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Roellig D, Theis S, Proag A, Allio G, Bénazéraf B, Gros J, Suzanne M. Force-generating apoptotic cells orchestrate avian neural tube bending. Dev Cell 2022; 57:707-718.e6. [PMID: 35303434 PMCID: PMC8967407 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an important role in morphogenesis, and the notion that apoptotic cells can impact their surroundings came to light recently. However, how this applies to vertebrate morphogenesis remains unknown. Here, we use the formation of the neural tube to determine how apoptosis contributes to morphogenesis in vertebrates. Neural tube closure defects have been reported when apoptosis is impaired in vertebrates, although the cellular mechanisms involved are unknown. Using avian embryos, we found that apoptotic cells generate an apico-basal force before being extruded from the neuro-epithelium. This force, which relies on a contractile actomyosin cable that extends along the apico-basal axis of the cell, drives nuclear fragmentation and influences the neighboring tissue. Together with the morphological defects observed when apoptosis is prevented, these data strongly suggest that the neuroepithelium keeps track of the mechanical impact of apoptotic cells and that the apoptotic forces, cumulatively, contribute actively to neural tube bending. Apoptotic cells are force-generating cells in the avian neural tube Apoptotic force drives the upward movement of the nucleus and nuclear fragmentation Apoptotic cells cumulatively impact the neighboring tissue Apoptotic force mechanical impact participates in progressive bending of the neural tube
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Roellig
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS/UMR 5088, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Theis
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS/UMR 5088, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France; Morphogénie Logiciels, 32110 St Martin d'Armagnac, France
| | - Amsha Proag
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS/UMR 5088, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Allio
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS/UMR 5088, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Bertrand Bénazéraf
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS/UMR 5088, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Gros
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS/UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Magali Suzanne
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS/UMR 5088, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.
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Romanos M, Allio G, Roussigné M, Combres L, Escalas N, Soula C, Médevielle F, Steventon B, Trescases A, Bénazéraf B. Cell-to-cell heterogeneity in Sox2 and Bra expression guides progenitor motility and destiny. eLife 2021; 10:e66588. [PMID: 34607629 PMCID: PMC8492064 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cell-to-cell heterogeneity in gene and protein expression within cell populations has been widely documented, we know little about its biological functions. By studying progenitors of the posterior region of bird embryos, we found that expression levels of transcription factors Sox2 and Bra, respectively involved in neural tube (NT) and mesoderm specification, display a high degree of cell-to-cell heterogeneity. By combining forced expression and downregulation approaches with time-lapse imaging, we demonstrate that Sox2-to-Bra ratio guides progenitor's motility and their ability to stay in or exit the progenitor zone to integrate neural or mesodermal tissues. Indeed, high Bra levels confer high motility that pushes cells to join the paraxial mesoderm, while high levels of Sox2 tend to inhibit cell movement forcing cells to integrate the NT. Mathematical modeling captures the importance of cell motility regulation in this process and further suggests that randomness in Sox2/Bra cell-to-cell distribution favors cell rearrangements and tissue shape conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Romanos
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
- Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse UMR 5219, Université de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Guillaume Allio
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
| | - Myriam Roussigné
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
| | - Léa Combres
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
| | - Nathalie Escalas
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
| | - Cathy Soula
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
| | - François Médevielle
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
| | | | - Ariane Trescases
- Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse UMR 5219, Université de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Bertrand Bénazéraf
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
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3
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Abstract
The neural tube in amniotic embryos forms as a result of two consecutive events along the anteroposterior axis, referred to as primary and secondary neurulation (PN and SN). While PN involves the invagination of a sheet of epithelial cells, SN shapes the caudal neural tube through the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) of neuromesodermal progenitors, followed by cavitation of the medullary cord. The technical difficulties in studying SN mainly involve the challenge of labeling and manipulating SN cells in vivo. Here we describe a new method to follow MET during SN in the chick embryo, combining early in ovo chick electroporation with in vivo time-lapse imaging. This procedure allows the cells undergoing SN to be manipulated in order to investigate the MET process, permitting their cell dynamics to be followed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gonzalez-Gobartt
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillaume Allio
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Bertrand Bénazéraf
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisa Martí
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Bénazéraf B. Dynamics and mechanisms of posterior axis elongation in the vertebrate embryo. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 76:89-98. [PMID: 30283977 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2927-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During development, the vertebrate embryo undergoes significant morphological changes which lead to its future body form and functioning organs. One of these noticeable changes is the extension of the body shape along the antero-posterior (A-P) axis. This A-P extension, while taking place in multiple embryonic tissues of the vertebrate body, involves the same basic cellular behaviors: cell proliferation, cell migration (of new progenitors from a posterior stem zone), and cell rearrangements. However, the nature and the relative contribution of these different cellular behaviors to A-P extension appear to vary depending upon the tissue in which they take place and on the stage of embryonic development. By focusing on what is known in the neural and mesodermal tissues of the bird embryo, I review the influences of cellular behaviors in posterior tissue extension. In this context, I discuss how changes in distinct cell behaviors can be coordinated at the tissue level (and between tissues) to synergize, build, and elongate the posterior part of the embryonic body. This multi-tissue framework does not only concern axis elongation, as it could also be generalized to morphogenesis of any developing organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Bénazéraf
