICC = 0.71 (0.57; 0.83)) with high %SEM of 35%, and excellent using ISO-H (ICC = 0.94 (0.90; 0.96)) with high %SEM of 34%. Intra-rater between-day reliability during gait was acceptable using ISO-K (ICC = 0.74 (0.61; 0.81)) with a high %SEM of 49%, and excellent using ISO-H (ICC = 0.87 (0.76; 0.93)) with a high %SEM of 38%. SIGNIFICANCE The reliability (ICC) of RF EMG signal normalisation was higher using ISO-H than using ISO-K. However, even if signal-to-noise ratio was notably improved using ISO-H, %SEM remains high whatever the normalisation task used. Some additional improvements might thus still be needed to obtain a normalisation protocol allowing more reproducible measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Moissenet
- Kinesiology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Anne Tabard-Fougère
- Kinesiology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Genevay
- Department of Rheumatology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Armand
- Kinesiology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Sremakaew M, Treleaven J, Jull G, Vongvaivanichakul P, Uthaikhup S. Altered neuromuscular activity and postural stability during standing balance tasks in persons with non-specific neck pain. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2021; 61:102608. [PMID: 34662829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare neck, trunk, and lower extremity muscle activity in standing in persons with neck pain (NP) to healthy controls and determine associations with postural sway. METHODS Participants included 25 persons with NP and 25 controls. Surface electromyography was recorded bilaterally from neck (sternocleidomastoid, SCM; splenius capitis, SC; upper trapezius, UT), trunk (erector spinae, ES), and lower extremity (rectus femoris, RF; biceps femoris, BF; tibialis anterior, TA; medial gastrocnemius, GN) muscles. Postural sway was measured using a force platform in narrow stance with eyes open/closed, on firm/soft surfaces. RESULTS Compared to controls, the NP group demonstrated higher activity in all muscles, except UT and had higher amplitude ratios for neck muscles (SCM, SC) for all tasks (p < .05). No between-group difference was found in amplitude ratios for lower extremity muscles, except for GN. Lower extremity activity was moderately correlated with larger postural sway for both groups (r = 0.41-0.66, p < .05). There were no correlations between sway and neck and trunk muscle activity (p > .05). CONCLUSION Increased muscle activity with NP is associated with increased postural sway. Both groups used similar postural control strategies, but the increased neck activity in the NP group is likely related to the NP disorder rather than postural instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munlika Sremakaew
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Julia Treleaven
- Physiotherapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Gwendolen Jull
- Physiotherapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Parinya Vongvaivanichakul
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Sureeporn Uthaikhup
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Coetzee D, Coetzee FF, Schall R, Sinclair C. Gluteal muscle activation during rehabilitation exercises in female field hockey players. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOTHERAPY 2021; 77:1578. [PMID: 34859159 PMCID: PMC8603190 DOI: 10.4102/sajp.v77i1.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Field hockey, a team sport played by both men and women at both recreational and professional levels, requires maintaining a forward flexed posture putting stress on the lumbar spine. Hence, it is necessary to assess the muscles supporting the lumbar spine, especially those surrounding the hip, to inform strengthening exercises for this population. OBJECTIVES To establish the best body weight rehabilitation exercises shown to produce high muscle activation (≥ 61%MVIC - maximal voluntary isometric contraction) for both the gluteus maximus (Gmax) and medius (Gmed) muscles. Four exercises fell into this category. METHOD Surface electromyography (sEMG) was used to record the muscle activation of Gmax and Gmed of four body weight rehabilitation exercises in 26 high-performance female field hockey players. The %MVIC activation data of both Gmax and Gmed were analysed using a three-way ANOVA. RESULTS The single-leg squat generated the highest %MVIC activation of both Gmax (125.65%MVIC) and Gmed (126.30%MVIC). The only statistically significant difference for Gmax was between the single-leg squat and plank with hip extension (p = 0.0487). No statistically significant difference was observed for Gmed between the four body weight rehabilitation exercises (p = 0.6285). CONCLUSION The four exercises generated similar %MVIC activation levels. The single-leg squat produced the highest observed %MVIC of Gmax and Gmed in high-performance female field hockey players and is, therefore, recommended. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Implementation of the findings could result in benefits during prehabilitation, injury prevention programmes and the later stages of rehabilitation for high-performance female field hockey players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daretha Coetzee
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Frederik F. Coetzee
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Robert Schall
- Department of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Colleen Sinclair
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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12
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Muraoka H, Suzuki T. Effects of trunk anterior tilt and knee joint flexion angle changes on muscle activity in the lower limb muscles. J Phys Ther Sci 2021; 33:472-479. [PMID: 34177111 PMCID: PMC8219598 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.33.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] We examined the effects of trunk anterior tilt angle (TA) and knee flexion
angle (KA) on lower limb muscle activity. [Participants and Methods] Twenty-eight healthy
male participants (age, 24.7 ± 4.7 years) performed nine standing tasks with different TA
and KA. The participants were instructed to remain still during each task. The nine
standing tasks were randomly performed while measurements of muscle activity were obtained
for seven muscles: gluteus maximus (GMAX), medial hamstrings (MH), lateral hamstrings
(LH), rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), medial gastrocnemius (MG), and soleus
(SOL). The activities of these muscles were normalized using isometric grade 3 of the
manual muscle testing (isoMMT3). The intra-rater reliability for the mean values of the
