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Takagi W, Sugahara F, Higuchi S, Kusakabe R, Pascual-Anaya J, Sato I, Oisi Y, Ogawa N, Miyanishi H, Adachi N, Hyodo S, Kuratani S. Thyroid and endostyle development in cyclostomes provides new insights into the evolutionary history of vertebrates. BMC Biol 2022; 20:76. [PMID: 35361194 PMCID: PMC8973611 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The endostyle is an epithelial exocrine gland found in non-vertebrate chordates (amphioxi and tunicates) and the larvae of modern lampreys. It is generally considered to be an evolutionary precursor of the thyroid gland of vertebrates. Transformation of the endostyle into the thyroid gland during the metamorphosis of lampreys is thus deemed to be a recapitulation of a past event in vertebrate evolution. In 1906, Stockard reported that the thyroid gland in hagfish, the sister cyclostome group of lampreys, develops through an endostyle-like primordium, strongly supporting the plesiomorphy of the lamprey endostyle. However, the findings in hagfish thyroid development were solely based on this single study, and these have not been confirmed by modern molecular, genetic, and morphological data pertaining to hagfish thyroid development over the last century. Results Here, we showed that the thyroid gland of hagfish undergoes direct development from the ventrorostral pharyngeal endoderm, where the previously described endostyle-like primordium was not found. The developmental pattern of the hagfish thyroid, including histological features and regulatory gene expression profiles, closely resembles that found in modern jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes). Meanwhile, as opposed to gnathostomes but similar to non-vertebrate chordates, lamprey and hagfish share a broad expression domain of Nkx2-1/2-4, a key regulatory gene, in the pharyngeal epithelium during early developmental stages. Conclusions Based on the direct development of the thyroid gland both in hagfish and gnathostomes, and the shared expression profile of thyroid-related transcription factors in the cyclostomes, we challenge the plesiomorphic status of the lamprey endostyle and propose an alternative hypothesis where the lamprey endostyle could be obtained secondarily in crown lampreys. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01282-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Takagi
- Laboratory of Physiology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8564, Japan. .,Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Fumiaki Sugahara
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Division of Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Higuchi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.,Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Rie Kusakabe
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Juan Pascual-Anaya
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Present Address: Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Present Address: Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Málaga, Spain
| | - Iori Sato
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Oisi
- Laboratory for Haptic Perception and Cognitive Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ogawa
- Laboratory Research Support Section, Center for Cooperative Research Promotion, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8564, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyanishi
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Noritaka Adachi
- Aix-Marseille Université, IBDM, CNRS UMR 7288, Marseille, France.,Present address: Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Susumu Hyodo
- Laboratory of Physiology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8564, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan. .,Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
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Sugahara F, Murakami Y, Pascual-Anaya J, Kuratani S. Forebrain Architecture and Development in Cyclostomes, with Reference to the Early Morphology and Evolution of the Vertebrate Head. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2021; 96:305-317. [PMID: 34537767 DOI: 10.1159/000519026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate head and brain are characterized by highly complex morphological patterns. The forebrain, the most anterior division of the brain, is subdivided into the diencephalon, hypothalamus, and telencephalon from the neuromeric subdivision into prosomeres. Importantly, the telencephalon contains the cerebral cortex, which plays a key role in higher order cognitive functions in humans. To elucidate the evolution of the forebrain regionalization, comparative analyses of the brain development between extant jawed and jawless vertebrates are crucial. Cyclostomes - lampreys and hagfishes - are the only extant jawless vertebrates, and diverged from jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) over 500 million years ago. Previous developmental studies on the cyclostome brain were conducted mainly in lampreys because hagfish embryos were rarely available. Although still scarce, the recent availability of hagfish embryos has propelled comparative studies of brain development and gene expression. By integrating findings with those of cyclostomes and fossil jawless vertebrates, we can depict the morphology, developmental mechanism, and even the evolutionary path of the brain of the last common ancestor of vertebrates. In this review, we summarize the development of the forebrain in cyclostomes and suggest what evolutionary changes each cyclostome lineage underwent during brain evolution. In addition, together with recent advances in the head morphology in fossil vertebrates revealed by CT scanning technology, we discuss how the evolution of craniofacial morphology and the changes of the developmental mechanism of the forebrain towards crown gnathostomes are causally related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Sugahara
