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Butowicz CM, Golyski PR, Acasio JC, Hendershot BD. Comparing spinal loads in individuals with unilateral transtibial amputation with and without chronic low back pain: An EMG-informed approach. J Biomech 2024; 166:111966. [PMID: 38373872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.111966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Chronic low back pain (cLBP) is highly prevalent after lower limb amputation (LLA), likely due in part to biomechanical factors. Here, three-dimensional full-body kinematics and kinetics during level-ground walking, at a self-selected and three controlled speeds (1.0, 1.3, and 1.6 m/s), were collected from twenty-one persons with unilateral transtibial LLA, with (n = 9) and without cLBP (n = 12). Peak compressive, mediolateral, and anteroposterior L5-S1 spinal loads were estimated from a full-body, transtibial amputation-specific OpenSim model and compared between groups. Predicted lumbar joint torques from muscle activations were compared to inverse dynamics and predicted and measured electromyographic muscle activations were compared for model evaluation and verification. There were no group differences in compressive or anterior shear forces (p > 0.466). During intact stance, peak ipsilateral loads increased with speed to a greater extent in the cLBP group vs. no cLBP group (p=0.023), while during prosthetic stance, peak contralateral loads were larger in the no cLBP group (p=0.047) and increased to a greater extent with walking speed compared to the cLBP group (p=0.008). During intact stance, intact side external obliques had higher activations in the no cLBP group (p=0.039), and internal obliques had higher activations in the cLBP group at faster walking speeds compared to the no cLBP group. Predicted muscle activations demonstrated similar activation patterns to electromyographic-measured activations (r = 0.56-0.96), and error between inverse dynamics and simulated spinal moments was low (0.08 Nm RMS error). Persons with transtibial LLA and cLBP may adopt movement strategies during walking to reduce mediolateral shear forces at the L5-S1 joint, particularly as walking speed increases. However, future work is needed to understand the time course from pain onset to chronification and the cumulative influence of increased spinal loads over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Butowicz
- Research & Surveillance Section, Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, Falls Church, VA 22042, United States; Department of Rehabilitation, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20889, United States; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
| | - Pawel R Golyski
- Research & Surveillance Section, Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, Falls Church, VA 22042, United States; Department of Rehabilitation, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20889, United States
| | - Julian C Acasio
- Research & Surveillance Section, Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, Falls Church, VA 22042, United States; Department of Rehabilitation, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20889, United States
| | - Brad D Hendershot
- Research & Surveillance Section, Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, Falls Church, VA 22042, United States; Department of Rehabilitation, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20889, United States; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
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Taylor EW, Ugbolue UC, Gao Y, Gu Y, Baker JS, Dutheil F. Erector Spinae Muscle Activation During Forward Movement in Individuals With or Without Chronic Lower Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl 2023; 5:100280. [PMID: 37744192 PMCID: PMC10517367 DOI: 10.1016/j.arrct.2023.100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the differences between erector spinae muscle activation in healthy individuals and patients with Chronic Lower Back Pain (CLBP) by conducting (a) systematic review and (b) meta-analysis. Data Sources PubMed, ScienceDirect, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar were used to conduct the searches, which included studies up to the 31st of March 2023 with no start date specified. Study Selection Any study otherwise meeting eligibility criteria was included if it reported either (1) a standard mean difference effect size; or (2) the means, SDs, and sample sizes for both the patient group and the comparator group. Data Extraction A total of 7 case control trials were used for the systematic review and meta-analysis. Data Synthesis The systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that total standardized mean difference in erector spinae muscle activation between healthy individuals vs patients with CLBP expressed in % maximum voluntary isometric contraction was 0.48 (95% confidence interval=0.21-0.74; P<.001) with the heterogeneity being I2=0% (P=.890). The electromyography (EMG) outputs showed significant differences in activation levels between the healthy and CLBP cohorts (P<.001). Conclusions A small effect size was found in the meta-analysis. The muscle activation levels of the erector spinae during forward propulsion were higher in CLBP individuals compared with healthy cohorts. The findings provide more clarity about the muscles that were the focus of previous research, what procedures were used to evaluate muscular contributions and what speeds the participants were moving at during the test sessions. Given the limited methodological quality of the included studies, the findings should be interpreted with caution. Future research should evaluate the effect of other factors such as walking distance and any changes in walking surfaces and gradients (ie, non-flat surfaces).