muscle activities measured with the isoMMT3 (intra-class correlation coefficient with 95%
confidence interval) was confirmed using equation ICC (1,3). [Results] GMAX, MH, LH, RF,
and MG were affected by both TA and KA, whereas VL was affected by KA, and SOL was
affected by TA. [Conclusion] Our findings may facilitate a better understanding of the
changes in muscle activity of the lower limb muscles due to differences in TA and KA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Muraoka
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kansai Medical University Kuzuha Hospital: 4-1 Kusuha Hanazono-cho, Hirakata city, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Kansai University of Health Science, Japan
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13
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Lin CI, Khajooei M, Engel T, Nair A, Heikkila M, Kaplick H, Mayer F. The effect of chronic ankle instability on muscle activations in lower extremities. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247581. [PMID: 33617592 PMCID: PMC7899370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Muscular reflex responses of the lower extremities to sudden gait disturbances are related to postural stability and injury risk. Chronic ankle instability (CAI) has shown to affect activities related to the distal leg muscles while walking. Its effects on proximal muscle activities of the leg, both for the injured- (IN) and uninjured-side (NON), remain unclear. Therefore, the aim was to compare the difference of the motor control strategy in ipsilateral and contralateral proximal joints while unperturbed walking and perturbed walking between individuals with CAI and matched controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 13 participants with unilateral CAI and 13 controls (CON) walked on a split-belt treadmill with and without random left- and right-sided perturbations. EMG amplitudes of muscles at lower extremities were analyzed 200 ms after perturbations, 200 ms before, and 100 ms after (Post100) heel contact while walking. Onset latencies were analyzed at heel contacts and after perturbations. Statistical significance was set at alpha≤0.05 and 95% confidence intervals were applied to determine group differences. Cohen's d effect sizes were calculated to evaluate the extent of differences. RESULTS Participants with CAI showed increased EMG amplitudes for NON-rectus abdominus at Post100 and shorter latencies for IN-gluteus maximus after heel contact compared to CON (p<0.05). Overall, leg muscles (rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and gluteus medius) activated earlier and less bilaterally (d = 0.30-0.88) and trunk muscles (bilateral rectus abdominus and NON-erector spinae) activated earlier and more for the CAI group than CON group (d = 0.33-1.09). CONCLUSION Unilateral CAI alters the pattern of the motor control strategy around proximal joints bilaterally. Neuromuscular training for the muscles, which alters motor control strategy because of CAI, could be taken into consideration when planning rehabilitation for CAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-I Lin
- Outpatient Clinic, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, Sociology of Health and Physical Activity, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Mina Khajooei
- Outpatient Clinic, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tilman Engel
- Outpatient Clinic, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alexandra Nair
- Outpatient Clinic, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, Sociology of Health and Physical Activity, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mika Heikkila
- Outpatient Clinic, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hannes Kaplick
- Outpatient Clinic, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Frank Mayer
- Outpatient Clinic, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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14
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Viggiani D, Callaghan JP. Interrelated hypoalgesia, creep, and muscle fatigue following a repetitive trunk flexion exposure. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2021; 57:102531. [PMID: 33607359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive trunk flexion can damage spinal tissues, however its association with low back pain in the workplace may be confounded by factors related to pain sensitivity. Muscle fatigue, exercise-induced hypoalgesia, and creep-induced neuromuscular changes following repetitive trunk flexion may all affect this assumed exposure-pain relationship. This study's purpose was to determine how mechanical pain sensitivity in the low back is affected by a repetitive trunk flexion exposure and identify factors associated with changes in low back pain sensitivity. Pressure pain thresholds, perceptions of sub-threshold stimuli, and muscle fatigue in the trunk and tibia, as well as lumbar spine creep were tracked in 37 young healthy adults before and up to 40 min after a 10-min repetitive trunk flexion exposure. Pressure pain thresholds (p = 0.033), but not perceptions of sub-threshold stimuli (p > 0.102) were associated with approximately a 12.5% reduction in pain sensitivity 10 min after completing the exposure, while creep and local muscle fatigue effects were only observed immediately following the exposure. Creep and fatigue interactions and the corresponding tibial measure co-varied with individual low back pressure pain thresholds. The net hypoalgesic effects of repetitive trunk flexion have the potential to partially mask possibly injurious loads, which could contribute to the severity or incidence of lower back injuries related to these exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Viggiani
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jack P Callaghan
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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15
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Reliability of surface electromyography for the gluteus medius muscle during gait in people with and without chronic nonspecific low back pain. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2020; 54:102457. [PMID: 32798914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2020.102457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the intratester reliability of surface electromyography (EMG) assessment of the gluteus medius muscle in healthy people and people with chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNLBP) during barefoot walking. Gluteus medius muscle activity was measured twice in 40 people without and 30 people with CNLBP approximately 7 days apart. Walking gluteus medius muscle activity was normalised to maximal voluntary isometric contractions during side-lying hip abduction with manual resistance. Good intratester reliability (ICC > 0.75) was found for mean, peak, and peak to peak amplitude for healthy people. Only mean amplitude demonstrated good intratester reliability in those with CNLBP. Peak amplitude and peak to peak amplitude of the gluteus medius muscle of those with CNLBP, and the time of peak amplitude in both groups, demonstrated moderate reliability (ICC ranged from 0.50 to 0.58). Moderate to large standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change values were reported for outcome measurements. These results suggest that potentially large levels of random error can occur between sessions. Future research can build on this study for those with pathology and attempt to establish change values for EMG that are clinically meaningful.