- Division of Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan.,Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasunori Murakami
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Juan Pascual-Anaya
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Kobe, Japan.,Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Málaga, Spain
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Kobe, Japan.,Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Japan
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3
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Ren Q, Zhong Y, Huang X, Leung B, Xing C, Wang H, Hu G, Wang Y, Shimeld SM, Li G. Step-wise evolution of neural patterning by Hedgehog signalling in chordates. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1247-1255. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Phylogenetic Reclassification of Vertebrate Melatonin Receptors To Include Mel1d. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:3225-3238. [PMID: 31416806 PMCID: PMC6778780 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The circadian and seasonal actions of melatonin are mediated by high affinity G-protein coupled receptors (melatonin receptors, MTRs), classified into phylogenetically distinct subtypes based on sequence divergence and pharmacological characteristics. Three vertebrate MTR subtypes are currently described: MT1 (MTNR1A), MT2 (MTNR1B), and Mel1c (MTNR1C / GPR50), which exhibit distinct affinities, tissue distributions and signaling properties. We present phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses supporting a revised classification of the vertebrate MTR family. We demonstrate four ancestral vertebrate MTRs, including a novel molecule hereafter named Mel1d. We reconstructed the evolution of each vertebrate MTR, detailing genetic losses in addition to gains resulting from whole genome duplication events in teleost fishes. We show that Mel1d was lost separately in mammals and birds and has been previously mistaken for an MT1 paralogue. The genetic and functional diversity of vertebrate MTRs is more complex than appreciated, with implications for our understanding of melatonin actions in different taxa. The significance of our findings, including the existence of Mel1d, are discussed in an evolutionary and functional context accommodating a robust phylogenetic assignment of MTR gene family structure.
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5
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Wang S, Yang Q, Wang Z, Feng S, Li H, Ji D, Zhang S. Evolutionary and Expression Analyses Show Co-option of khdrbs Genes for Origin of Vertebrate Brain. Front Genet 2018; 8:225. [PMID: 29354154 PMCID: PMC5758493 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes generated by whole genome duplications (WGD) can be co-opted by changing their regulation process or altering their coding proteins, which has been shown contributable to the emergence of vertebrate morphological novelties such as vertebrate cartilage. Mouse khdrbs genes, differing from its invertebrate orthologs, were mainly expressed in brain, hinting that khdrbs gene family as a member of genetic toolkit may be linked to vertebrate brain development. However, the evolutionary relationship between khdrbs gene family and vertebrate brain development is unclear. First, we analyzed the evolutionary history of khdrbs gene family in metazoans, and then investigated their expression patterns during early development and in adulthood of zebrafish. We found that the duplication of khdrbs gene family by WGD took place in zebrafish, and all zebrafish khdrbs genes were predominantly expressed in the substructures of brain during early development. Given the expression of invertebrate khdrbs gene in germ line, the distinct expression domains of zebrafish khdrbs genes in brain suggested that the duplicated khdrbs genes are co-opted for promoting the evolutionary origin of vertebrate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Wang
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingyun Yang
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ziyue Wang
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuoqi Feng
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Dongrui Ji
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shicui Zhang
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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6
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Laclef C, Métin C. Conserved rules in embryonic development of cortical interneurons. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 76:86-100. [PMID: 28918121 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review will focus on early aspects of cortical interneurons (cIN) development from specification to migration and final positioning in the human cerebral cortex. These mechanisms have been largely studied in the mouse model, which provides unique possibilities of genetic analysis, essential to dissect the molecular and cellular events involved in cortical development. An important goal here is to discuss the conservation and the potential divergence of these mechanisms, with a particular interest for the situation in the human embryo. We will thus cover recent works, but also revisit older studies in the light of recent data to better understand the developmental mechanisms underlying cIN differentiation in human. Because cIN are implicated in severe developmental disorders, understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling their differentiation might clarify some causes and potential therapeutic approaches to these important clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Laclef
- INSERM, UMR-S839, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 6, UMR-S839, Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Christine Métin
- INSERM, UMR-S839, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 6, UMR-S839, Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.
