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Umetsu D. Cell mechanics and cell-cell recognition controls by Toll-like receptors in tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. Fly (Austin) 2022; 16:233-247. [PMID: 35579305 PMCID: PMC9116419 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2022.2074783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction by the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is conserved and essential for innate immunity in metazoans. The founding member of the TLR family, Drosophila Toll-1, was initially identified for its role in dorsoventral axis formation in early embryogenesis. The Drosophila genome encodes nine TLRs that display dynamic expression patterns during development, suggesting their involvement in tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. Recent progress on the developmental functions of TLRs beyond dorsoventral patterning has revealed not only their diverse functions in various biological processes, but also unprecedented molecular mechanisms in directly regulating cell mechanics and cell-cell recognition independent of the canonical signal transduction pathway involving transcriptional regulation of target genes. In this review, I feature and discuss the non-immune functions of TLRs in the control of epithelial tissue homeostasis, tissue morphogenesis, and cell-cell recognition between cell populations with different cell identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Umetsu
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Roellig D, Theis S, Proag A, Allio G, Bénazéraf B, Gros J, Suzanne M. Force-generating apoptotic cells orchestrate avian neural tube bending. Dev Cell 2022; 57:707-718.e6. [PMID: 35303434 PMCID: PMC8967407 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an important role in morphogenesis, and the notion that apoptotic cells can impact their surroundings came to light recently. However, how this applies to vertebrate morphogenesis remains unknown. Here, we use the formation of the neural tube to determine how apoptosis contributes to morphogenesis in vertebrates. Neural tube closure defects have been reported when apoptosis is impaired in vertebrates, although the cellular mechanisms involved are unknown. Using avian embryos, we found that apoptotic cells generate an apico-basal force before being extruded from the neuro-epithelium. This force, which relies on a contractile actomyosin cable that extends along the apico-basal axis of the cell, drives nuclear fragmentation and influences the neighboring tissue. Together with the morphological defects observed when apoptosis is prevented, these data strongly suggest that the neuroepithelium keeps track of the mechanical impact of apoptotic cells and that the apoptotic forces, cumulatively, contribute actively to neural tube bending. Apoptotic cells are force-generating cells in the avian neural tube Apoptotic force drives the upward movement of the nucleus and nuclear fragmentation Apoptotic cells cumulatively impact the neighboring tissue Apoptotic force mechanical impact participates in progressive bending of the neural tube
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Roellig
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS/UMR 5088, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Theis
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS/UMR 5088, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France; Morphogénie Logiciels, 32110 St Martin d'Armagnac, France
| | - Amsha Proag
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS/UMR 5088, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Allio
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS/UMR 5088, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Bertrand Bénazéraf
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS/UMR 5088, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Gros
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS/UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Magali Suzanne
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS/UMR 5088, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.
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Ambrosini A, Rayer M, Monier B, Suzanne M. Mechanical Function of the Nucleus in Force Generation during Epithelial Morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2019; 50:197-211.e5. [PMID: 31204174 PMCID: PMC6658619 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are critical regulators of cell shape changes and developmental morphogenetic processes. Forces generated along the epithelium apico-basal cell axis have recently emerged as essential for tissue remodeling in three dimensions. Yet the cellular machinery underlying those orthogonal forces remains poorly described. We found that during Drosophila leg folding cells eventually committed to die produce apico-basal forces through the formation of a dynamic actomyosin contractile tether connecting the apical surface to a basally relocalized nucleus. We show that the nucleus is anchored to basal adhesions by a basal F-actin network and constitutes an essential component of the force-producing machinery. Finally, we demonstrate force transmission to the apical surface and the basal nucleus by laser ablation. Thus, this work reveals that the nucleus, in addition to its role in genome protection, actively participates in mechanical force production and connects the contractile actomyosin cytoskeleton to basal adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Ambrosini
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Mégane Rayer
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Monier
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Magali Suzanne
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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Mathematical Modeling of Tissue Folding and Asymmetric Tissue Flow during Epithelial Morphogenesis. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that intrinsic, individual cell behavior can provide the driving force for deforming a two-dimensional cell sheet to a three-dimensional tissue without the need for external regulatory elements. However, whether intrinsic, individual cell behavior could actually generate the force to induce tissue deformation was unclear, because there was no experimental method with which to verify it in vivo. In such cases, mathematical modeling can be effective for verifying whether a locally generated force can propagate through an entire tissue and induce deformation. Moreover, the mathematical model sometimes provides potential mechanistic insight beyond the information obtained from biological experimental results. Here, we present two examples of modeling tissue morphogenesis driven by cell deformation or cell interaction. In the first example, a mathematical study on tissue-autonomous folding based on a two-dimensional vertex model revealed that active modulations of cell mechanics along the basal–lateral surface, in addition to the apical side, can induce tissue-fold formation. In the second example, by applying a two-dimensional vertex model in an apical plane, a novel mechanism of tissue flow caused by asymmetric cell interactions was discovered, which explained the mechanics behind the collective cellular movement observed during epithelial morphogenesis.