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16
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Besomi M, Hodges PW, Clancy EA, Van Dieën J, Hug F, Lowery M, Merletti R, Søgaard K, Wrigley T, Besier T, Carson RG, Disselhorst-Klug C, Enoka RM, Falla D, Farina D, Gandevia S, Holobar A, Kiernan MC, McGill K, Perreault E, Rothwell JC, Tucker K. Consensus for experimental design in electromyography (CEDE) project: Amplitude normalization matrix. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2020; 53:102438. [PMID: 32569878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2020.102438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The general purpose of normalization of EMG amplitude is to enable comparisons between participants, muscles, measurement sessions or electrode positions. Normalization is necessary to reduce the impact of differences in physiological and anatomical characteristics of muscles and surrounding tissues. Normalization of the EMG amplitude provides information about the magnitude of muscle activation relative to a reference value. It is essential to select an appropriate method for normalization with specific reference to how the EMG signal will be interpreted, and to consider how the normalized EMG amplitude may change when interpreting it under specific conditions. This matrix, developed by the Consensus for Experimental Design in Electromyography (CEDE) project, presents six approaches to EMG normalization: (1) Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in same task/context as the task of interest, (2) Standardized isometric MVC (which is not necessarily matched to the contraction type in the task of interest), (3) Standardized submaximal task (isometric/dynamic) that can be task-specific, (4) Peak/mean EMG amplitude in task, (5) Non-normalized, and (6) Maximal M-wave. General considerations for normalization, features that should be reported, definitions, and "pros and cons" of each normalization approach are presented first. This information is followed by recommendations for specific experimental contexts, along with an explanation of the factors that determine the suitability of a method, and frequently asked questions. This matrix is intended to help researchers when selecting, reporting and interpreting EMG amplitude data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Besomi
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul W Hodges
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | | | - Jaap Van Dieën
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - François Hug
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Faculty of Sport Sciences, Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA 4334), University of Nantes, Nantes, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Madeleine Lowery
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roberto Merletti
- LISiN, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Karen Søgaard
- Department of Clinical Research and Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tim Wrigley
- Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Thor Besier
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute and Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard G Carson
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK; School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Catherine Disselhorst-Klug
- Department of Rehabilitation and Prevention Engineering, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Roger M Enoka
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Deborah Falla
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Dario Farina
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Simon Gandevia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aleš Holobar
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 46, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Eric Perreault
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John C Rothwell
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kylie Tucker
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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A Smart Terrain Identification Technique Based on Electromyography, Ground Reaction Force, and Machine Learning for Lower Limb Rehabilitation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10082638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Automatic terrain classification in lower limb rehabilitation systems has gained worldwide attention. In this field, a simple system architecture and high classification accuracy are two desired attributes. In this article, a smart neuromuscular–mechanical fusion and machine learning-based terrain classification technique utilizing only two electromyography (EMG) sensors and two ground reaction force (GRF) sensors is reported for classifying three different terrains (downhill, level, and uphill). The EMG and GRF signals from ten healthy subjects were collected, preprocessed and segmented to obtain the EMG and GRF profiles in each stride, based on which twenty-one statistical features, including 9 GRF features and 12 EMG features, were extracted. A support vector machine (SVM) machine learning model is established and trained by the extracted EMG features, GRF features and the fusion of them, respectively. Several methods or statistical metrics were used to evaluate the goodness of the proposed technique, including a paired-t-test and Kruskal–Wallis test for correlation analysis of the selected features and ten-fold cross-validation accuracy, confusion matrix, sensitivity and specificity for the performance of the SVM model. The results show that the extracted features are highly correlated with the terrain changes and the fusion of the EMG and GRF features produces the highest accuracy of 96.8%. The presented technique allows simple system construction to achieve the precise detection of outcomes, potentially advancing the development of terrain classification techniques for rehabilitation.