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7
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Bayramov AV, Ermakova GV, Eroshkin FM, Kucheryavyy AV, Martynova NY, Zaraisky AG. Presence of homeobox gene of Anf class in Pacific lamprey Lethenteron camtschaticum confirms the hypothesis about the importance of emergence of Anf genes for the origin of telencephalon in vertebrate evolution. Russ J Dev Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360417040026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Sugahara F, Murakami Y, Pascual-Anaya J, Kuratani S. Reconstructing the ancestral vertebrate brain. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:163-174. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Sugahara
- Division of Biology; Hyogo College of Medicine; Nishinomiya 663-8501 Japan
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory; RIKEN; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Yasunori Murakami
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Ehime University; Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
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9
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10
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Sugahara F, Pascual-Anaya J, Oisi Y, Kuraku S, Aota SI, Adachi N, Takagi W, Hirai T, Sato N, Murakami Y, Kuratani S. Evidence from cyclostomes for complex regionalization of the ancestral vertebrate brain. Nature 2016; 531:97-100. [PMID: 26878236 DOI: 10.1038/nature16518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate brain is highly complex, but its evolutionary origin remains elusive. Because of the absence of certain developmental domains generally marked by the expression of regulatory genes, the embryonic brain of the lamprey, a jawless vertebrate, had been regarded as representing a less complex, ancestral state of the vertebrate brain. Specifically, the absence of a Hedgehog- and Nkx2.1-positive domain in the lamprey subpallium was thought to be similar to mouse mutants in which the suppression of Nkx2-1 leads to a loss of the medial ganglionic eminence. Here we show that the brain of the inshore hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri), another cyclostome group, develops domains equivalent to the medial ganglionic eminence and rhombic lip, resembling the gnathostome brain. Moreover, further investigation of lamprey larvae revealed that these domains are also present, ruling out the possibility of convergent evolution between hagfish and gnathostomes. Thus, brain regionalization as seen in crown gnathostomes is not an evolutionary innovation of this group, but dates back to the latest vertebrate ancestor before the divergence of cyclostomes and gnathostomes more than 500 million years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Sugahara
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Division of Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Oisi
- Development and Function of Inhibitory Neural Circuits, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Shigehiro Kuraku
- Phyloinformatics Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Aota
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Noritaka Adachi
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Wataru Takagi
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tamami Hirai
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Noboru Sato
- Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 950-8510, Japan
| | - Yasunori Murakami
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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11
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The Conservative Evolution of the Vertebrate Basal Ganglia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802206-1.00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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12
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Ziermann JM, Miyashita T, Diogo R. Cephalic muscles of Cyclostomes (hagfishes and lampreys) and Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays and holocephalans): comparative anatomy and early evolution of the vertebrate head muscles. Zool J Linn Soc 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janine M. Ziermann
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC 20059 USA
| | - Tetsuto Miyashita
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6E 2N4 Canada
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC 20059 USA
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Suárez R, Gobius I, Richards LJ. Evolution and development of interhemispheric connections in the vertebrate forebrain. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:497. [PMID: 25071525 PMCID: PMC4094842 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal connections between the left and right sides of the brain are crucial for bilateral integration of lateralized sensory, motor, and associative functions. Throughout vertebrate species, forebrain commissures share a conserved developmental plan, a similar position relative to each other within the brain and similar patterns of connectivity. However, major events in the evolution of the vertebrate brain, such as the expansion of the telencephalon in tetrapods and the origin of the six-layered isocortex in mammals, resulted in the emergence and diversification of new commissural routes. These new interhemispheric connections include the pallial commissure, which appeared in the ancestors of tetrapods and connects the left and right sides of the medial pallium (hippocampus in mammals), and the corpus callosum, which is exclusive to eutherian (placental) mammals and connects both isocortical hemispheres. A comparative analysis of commissural systems in vertebrates reveals that the emergence of new commissural routes may have involved co-option of developmental mechanisms and anatomical substrates of preexistent commissural pathways. One of the embryonic regions of interest for studying these processes is the commissural plate, a portion of the early telencephalic midline that provides molecular specification and a cellular scaffold for the development of commissural axons. Further investigations into these embryonic processes in carefully selected species will provide insights not only into the mechanisms driving commissural evolution, but also regarding more general biological problems such as the role of developmental plasticity in evolutionary change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Suárez
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ilan Gobius
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Linda J. Richards
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