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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Bénazéraf B, Beaupeux M, Tchernookov M, Wallingford A, Salisbury T, Shirtz A, Shirtz A, Huss D, Pourquié O, François P, Lansford R. Multiscale quantification of tissue behavior during amniote embryo axis elongation. Development 2017; 144:4462-4472. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.150557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic axis elongation is a complex multi-tissue morphogenetic process responsible for the formation of the posterior part of the amniote body. How movements and growth are coordinated between the different posterior tissues (e.g. neural tube, axial and paraxial mesoderm, lateral plate, ectoderm, endoderm) to drive axis morphogenesis remain largely unknown. Here, we use quail embryos to quantify cell behavior and tissue movements during elongation. We quantify the tissue-specific contribution to axis elongation by using 3D volumetric techniques, then quantify tissue-specific parameters such as cell density and proliferation. To study cell behavior at a multi-tissue scale, we used high-resolution 4D imaging of transgenic quail embryos expressing fluorescent proteins. We developed specific tracking and image analysis techniques to analyze cell motion and compute tissue deformations in 4D. This analysis reveals extensive sliding between tissues during axis extension. Further quantification of tissue tectonics showed patterns of rotations, contractions and expansions, which are coherent with the multi-tissue behavior observed previously. Our approach defines a quantitative and multiscale method to analyze the coordination between tissue behaviors during early vertebrate embryo morphogenetic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Bénazéraf
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
| | - Mathias Beaupeux
- Ernest Rutherford Physics Building, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Tchernookov
- Ernest Rutherford Physics Building, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Allison Wallingford
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Tasha Salisbury
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Amelia Shirtz
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Andrew Shirtz
- Northern Michigan University Computer Science and Mathematics Department, Marquette, MI, 49855, USA
| | - David Huss
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Woman's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paul François
- Ernest Rutherford Physics Building, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rusty Lansford
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Abstract
For over a century, embryologists who studied cellular motion in early amniotes generally assumed that morphogenetic movement reflected migration relative to a static extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold. However, as we discuss in this Review, recent investigations reveal that the ECM is also moving during morphogenesis. Time-lapse studies show how convective tissue displacement patterns, as visualized by ECM markers, contribute to morphogenesis and organogenesis. Computational image analysis distinguishes between cell-autonomous (active) displacements and convection caused by large-scale (composite) tissue movements. Modern quantification of large-scale 'total' cellular motion and the accompanying ECM motion in the embryo demonstrates that a dynamic ECM is required for generation of the emergent motion patterns that drive amniote morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajprasad Loganathan
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Brenda J Rongish
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Christopher M Smith
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Michael B Filla
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Andras Czirok
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA Department of Biological Physics, Eotvos University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Bertrand Bénazéraf
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch Graffenstaden 67400, France
| | - Charles D Little
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Abstract
Body axis elongation and segmentation are major morphogenetic events that take place concomitantly during vertebrate embryonic development. Establishment of the final body plan requires tight coordination between these two key processes. In this review, we detail the cellular and molecular as well as the physical processes underlying body axis formation and patterning. We discuss how formation of the anterior region of the body axis differs from that of the posterior region. We describe the developmental mechanism of segmentation and the regulation of body length and segment numbers. We focus mainly on the chicken embryo as a model system. Its accessibility and relatively flat structure allow high-quality time-lapse imaging experiments, which makes it one of the reference models used to study morphogenesis. Additionally, we illustrate conservation and divergence of specific developmental mechanisms by discussing findings in other major embryonic model systems, such as mice, frogs, and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Bénazéraf
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch F-67400, France;
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Bénazéraf B, François P, Denans N, Little CD, Pourquié O. [A non directional cell migration gradient in the presomitic mesoderm contributes to axis elongation in chicken embryos]. Biol Aujourdhui 2011; 205:95-103. [PMID: 21831340 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2011014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrates are characterized by an elongated antero-posterior (AP) body axis. This particular shape arises during embryogenesis by mophogenetic events leading to elongation. Although elongation mechanisms that lead to the formation of the anterior part of the body are well described, the ones concerning the posterior part still remain poorly studied. Here, we used tissue ablation in the chicken embryo to demonstrate that caudal presomitic mesoderm (PSM) has a key role in axis elongation. Using time-lapse microscopy, we characterized a clear posterior-to-anterior gradient of cell and tissue motility in the PSM during embryo elongation. Subtracting the tissue movement from the global motion of cells we demonstrated that this gradient correspond to a gradient of cell motility lacking any directionality, indicating that the posterior cell movements associated with axis elongation in the PSM are not intrinsic but reflect tissue deformation. Both FGF signaling gain- and loss-of-function experiments lead to disruption of the motility gradient and a slowing down of axis elongation. Finally we performed experiments indicating that FGF effect on elongation is due to its effect on cell migration and not to regulation of the cell cycle. We propose a new elongation model in which the gradient of non directional cell motility in the PSM controls posterior elongation of the embryo axis.