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18
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Kaczmarek P, Mańkowski T, Tomczyński J. putEMG-A Surface Electromyography Hand Gesture Recognition Dataset. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19163548. [PMID: 31416251 PMCID: PMC6720505 DOI: 10.3390/s19163548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a putEMG dataset intended for the evaluation of hand gesture recognition methods based on sEMG signal. The dataset was acquired for 44 able-bodied subjects and include 8 gestures (3 full hand gestures, 4 pinches and idle). It consists of uninterrupted recordings of 24 sEMG channels from the subject's forearm, RGB video stream and depth camera images used for hand motion tracking. Moreover, exemplary processing scripts are also published. The putEMG dataset is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). The dataset was validated regarding sEMG amplitudes and gesture recognition performance. The classification was performed using state-of-the-art classifiers and feature sets. An accuracy of 90% was achieved for SVM classifier utilising RMS feature and for LDA classifier using Hudgin's and Du's feature sets. Analysis of performance for particular gestures showed that LDA/Du combination has significantly higher accuracy for full hand gestures, while SVM/RMS performs better for pinch gestures. The presented dataset can be used as a benchmark for various classification methods, the evaluation of electrode localisation concepts, or the development of classification methods invariant to user-specific features or electrode displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kaczmarek
- Institute of Control, Robotics and Information Engineering - Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3A, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Mańkowski
- Institute of Control, Robotics and Information Engineering - Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3A, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jakub Tomczyński
- Institute of Control, Robotics and Information Engineering - Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3A, 60-965 Poznań, Poland.
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Flexion-Relaxation Phenomenon in Children and Adolescents With and Without Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain: An Electromyographic and Kinematic Cross-Sectional Comparative Study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2018; 43:1322-1330. [PMID: 29509654 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000002621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional comparative study. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the flexion-relaxation phenomenon (FRP), in standing trunk flexion and slumped sitting tasks, by comparing children and adolescents suffering from nonspecific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP) with controls (CTRL). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The absence of the FRP can accurately discriminate adults with NSCLBP from those without during standing trunk flexion and slumped sitting tasks. Even if the FRP has been extensively studied in adults with NSCLBP, only one study has evaluated the FRP in adolescents, during a slumped sitting task, and this suggested that the FRP was also present in adolescents with NSCLBP. METHODS Thirty-seven children and adolescents with NSCLBP and 23 CTRL performed standing trunk flexion and slumped sitting tasks. All participants were equipped with surface electromyography (EMG) electrodes on the erector spinae longissimus (ESL) and multifidus (M) muscles and reflective markers on the spinous processes of C7, L1, and S1. Global (C7-S1), thoracic (C7-L1), and lumbar (L1-S1) trunk flexion absolute angle were measured. The FRP was reported using visual inspection and a flexion-relaxation ratio (FRR). A self-reference threshold was used to identify the time of FRP onset. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the main and interaction effects of task, group and muscle on FRR, and the relative maximal angle at FRP onset of the global trunk (C7-S1). RESULTS Results showed three main findings: (1) the FRP's low sensitivity in discriminating between NSCLBP and CTRL participants in groups, tasks, or muscles; (2) similar observed maximal flexion angles in both groups during flexion tasks; and (3) similar observed relative maximal global trunk flexion angles at FRP onset in groups, tasks, and muscles. CONCLUSION These results are not consistent with the literature on adults and could lead to modified therapeutic management of NSCLBP in children and adolescents. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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