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Finger TE, Yamamoto N, Karten HJ, Hof PR. Evolution of the forebrain - revisiting the pallium. J Comp Neurol 2014; 521:3601-3. [PMID: 23893869 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Medina L, Abellán A, Vicario A, Desfilis E. Evolutionary and developmental contributions for understanding the organization of the basal ganglia. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2014; 83:112-25. [PMID: 24776992 DOI: 10.1159/000357832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein we take advantage of the evolutionary developmental biology approach in order to improve our understanding of both the functional organization and the evolution of the basal ganglia, with a particular focus on the globus pallidus. Therefore, we review data on the expression of developmental regulatory genes (that play key roles in patterning, regional specification and/or morphogenesis), gene function and fate mapping available in different vertebrate species, which are useful to (a) understand the embryonic origin and basic features of each neuron subtype of the basal ganglia (including neurotransmitter/neuropeptide expression and connectivity patterns); (b) identify the same (homologous) subpopulations in different species and the degree of variation or conservation throughout phylogeny, and (c) identify possible mechanisms that may explain the evolution of the basal ganglia. These data show that the globus pallidus of rodents contains two major subpopulations of GABAergic projection neurons: (1) neurons containing parvalbumin and neurotensin-related hexapetide (LANT6), with descending projections to the subthalamus and substantia nigra, which originate from progenitors expressing Nkx2.1, primarily located in the pallidal embryonic domain (medial ganglionic eminence), and (2) neurons containing preproenkephalin (and possibly calbindin), with ascending projections to the striatum, which appear to originate from progenitors expressing Islet1 in the striatal embryonic domain (lateral ganglionic eminence). Based on data on Nkx2.1, Islet1, LANT6 and proenkephalin, it appears that both cell types are also present in the globus pallidus/dorsal pallidum of chicken, frog and lungfish. In chicken, the globus pallidus also contains neurons expressing substance P (SP), perhaps originating in the striatal embryonic domain. In ray-finned and cartilaginous fishes, the pallidum contains at least the Nkx2.1 lineage cell population (likely representing the neurons containing LANT6). Based on the presence of neurons containing enkephalin or SP, it is possible that the pallidum of these animals also includes the Islet1 lineage cell subpopulation, and both neuron subtypes were likely present in the pallidum of the first jawed vertebrates. In contrast, lampreys (jawless fishes) appear to lack the pallidal embryonic domain and the Nkx2.1 lineage cell population that mainly characterize the pallidum in jawed vertebrates. In the absence of data in other jawless fishes, the ancestral condition in vertebrates remains to be elucidated. Perhaps, a major event in telencephalic evolution was the novel expression of Nkx2.1 in the subpallium, which has been related to Hedgehog expression and changes in the regulatory region of Nkx2.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreta Medina
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Evolution, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Institute of Biomedical Research of Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
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16
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Suzuki IK, Hirata T. A common developmental plan for neocortical gene-expressing neurons in the pallium of the domestic chicken Gallus gallus domesticus and the Chinese softshell turtle Pelodiscus sinensis. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:20. [PMID: 24778607 PMCID: PMC3985024 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The six-layered neocortex is a unique characteristic of mammals and likely provides the neural basis of their sophisticated cognitive abilities. Although all mammalian species share the layered structure of the neocortex, the sauropsids exhibit an entirely different cytoarchitecture of the corresponding pallial region. Our previous gene expression study revealed that the chicken pallium possesses neural subtypes that express orthologs of layer-specific genes of the mammalian neocortex. To understand the evolutionary steps leading toward animal group-specific neuronal arrangements in the pallium in the course of amniote diversification, we examined expression patterns of the same orthologs and a few additional genes in the pallial development of the Chinese softshell turtle Pelodiscus sinensis, and compared these patterns to those of the chicken. Our analyses highlighted similarities in neuronal arrangements between the two species; the mammalian layer 5 marker orthologs are expressed in the medial domain and the layer 2/3 marker orthologs are expressed in the lateral domain in the pallia of both species. We hypothesize that the mediolateral arrangement of the neocortical layer-specific gene-expressing neurons originated in their common ancestor and is conserved among all sauropsid groups, whereas the neuronal arrangement within the pallium could have highly diversified independently in the mammalian lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo K Suzuki
- Division of Brain Function, National Institute of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai) Mishima, Japan ; Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Human and Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tatsumi Hirata
- Division of Brain Function, National Institute of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai) Mishima, Japan
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17
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Kishishita N, Nagawa F. Evolution of adaptive immunity: Implications of a third lymphocyte lineage in lampreys. Bioessays 2013; 36:244-50. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Kishishita
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation; National Institute of Biomedical Innovation; Ibaraki Osaka Japan
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science; Immunology Frontier Research Center; World Premier International Research Center; Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Fumikiyo Nagawa
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Science; The University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan
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