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10
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Bénazéraf B, Francois P, Baker RE, Denans N, Little CD, Pourquié O. A random cell motility gradient downstream of FGF controls elongation of an amniote embryo. Nature 2010; 466:248-52. [PMID: 20613841 PMCID: PMC3118990 DOI: 10.1038/nature09151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate embryos are characterized by an elongated antero-posterior (AP) body axis, which forms by progressive cell deposition from a posterior growth zone in the embryo. Here, we used tissue ablation in the chicken embryo to demonstrate that the caudal presomitic mesoderm (PSM) has a key role in axis elongation. Using time-lapse microscopy, we analysed the movements of fluorescently labelled cells in the PSM during embryo elongation, which revealed a clear posterior-to-anterior gradient of cell motility and directionality in the PSM. We tracked the movement of the PSM extracellular matrix in parallel with the labelled cells and subtracted the extracellular matrix movement from the global motion of cells. After subtraction, cell motility remained graded but lacked directionality, indicating that the posterior cell movements associated with axis elongation in the PSM are not intrinsic but reflect tissue deformation. The gradient of cell motion along the PSM parallels the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) gradient, which has been implicated in the control of cell motility in this tissue. Both FGF signalling gain- and loss-of-function experiments lead to disruption of the motility gradient and a slowing down of axis elongation. Furthermore, embryos treated with cell movement inhibitors (blebbistatin or RhoK inhibitor), but not cell cycle inhibitors, show a slower axis elongation rate. We propose that the gradient of random cell motility downstream of FGF signalling in the PSM controls posterior elongation in the amniote embryo. Our data indicate that tissue elongation is an emergent property that arises from the collective regulation of graded, random cell motion rather than by the regulation of directionality of individual cellular movements.
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Bénazéraf B, Mathur S, Zueckert-Gaudenz K, Hattem G, Sachintha J, Olivier T, Jeff H, Olivier P. Analysis of chicken paraxial mesoderm progenitor transcriptome using microarray technique. Dev Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.05.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Formation of the primitive streak, the equivalent of the blastopore, is a critical step during the early development of amniote embryos. Medio-lateral cell intercalation and the planar cell polarity pathway play a role during this earliest step of gastrulation in the chick embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Bénazéraf
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
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13
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Bénazéraf B, Chen Q, Peco E, Lobjois V, Médevielle F, Ducommun B, Pituello F. Identification of an unexpected link between the Shh pathway and a G2/M regulator, the phosphatase CDC25B. Dev Biol 2006; 294:133-47. [PMID: 16564519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling controls numerous aspects of vertebrate development, including proliferation of precursors in different organs. Identification of molecules that link the Shh pathway to cell cycle machinery is therefore of major importance for an understanding of the mechanisms underlying Shh-dependent proliferation. Here, we show that an actor in the control of entry into mitosis, the phosphatase CDC25B, is transcriptionally upregulated by the Shh/Gli pathway. Unlike other G2/M regulators, CDC25B is highly expressed in domains of Shh activity, including the ventral neural tube and the posterior limb bud. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments reveal that Shh contributes to CDC25B transcriptional activation in the neural tube both of chick and mouse embryos. Moreover, CDC25B transcripts are absent from the posterior limb bud of Shh-/- mice, while anterior grafts of Shh-expressing cells in the chicken limb bud induce ectopic CDC25B expression. Arresting the cell cycle does not reduce the level of CDC25B expression in the neural tube strongly suggesting that the upregulation of CDC25B is not an indirect consequence of the Shh-dependent proliferation. These data reveal an unexpected developmental link between the Shh pathway and a participant in G2/M control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Bénazéraf
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR5547 CNRS-Université P. Sabatier, IFR109--Institut d'Exploration Fonctionnelle des Génomes, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
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