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Sahr ME, Grünebaum A, Positano RC, Nwawka OK, Chervenak FA, Positano RG. Common foot and ankle disorders in pregnancy: the role of diagnostic ultrasound. J Perinat Med 2024; 52:674-687. [PMID: 39213647 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2024-0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Foot and ankle disorders are common during pregnancy, driven by significant physiological changes including weight distribution, hormonal fluctuations, and fluid balance. These changes often result in conditions such as varicose veins, thrombophlebitis, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), edema, overpronation, ankle sprains, metatarsalgia, stress fractures, ligament tears, synovitis, tendon tears, tenosynovitis, paratenonitis, plantar fasciitis, and Morton's neuroma. This paper emphasizes the diagnostic utility of ultrasound for these conditions, given its safety, non-invasiveness, and real-time imaging capabilities without ionizing radiation. Ultrasound is particularly effective for diagnosing venous disorders like varicose veins and thrombophlebitis, leveraging Doppler ultrasound to assess vein structure and function. It is also instrumental in identifying DVT, detecting vein dilation, reflux, and thrombosis. For conditions such as edema, ultrasound helps differentiate physiological from pathological causes, ensuring accurate diagnosis and management. In cases of musculoskeletal issues like overpronation, ankle sprains, ligament tears, and tendon pathologies, ultrasound provides detailed images of soft tissues, allowing for precise diagnosis and effective treatment planning. It is equally useful for detecting metatarsalgia, plantar fasciitis, and Morton's neuroma, offering insights into soft tissue abnormalities and guiding therapeutic interventions. Ultrasound's role extends to diagnosing foreign bodies in the foot and ankle, where it demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity. The accessibility and cost-effectiveness of ultrasound make it an invaluable tool in various healthcare settings, ensuring timely and accurate diagnosis and management of foot and ankle disorders during pregnancy, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Sahr
- Radiology & Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 E 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021
| | - Amos Grünebaum
- Zucker School of Medicine, Northwell, 2000 Marcus Ave., Suite 300, New Hyde Park, 11042-1069, NY, USA
| | - Rock C Positano
- Non-Surgical Foot and Ankle Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, USA
| | - Ogonna K Nwawka
- Radiology & Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 E 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021
| | - Frank A Chervenak
- Zucker School of Medicine, Northwell, 2000 Marcus Ave., Suite 300, New Hyde Park, 11042-1069, NY, USA
| | - Rock G Positano
- Non-Surgical Foot and Ankle Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, USA
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Furtado ECS, Azevedo YSD, Galhardo DDR, Miranda IPC, Oliveira MEC, das Neves PFM, Monte LB, Carneiro Nunes EF, Ferreira EAG, Callegari B, Souza GDS, de Melo-Neto JS. Influence of Gestational Age on Pelvic Floor Muscle Activity, Plantar Contact, and Functional Mobility in High-Risk Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4615. [PMID: 39066013 PMCID: PMC11280655 DOI: 10.3390/s24144615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
During pregnancy, biomechanical changes are observed due to hormonal and physical modifications, which can lead to alterations in the curvature of the spine, balance, gait patterns, and functionality of the pelvic floor muscles. This study aimed to investigate the progressive impact of biomechanical changes that occur during gestational weeks on the myoelectric activity of the pelvic floor muscles, plantar contact area, and functional mobility of high-risk pregnant women. METHODS This was a cross-sectional observational study carried out from November 2022 to March 2023. A total of 62 pregnant women of different gestational ages with high-risk pregnancies were analyzed using surface electromyography to assess the functionality of the pelvic floor muscles, plantigraphy (Staheli index and plantar contact area), and an accelerometer and gyroscope using the timed up and go test via an inertial sensor on a smartphone. Descriptive statistics and multivariate linear regression analyses were carried out to test the predictive value of the signature. RESULTS Increasing weeks of gestation resulted in a decrease in the RMS value (β = -0.306; t = -2.284; p = 0.026) according to the surface electromyography analyses. However, there was no association with plantar contact (F (4.50) = 0.697; p = 0.598; R2 = 0.53). With regard to functional mobility, increasing weeks of gestation resulted in a decrease in time to standing (β = -0.613; t = -2.495; p = 0.016), time to go (β = -0.513; t = -2.264; p = 0.028), and first gyrus peak (β = -0.290; t = -2.168; p = 0.035). However, there was an increase in the time to come back (β = 0.453; t = 2.321; p = 0.025) as the number of gestational weeks increased. CONCLUSIONS Increased gestational age is associated with a reduction in pelvic floor myoelectric activity. The plantar contact area did not change over the weeks. Advancing gestation was accompanied by a decrease in time to standing, time to go, and first gyrus peak, as well as an increase in time to come back.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilly Cássia Soares Furtado
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (E.C.S.F.); (Y.S.D.A.); (D.d.R.G.); (I.P.C.M.); (M.E.C.O.); (B.C.); (G.d.S.S.)