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan W. Taylor
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, South Lanarkshire, United Kingdom
| | - U. Chris Ugbolue
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, South Lanarkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Gao
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Preventive and Occupational Medicine, WittyFit, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Exercise Therapy in Nonspecific Low Back Pain among Individuals with Lower-Limb Amputation: A Systematic Review. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030772. [PMID: 36983927 PMCID: PMC10059211 DOI: 10.3390/life13030772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Low back pain is very common condition that often becomes a long-lasting problem in prostheses users after lower limb amputation. The presented study aims to decide the potential benefits of exercise therapy on low back pain among lower limb amputees by using a systematic review. The PICO technique was used to answer the primary issue of this review: Does exercise treatment lessen the prevalence of low back pain in the population of lower limb amputees? Systematic review was conducted in the following databases: Medline-PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies up to September 2010 published in English are included. Aim, target population, development and execution strategies, and treatment suggestions were among the data gathered. The primary outcomes of interest were exercise interventions as a therapy for low back pain but only two articles met including criteria. The search was broadened and 21 studies describing biomechanical changes in gait and pelvic-spine posture were analysed. This review indicates that movement therapy is a potential treatment strategy in low back pain among amputees. The major limitation of the study is the very heterogenous group of subjects in terms of amputation level, baseline activity level and comorbidities. We used a procedure that was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022345556) to perform this systematic review of systematic reviews. There is a necessity of good quality research for concluding a consensus of exercise intervention.
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Lee SP, Farrokhi S, Kent JA, Ciccotelli J, Chien LC, Smith JA. Comparison of clinical and biomechanical characteristics between individuals with lower limb amputation with and without lower back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2023; 101:105860. [PMID: 36549051 PMCID: PMC9892268 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2022.105860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower back pain is a debilitating condition common to individuals with lower limb amputation. It is unclear what risk factors contribute to the development of back pain. This study systematically reviewed and analyzed the available evidence regarding the clinical and biomechanical differences between individuals with amputation, with and without lower back pain. METHODS A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and CINAHL databases in November 2020 and repeated in June 2021 and June 2022. Studies were included if they reported comparisons of demographic, anthropometric, biomechanical, and other clinical variables between participants with and without LBP. Study quality and potential for reporting bias were assessed. Meta-analyses were conducted to compare the two groups. FINDINGS Thirteen studies were included, with aggregated data from 436 participants (239 with LBP; 197 pain free). The median reporting quality score was 37.5%. The included studies enrolled participants who were predominantly male (mean = 91.4%, range = 77.8-100%) and with trauma-related amputation. Meta-analyses showed that individuals with LBP exhibited moderate (3.4 out of 10) but significantly greater pain than those without LBP. We found no between-group differences in age, height, weight, BMI, and time since amputation (p = 0.121-0.682). No significant differences in trunk/pelvic kinematics during gait were detected (p = 0.07-0.446) between the groups. INTERPRETATION Demographic, anthropometric, biomechanical, and simple clinical outcome variables may be insufficient for differentiating the risk of developing back pain after amputation. Investigators should be aware of the existing gender bias in sampling and methodological limitations, as well as to consider incorporating psychosocial measures when studying LBP in this clinical population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Ping Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
| | - Shawn Farrokhi
- Research and Surveillance Division, DoD-VA Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence (EACE), San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Chiropractic Services and Sports Medicine, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jenny A Kent
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Jason Ciccotelli
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Lung-Chang Chien
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Jo Armour Smith
- Department of Physical Therapy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
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Butowicz CM, Yoder AJ, Farrokhi S, Mazzone B, Hendershot BD. Low back pain influences trunk-lower limb joint coordination and balance control during standing in persons with lower limb loss. