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Yamada Y, Shiroma A, Hirai S, Iwasaki J. Zuo1, a ribosome-associated J protein, is involved in glucose repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2023; 23:foad038. [PMID: 37550218 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foad038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the J-protein Zuo1 and the nonconventional Hsp70 homologue Ssz1 stimulate the ATPase activity of the chaperone proteins Ssb1 and Ssb2 (Ssb1/2), which are associated with the ribosomes. The dephosphorylation of sucrose nonfermenting 1 (Snf1) on Thr210 is required for glucose repression. The Ssb1/2 and 14-3-3 proteins Bmh1 and Bmh2 appear to be responsible for the dephosphorylation of Snf1 on Thr210 and glucose repression. Here, we investigated the role of Zuo1 in glucose repression. The zuo1∆ strain as well as the ssb1∆ssb2∆ strain exhibited a glucose-specific growth defect during logarithmic growth on glucose. Many of the respiratory chain genes examined were statistically significantly upregulated, but less than 2-fold, in the zuo1∆ strain as well as in the ssb1∆ssb2∆ strain on glucose. In addition, excessive phosphorylation of Snf1 on Thr210 was observed in the zuo1∆ strain as well as in the ssb1∆ssb2∆ strain in the presence of glucose. The mRNA levels of SSB1/2 and BMH1 were statistically significantly reduced by approximately 0.5- to 0.8-fold relative to the wild-type level in the zuo1∆ strain on glucose. These results suggest that Zuo1 is responsible for glucose repression, possibly by increasing the mRNA levels of SSB1/2 and BMH1 during growth on glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Yamada
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Atsuki Shiroma
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Suguru Hirai
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Jun Iwasaki
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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UME6 Is Involved in the Suppression of Basal Transcription of ABC Transporters and Drug Resistance in the ρ+ Cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030601. [PMID: 35336175 PMCID: PMC8953597 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Saccharomycescerevisiae, the Rpd3L complex contains a histone deacetylase, Rpd3, and the DNA binding proteins, Ume6 and Ash1, and acts as a transcriptional repressor or activator. We previously showed that RPD3 and UME6 are required for the activation of PDR5, which encodes a major efflux pump, and pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) in ρ0/− cells, which lack mitochondrial DNA. However, there are inconsistent reports regarding whether RPD3 and UME6 are required for Pdr5-mediated PDR in ρ+ cells with mitochondrial DNA. Since PDR5 expression or PDR in the ρ+ cells of the rpd3Δ and ume6Δ mutants have primarily been examined using fermentable media, mixed cultures of ρ+ and ρ0/− cells could be used. Therefore, we examined whether RPD3 and UME6 are required for basal and drug-induced PDR5 transcription and PDR in ρ+ cells using fermentable and nonfermentable media. UME6 suppresses the basal transcription levels of the ABC transporters, including PDR5, and drug resistance in ρ+ cells independent of the carbon source used in the growth medium. In contrast, RPD3 is required for drug resistance but did not interfere with the basal PDR5 mRNA levels. UME6 is also required for the cycloheximide-induced transcription of PDR5 in nonfermentable media but not in fermentable media.
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Yamada Y. RPD3 and UME6 are involved in the activation of PDR5 transcription and pleiotropic drug resistance in ρ 0 cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:311. [PMID: 34753419 PMCID: PMC8576940 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the retrograde signalling pathway is activated in ρ0/- cells, which lack mitochondrial DNA. Within this pathway, the activation of the transcription factor Pdr3 induces transcription of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter gene, PDR5, and causes pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR). Although a histone deacetylase, Rpd3, is also required for cycloheximide resistance in ρ0/- cells, it is currently unknown whether Rpd3 and its DNA binding partners, Ume6 and Ash1, are involved in the activation of PDR5 transcription and PDR in ρ0/- cells. This study investigated the roles of RPD3, UME6, and ASH1 in the activation of PDR5 transcription and PDR by retrograde signalling in ρ0 cells. RESULTS ρ0 cells in the rpd3∆ and ume6∆ strains, with the exception of the ash1∆ strain, were sensitive to fluconazole and cycloheximide. The PDR5 mRNA levels in ρ0 cells of the rpd3∆ and ume6∆ strains were significantly reduced compared to the wild-type and ash1∆ strain. Transcriptional expression of PDR5 was reduced in cycloheximide-exposed and unexposed ρ0 cells of the ume6∆ strain; the transcriptional positive response of PDR5 to cycloheximide exposure was also impaired in this strain. CONCLUSIONS RPD3 and UME6 are responsible for enhanced PDR5 mRNA levels and PDR by retrograde signalling in ρ0 cells of S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Yamada
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1164, Japan.