| | - Yury Souza De Azevedo
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (E.C.S.F.); (Y.S.D.A.); (D.d.R.G.); (I.P.C.M.); (M.E.C.O.); (B.C.); (G.d.S.S.)
| | - Deizyane dos Reis Galhardo
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (E.C.S.F.); (Y.S.D.A.); (D.d.R.G.); (I.P.C.M.); (M.E.C.O.); (B.C.); (G.d.S.S.)
| | - Iasmin Pereira Cabral Miranda
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (E.C.S.F.); (Y.S.D.A.); (D.d.R.G.); (I.P.C.M.); (M.E.C.O.); (B.C.); (G.d.S.S.)
| | - Maria Eunice Chagas Oliveira
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (E.C.S.F.); (Y.S.D.A.); (D.d.R.G.); (I.P.C.M.); (M.E.C.O.); (B.C.); (G.d.S.S.)
| | | | - Lindinalva Brasil Monte
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia Foundation of Pará, Belém 66055080, PA, Brazil; (P.F.M.d.N.); (L.B.M.)
| | | | | | - Bianca Callegari
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (E.C.S.F.); (Y.S.D.A.); (D.d.R.G.); (I.P.C.M.); (M.E.C.O.); (B.C.); (G.d.S.S.)
| | - Givago da Silva Souza
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (E.C.S.F.); (Y.S.D.A.); (D.d.R.G.); (I.P.C.M.); (M.E.C.O.); (B.C.); (G.d.S.S.)
| | - João Simão de Melo-Neto
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (E.C.S.F.); (Y.S.D.A.); (D.d.R.G.); (I.P.C.M.); (M.E.C.O.); (B.C.); (G.d.S.S.)
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Zangão MOB, Poeira AF, Branco M, Santos-Rocha R. Changes in Foot Biomechanics during Pregnancy and Postpartum: Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:638. [PMID: 38791852 PMCID: PMC11121192 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21050638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
(1) Background: During pregnancy, changes in foot biomechanics affect structural stability and gait. (2) Objective: To map the available evidence for changes in foot biomechanics during pregnancy and the postpartum period. (3) Methods: Scoping review according to the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute through the relevant databases via EBSCO, MEDLINE with full text, BioOne Complete, CINAHL Plus with full text, Academic Search Complete, and SPORT Discus with full text. The search was conducted in SCOPUS and PubMed. (4) Results: Eight studies were included in the scoping review. Two independent reviewers performed data extraction and synthesized data in narrative form. We found that changes in the length and volume of the foot occur during pregnancy and remain in the postpartum period. (5) Conclusions: During pregnancy, anatomical and biomechanical changes occur in the pregnant woman's foot, potentially contributing to the risk of musculoskeletal disorders. However, more research is needed to determine whether these biomechanical changes can lead to the risk of musculoskeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Otília Brites Zangão
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre, Department of Nursing, Higher School of Nursing, University of Évora, 7000-811 Évora, Portugal;
| | - Ana Filipa Poeira
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre, Department of Nursing, Higher School of Nursing, University of Évora, 7000-811 Évora, Portugal;
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Saúde, Campus do IPS–Estefanilha, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Marco Branco
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Department of Physical Activity and Health, Santarem Polytechnic University, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (M.B.); (R.S.-R.)
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Santarem Polytechnic University, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Santos-Rocha
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Department of Physical Activity and Health, Santarem Polytechnic University, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (M.B.); (R.S.-R.)