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Hashimoto H, Munro E. Dynamic interplay of cell fate, polarity and force generation in ascidian embryos. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2018; 51:67-77. [PMID: 30007244 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental challenge in developmental biology is to understand how forces produced by individual cells are patterned in space and time and then integrated to produce stereotyped changes in tissue-level or embryo-level morphology. Ascidians offer a unique opportunity to address this challenge by studying how small groups of cells collectively execute complex, but highly stereotyped morphogenetic movements. Here we highlight recent progress and open questions in the study of ascidian morphogenesis, emphasizing the dynamic interplay of cell fate determination, cellular force generation and tissue-level mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
| | - Edwin Munro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States; Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
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Beati H, Peek I, Hordowska P, Honemann-Capito M, Glashauser J, Renschler FA, Kakanj P, Ramrath A, Leptin M, Luschnig S, Wiesner S, Wodarz A. The adherens junction-associated LIM domain protein Smallish regulates epithelial morphogenesis. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1079-1095. [PMID: 29358210 PMCID: PMC5839775 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201610098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell–cell adhesion and cell shape are regulated at adherens junctions during embryonic morphogenesis. Beati et al. show that the Drosophila LIM domain protein Smallish interacts with Bazooka, Canoe, and Src42A at adherens junctions. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function phenotypes reveal a function for Smallish in regulation of actomyosin contractility and cell shape. In epithelia, cells adhere to each other in a dynamic fashion, allowing the cells to change their shape and move along each other during morphogenesis. The regulation of adhesion occurs at the belt-shaped adherens junction, the zonula adherens (ZA). Formation of the ZA depends on components of the Par–atypical PKC (Par-aPKC) complex of polarity regulators. We have identified the Lin11, Isl-1, Mec-3 (LIM) protein Smallish (Smash), the orthologue of vertebrate LMO7, as a binding partner of Bazooka/Par-3 (Baz), a core component of the Par-aPKC complex. Smash also binds to Canoe/Afadin and the tyrosine kinase Src42A and localizes to the ZA in a planar polarized fashion. Animals lacking Smash show loss of planar cell polarity (PCP) in the embryonic epidermis and reduced cell bond tension, leading to severe defects during embryonic morphogenesis of epithelial tissues and organs. Overexpression of Smash causes apical constriction of epithelial cells. We propose that Smash is a key regulator of morphogenesis coordinating PCP and actomyosin contractility at the ZA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamze Beati
- Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Developmental Genetics, Institute for Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Irina Peek
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute I for Anatomy, University of Cologne Medical School, Cologne, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence - Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paulina Hordowska
- Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mona Honemann-Capito
- Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jade Glashauser
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Parisa Kakanj
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Ramrath
- Institute for Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Leptin
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Luschnig
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Neurobiology, Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Silke Wiesner
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Wodarz
- Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany .,Molecular Cell Biology, Institute I for Anatomy, University of Cologne Medical School, Cologne, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence - Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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