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2022; 92:105580. [PMID: 35124535 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2022.105580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Balance is sustained through multi-joint coordination in response to postural perturbations. Low back pain alters postural responses; however, it is unknown how coordination between the trunk and lower extremities affects center of mass control during standing balance among persons with limb loss, particularly those with back pain. METHODS Forty participants with unilateral lower limb loss (23 with back pain) stood with eyes open and closed on a firm surface, while wearing IMUs on the sternum, pelvis, and bilaterally on the thigh, shank, and foot. A state-space model with Kalman filter calculated sagittal trunk, hip, knee, and ankle joint angles. Fuzzy entropy quantified center of mass variability of sagittal angular velocity at the sacrum. Normalized cross-correlation functions identified coordination patterns (trunk-hip, trunk-knee, trunk-ankle). Multiple linear regression predicted fuzzy entropy from cross-correlation values for each pattern, with body mass and amputation level as covariates. FINDINGS With eyes open, trunk-lower limb joint coordination on either limb did not predict fuzzy entropy. With eyes closed, positive trunk-hip coordination on the intact limb predicted fuzzy entropy in the pain group (p = 0.02), but not the no pain group. On the prosthetic side, inverse trunk-hip coordination patterns predicted fuzzy entropy in pain group (p = 0.03) only. INTERPRETATION Persons with limb loss and back pain demonstrated opposing coordination strategies between the lower limbs and trunk when vision was removed, perhaps identifying a mechanism for pain recurrence. Vision is the dominant source of balance stabilization in this population, which may increase fall risk when visual feedback is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Butowicz
- Research & Surveillance Division, DoD-VA Extremity Trauma & Amputation Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Adam J Yoder
- Research & Surveillance Division, DoD-VA Extremity Trauma & Amputation Center of Excellence, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shawn Farrokhi
- Research & Surveillance Division, DoD-VA Extremity Trauma & Amputation Center of Excellence, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brittney Mazzone
- Research & Surveillance Division, DoD-VA Extremity Trauma & Amputation Center of Excellence, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brad D Hendershot
- Research & Surveillance Division, DoD-VA Extremity Trauma & Amputation Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Acasio JC, Nussbaum MA, Hendershot BD. Trunk-pelvic coordination during unstable sitting with varying task demand: A methodological study. J Biomech 2021; 118:110299. [PMID: 33581439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Unstable sitting is used commonly to evaluate trunk postural control (TPC), typically via measures based on center-of-pressure (CoP) time series. However, these measures do not directly reflect underlying control/movement strategies. We quantified trunk-pelvis coordination during unstable sitting using vector coding (VC) and correlated such coordination with CoP-based outcomes across varying task demands. Thirteen uninjured individuals (11 male/2 female) sat on an unstable chair at four instability levels, in a random order, defined relative to the individual gravitational gradient (∇G): 100, 75, 60, and 45%∇G. VC assessed trunk-pelvic coordination, and coupling angles classified movements as: 1) anti-phase, 2) in-phase, 3) trunk-phase, or 4) pelvic-phase. With decreasing %∇G (i.e., increasing instability), we found: increased anti-phase movement in the sagittal and frontal planes; decreased in-phase movement in the sagittal and frontal planes; and increased in-phase and pelvic-phase movement in the transverse plane. In the sagittal and frontal planes, we observed significant weak-to-moderate correlations between anti-phase and in-phase movements (0.288 < |ρ| < 0.549). Correlations between CoP-based measures and pelvic-phase and trunk-phase movements were typically weak and/or non-significant (|ρ| < 0.318). VC techniques discriminated between levels of instability during unstable sitting, identifying in-phase coordination (stiffening strategy) at lower instability levels and anti-phase coordination at higher instability levels. Compared to CoP-based measures, trunk coordination outcomes during unstable sitting provide measures of TPC that more directly quantify underlying movement strategies. These results can also serve as a baseline for future work investigating populations with impaired TPC (e.g., individuals with low back pain or limb loss).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian C Acasio
- Research & Development Section, Department of Rehabilitation, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maury A Nussbaum
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Brad D Hendershot
- Research & Development Section, Department of Rehabilitation, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA; Research & Surveillance Division, DoD-VA Extremity Trauma & Amputation Center of Excellence, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Viggiani D, Mannen EM, Nelson-Wong E, Wong A, Ghiselli G, Shelburne KB, Davidson BS, Callaghan JP. Lumbar Intervertebral Kinematics During an Unstable Sitting Task and Its Association With Standing-Induced Low Back Pain. J Appl Biomech 2020; 36:423-435. [PMID: 32971516 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2019-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
People developing transient low back pain during standing have altered control of their spine and hips during standing tasks, but the transfer of these responses to other tasks has not been assessed. This study used video fluoroscopy to assess lumbar spine intervertebral kinematics of people who do and do not develop standing-induced low back pain during a seated chair-tilting task. A total of 9 females and 8 males were categorized as pain developers (5 females and 3 males) or nonpain developers (4 females and 5 males) using a 2-hour standing exposure; pain developers reported transient low back pain and nonpain developers did not. Participants were imaged with sagittal plane fluoroscopy at 25 Hz while cyclically tilting their pelvises anteriorly and posteriorly on an unstable chair. Intervertebral angles, relative contributions, and anterior-posterior translations were measured for the L3/L4, L4/L5, and L5/S1 joints and compared between sexes, pain groups, joints, and tilting directions. Female pain developers experienced more extension in their L5/S1 joints in both tilting directions compared with female nonpain developers, a finding not present in males. The specificity in intervertebral kinematics to sex-pain group combinations suggests that these subgroups of pain developers and nonpain developers may implement different control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin M Mannen
- University of Denver
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
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