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Santarem Polytechnic University, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Lisboa, Portugal
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Influence of pregnancy related anthropometric changes on plantar pressure distribution during gait—A follow-up study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264939. [PMID: 35275934 PMCID: PMC8916641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As foot constitutes the base of support for the whole body, the pregnancy-related anthropometric changes can result in adaptive plantar pressure alterations. The present study aimed to investigate how pregnancy affects foot loading pattern in gait, and if it is related to body adjustments to growing foetus that occur in the course of pregnancy. Methods A prospective longitudinal study included 30 women. Three experimental sessions in accordance with the same procedure were carried out in the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy. First, the anthropometric measures of the body mass and waist circumference were taken. Then walking trials at a self-selected speed along a ~6-m walkway were registered with the FreeMED force platform (Sensor Medica, Italy). Vertical foot pressure was recorded by the force plate located in the middle of the walkway. Findings The correlation of individual foot loading parameters across different trimesters was relatively high. Nevertheless, our results revealed a longitudinal foot arch flattening with the strongest effect in late pregnancy (P = 0.01). The anthropometric characteristics also influenced the foot loading pattern depending on the phase of pregnancy. In particular, arch flattening correlated with the body mass in all trimesters (r≥0.44, P≤0.006) while the medial-lateral loading index correlated only in the first (r = 0.45, P = 0.005) and second (r = 0.36, P = 0.03) trimesters. Waist circumference changes significantly influenced dynamic arch flattening but only in the late pregnancy (r≥0.46, P≤0.004). In the third trimester, a small though significant increase in the right foot angle was observed (P = 0.01). Interpretation The findings provided the characteristics of the relative foot areas loading throughout pregnancy. Growing abdominal size increases the risk of medial arch flattening, which can result in less stable gait. The observed increase in foot angle in late pregnancy may constitute a strategy to enhance gait stability.
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Assessment of postural sway with a pendant-mounted wearable sensor. Gait Posture 2022; 92:199-205. [PMID: 34864485 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body-worn inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors have been widely used in postural stability and balance studies because of their low cost and convenience. In most of these studies, a single IMU sensor is attached to a waist belt near the body's center of mass. Some populations such as pregnant women, however, may find a waist belt challenging in terms of fit and comfort. For this reason it may be useful to identify an alternative location for placement of an IMU and a more comfortable means for attaching the sensor to the body. Research question Does placing an IMU sensor in a pendant worn around the neck permit discrimination between conditions with varying postural stability? METHODS Twenty-six healthy participants performed three standing tasks (double-leg, tandem, and single-leg standing) under eyes-open and eyes-closed vision conditions to preliminarily assess the ability of the pendant sensor to discriminate between balance conditions. Discrimination based upon data from a belt-mounted IMU was assessed in the same trials. Differences in standard deviation of acceleration components, sway area, and jerkiness due to trial condition and sensor were evaluated using analysis of variance followed by post hoc comparisons. These data were also incorporated into receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to assess the effectiveness of each sensor at discriminating between conditions. RESULTS Stability was found to vary across conditions, but there was no interaction between stability and sensor location (all p ≥ 0.323). ROC curve analysis showed that sensors in both locations were good discriminators between conditions. Significance Placing an IMU in a pendant may be feasible for studying and monitoring postural instability. This approach may be especially valuable when considering populations for which wearing a belt is uncomfortable.
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Pauk J, Swinarska D, Daunoraviciene K. Mechanisms of Gait Adaptation in Overweight Pregnant Women. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2020; 110:444547. [PMID: 32997759 DOI: 10.7547/17-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy is a period when a woman's body undergoes changes. The purpose of this study was to analyze the mechanisms of gait adaptation in overweight pregnant women regarding spatiotemporal gait parameters, ground reaction forces, and plantar pressure distribution. METHODS The tests were performed in 29 normal-weight pregnant women and 26 pregnant women who were overweight before pregnancy. The measurements included spatiotemporal gait parameters, in-shoe plantar pressure distribution, and ground reaction forces during gestation. RESULTS The results indicate that both normal-weight and overweight pregnant women make use of the same spatiotemporal gait parameters to increase body stability and safety of movement during pregnancy. The double-step duration in the third trimester of pregnancy was higher in normal-weight and overweight pregnant women compared with in the first trimester (P < .05). A significant change in pressure amplitude was found under all anatomical parts of the foot in the third trimester (P < .05). The results also suggest a higher increase in the maximum amplitude of force in overweight pregnant women in the third trimester compared with the normal-weight group. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that both normal-weight and overweight pregnant women use different mechanisms of gait adaptation during pregnancy. In practice, understanding the biomechanical changes in women's gait can protect the musculoskeletal system during gestation.
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Special footwear designed for pregnant women and its effect on kinematic gait parameters during pregnancy and postpartum period. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232901. [PMID: 32396578 PMCID: PMC7217473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, an array of changes occurs in women body to enable the growth and development of the future baby and the consequent delivery. These changes are reflected in the range of motion of trunk, pelvis, lower limbs and other body segments, affect the locomotion and some of these changes may persist to the postpartum period. The aim of this study was to describe the changes affecting the gait during pregnancy and to determine the effect of tested footwear on kinematic gait characteristics during pregnancy as previous studies indicate that special orthopaedic insoles and footwear might be useful in prevention of the common musculoskeletal pain and discomfort related to pregnancy. Participants from the control group (n = 18), without any intervention, and the experimental group (n = 23), which was wearing the tested shoes, were measured at their 14, 28 and 37 gestational weeks and 28 weeks postpartum to capture the complete pregnancy-related changes in gait. The gait 3D kinematic data were obtained using Simi Motion System. The differences between the control and experimental group at the first data collection session in most of the analysed variables, as well as relatively high standard deviations of analysed variables indicate large individual differences in the gait pattern. The effect of tested footwear on kinematic gait pattern changes may be explained by its preventive effect against the foot arches falling. In the control group, changes associated previously with the foot arches falling and hindfoot hyperpronation were observed during advanced phases of pregnancy and postpartum, e.g. increase in knee flexion or increase in spinal curvature. For the comprehensive evaluation of the tested footwear on pregnancy gait pattern, future studies combining the kinematic and dynamic plantographic methods are needed.
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Forczek W, Ivanenko Y, Salamaga M, Sylos-Labini F, Frączek B, Masłoń A, Curyło M, Suder A. Pelvic movements during walking throughout gestation - the relationship between morphology and kinematic parameters. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2020; 71:146-151. [PMID: 31743885 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many researchers emphasize adaptations following pregnancy. Our purpose was to get more insight into how morphology interacts with the pelvic walking pattern - the segment most prone to the adaptation following altered body demands. METHODS Thirty women were enrolled. Three experimental sessions were arranged according to the same protocol in the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy. First, the anthropometric measures were taken, then walking trials at a self-selected speed were registered. At the end of the experimental session the subjects were asked to fill out a questionnaire on pain. FINDINGS The sagittal plane pelvic range of motion (RoM) significantly increased throughout pregnancy. There were significant positive correlations between pelvic anthropometric dimensions and pelvic tilt and rotation primarily in the third trimester of pregnancy. Significant positive correlations were found between pelvic RoM and thigh circumference. Indicators associated with body mass increase were positively correlated with pelvic obliquity in the second trimester and pelvic tilt and rotation in late pregnancy. It is also worth noting that the individual differences were not related to back pain and that the reported correlations were observed in some but not in all trimesters. INTERPRETATION Morphological changes following the fetus growth induced increased pelvic tilt and rotation, however, pelvis movements were not associated with back pain. Overall, the results highlight correlations between morphology and pelvis kinematic patterns in some but not in all trimesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Forczek
- Section of Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Y Ivanenko
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - M Salamaga
- Department of Statistics, Cracow University of Economics, Krakow, Poland
| | - F Sylos-Labini
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Center of Space BioMedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - B Frączek
- Section of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Masłoń
- Section of Rehabilitation in Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical Rehabilitation and Laboratory of Pathology of the Musculoskeletal System, Faculty of Motor Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
| | - M Curyło
- Section of Rehabilitation in Internal Diseases, Department of Clinical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Motor Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Suder
- Section of Anatomy, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Motor Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
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Christensen L, Veierød MB, Vøllestad NK, Jakobsen VE, Stuge B, Cabri J, Robinson HS. Kinematic and spatiotemporal gait characteristics in pregnant women with pelvic girdle pain, asymptomatic pregnant and non-pregnant women. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2019; 68:45-52. [PMID: 31158589 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Walking difficulties are common among pregnant women with pelvic girdle pain. This cross-sectional study investigated the influence of pelvic girdle pain, pregnancy and speed on spatiotemporal and trunk, pelvic and hip kinematics during gait in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy. METHODS Three-dimensional gait analysis at self-selected speed was performed in 25 pregnant women with pelvic girdle pain, 24 asymptomatic pregnant and 24 non-pregnant women. Linear mixed models were used to investigate between-group differences in gait variables. Adjustment for gait speed was included in the analysis. Correlations between speed and fear of movement, disability and pain were examined using Spearman correlation coefficient (rs). FINDINGS Pregnant women with pelvic girdle pain walked 18% slower (estimated marginal means (95% confidence intervals) 1.18 (1.22, 1.24) meter/s) compared to asymptomatic pregnant women (1.44 (1.38, 1.50) meter/s) (P < 0.001). Moreover, with longer double limb support (5%, P = 0.04), shorter contralateral step length (3%, P = 0.03) and more restricted pelvic and hip kinematics (0.001 ≤ P ≤ 0.01) adjusted for speed. Only stance, double limb support and thoracic rotation (0.001 ≤ P ≤ 0.04) differed between asymptomatic pregnant and non-pregnant women. Speed was negatively correlated with fear of movement (rs = -0.63, P = 0.01) and disability (rs = -0.46, P = 0.03) in the pelvic girdle pain group. INTERPRETATION Gait is primarily influenced by pelvic girdle pain and less by pregnancy. Pregnant women with pelvic girdle pain walked slower and with a more rigid gait pattern compared to asymptomatic pregnant women, presumably related to altered load transfer. Our results may assist clinical evaluation of pelvic girdle pain, as well as direct future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Christensen
- Dept. of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1089, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Marit B Veierød
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Dept. of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1122, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Nina K Vøllestad
- Dept. of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1089, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Vidar E Jakobsen
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, P. O. Box 4014, Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Britt Stuge
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, P. O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jan Cabri
- Dept. of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, P. O. Box 4014, Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hilde Stendal Robinson
- Dept. of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1089, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
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Forczek W, Ivanenko Y, Curyło M, Frączek B, Masłoń A, Salamaga M, Suder A. Progressive changes in walking kinematics throughout pregnancy-A follow up study. Gait Posture 2019; 68:518-524. [PMID: 30623846 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progressive weight gain and changes in its distribution following pregnancy may be challenging for the gravidas' ability to move in a stable way. RESEARCH QUESTION How is gait kinematics changing throughout pregnancy and to what extend is it affected by physical activity level and energy balance? METHODS 30 women were enrolled. Three experimental sessions were arranged according to the same protocol in the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Walking kinematics at a self-selected speed was registered. The total physical activity (TPA) was assessed from the subjects' questionnaires. Energy balance ('positive', 'balanced' or 'negative') was estimated as the difference between dietary energy intake and energy expenditure during 7 days. RESULTS No significant differences were found in the spatiotemporal variables between experimental sessions. However, the gait analysis revealed significant increments in the single support and base of support (BoS) measures. Generally, the sagittal plane mobility of the lower limb joints did not differ, however, the pelvic tilt increased in late pregnancy. The hip and pelvis angles were significantly different over the gait cycle throughout gestation. The 'balanced' energy was dominant in the first trimester although the relative number of participants with negative balance increased over pregnancy. Overall, gait parameters were independent of the energy balance. However, significant correlation was found between gait parameters, such as BoS, velocity, stride length, and TPA in the advanced pregnancy. SIGNIFICANCE The longitudinal assessment of walking kinematics demonstrates few changes adopted to accommodate for pregnancy. The enlargement of BoS is considered as a strategy to provide safety and stability. The increased pelvic tilt is likely to compensate for changes in the body mass distribution. The physical activity correlates with the BoS measures and stride length and thus may be important for enhancing gait stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Forczek
- Section of Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Y Ivanenko
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
| | - M Curyło
- Section of Rehabilitation in Internal Diseases, Department of Clinical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Motor Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland.
| | - B Frączek
- Section of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland.
| | - A Masłoń
- Section of Rehabilitation in Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical Rehabilitation and Laboratory of Pathology of the Musculoskeletal System, Faculty of Motor Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland.
| | - M Salamaga
- Department of Statistics, Cracow University of Economics, Krakow, Poland.
| | - A Suder
- Section of Anatomy, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Motor Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland.
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Does the first trimester of pregnancy induce alterations in the walking pattern? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209766. [PMID: 30650108 PMCID: PMC6334989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction From among many studies observing the walking pattern throughout pregnancy, only two items monitor the influence of pregnancy on the movement system during gait considering the period before gestation. Research question Does the women’s gait pattern at the end of the first trimester undergo changes in comparison to body movement pattern before pregnancy? Methods All subjects who met the inclusion criteria gave signed and informed consent before the study. Two experimental sessions were arranged according to the same protocol: (P0) before pregnancy and (P1) at the end of the first trimester of pregnancy (12th week of gestation). At first the anthropometric measures were taken. Then, walking trials at a self-selected speed along a walkway were registered with Vicon 250 (Oxford Metrics Ltd.; Oxford, UK) and FreeMED force platform (Sensor Medica, Italy). Results An analysis of anthropometric parameters in 12th pregnancy week demonstrated significant changes in mean values of waist circumference and waist to hip ratio as well as waist to height ratio indexes compared to the results before pregnancy. No significant differences were found in the basic kinematic gait parameters between experimental conditions. Significant increase of mean inter—ankle distance during double support phase occurred during the first trimester of pregnancy. Also, the ratio of the ankle separation width to the pelvic width was noticeably higher in gestation. Then, angular changes of the pelvis in coronal and transverse planes throughout gait cycle during pregnancy demonstrated significant differences compared to those measured before pregnancy. At the same time in the first trimester of pregnancy no adaptive changes in the pattern of feet loading take place. Significance Since our study is of longitudinal character, in the course of pregnancy we expect compensatory mechanisms more clearly demonstrated. Therefore, we hope to identify a strategy of the gravid body progression in space.
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