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Liang H, Wang F, Mu R, Huang J, Zhao R, Li X, Yu K, Li B. Metagenomics analysis revealing the occurrence of antibiotic resistome in salt lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:148262. [PMID: 34380279 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in dozens of environments have been well documented, the distribution of ARGs in salt lake ecosystems has been less intensively investigated. In this study, the broad-spectrum ARG profiles, microbial community composition and the comprehensive associations between microbiome and antimicrobial resistome in four salt lakes were investigated using a metagenomic approach. A total of 175 ARG subtypes affiliated with 19 ARG types were detected, and ARGs conferring resistance to multidrug, bacitracin, and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS) accounted for 71.2% of the total ARG abundance. However, the abundance of ARGs significantly decreased with the increasing salinity in the lakes. Both ARG profiles and microbial community structure presented remarkable discrepancies in different lakes, as well as in different sample types. Microbes such as genera Azoarcus, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, and Kocuria, significantly co-occurred with multiple ARGs, indicating that these bacteria are potential ARG hosts in salt lake ecosystems. Collectively, this work provides new insights into the occurrence and distribution of ARGs in salt lake ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebin Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Rong Mu
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Renxin Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ke Yu
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Bing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Liang L, Liu R, Freed EF, Eckert CA, Gill RT. Transcriptional Regulatory Networks Involved in C3-C4 Alcohol Stress Response and Tolerance in Yeast. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:19-28. [PMID: 33356165 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol toxicity significantly impacts the titer and productivity of industrially produced biofuels. To overcome this limitation, we must find and use strategies to improve stress tolerance in production strains. Previously, we developed a multiplex navigation of a global regulatory network (MINR) library that targeted 25 regulatory genes that are predicted to modify global regulation in yeast under different stress conditions. In this study, we expanded this concept to target the active sites of 47 transcriptional regulators using a saturation mutagenesis library. The 47 targeted regulators interact with more than half of all yeast genes. We then screened and selected for C3-C4 alcohol tolerance. We identified specific mutants that have resistance to isopropanol and isobutanol. Notably, the WAR1_K110N variant improved tolerance to both isopropanol and isobutanol. In addition, we investigated the mechanisms for improvement of isopropanol and isobutanol stress tolerance and found that genes related to glycolysis play a role in tolerance to isobutanol, while changes in ATP synthesis and mitochondrial respiration play a role in tolerance to both isobutanol and isopropanol. Overall, this work sheds light on basic mechanisms for isopropanol and isobutanol toxicity and demonstrates a promising strategy to improve tolerance to C3-C4 alcohols by perturbing the transcriptional regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Liang
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder 80303, Colorado United States
| | - Rongming Liu
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder 80303, Colorado United States
| | - Emily F Freed
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder 80303, Colorado United States
| | - Carrie A Eckert
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder 80303, Colorado United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden 80401, Colorado United States
| | - Ryan T Gill
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder 80303, Colorado United States
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
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Vanacloig-Pedros E, Lozano-Pérez C, Alarcón B, Pascual-Ahuir A, Proft M. Live-cell assays reveal selectivity and sensitivity of the multidrug response in budding yeast. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12933-12946. [PMID: 31296662 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleiotropic drug resistance arises by the enhanced extrusion of bioactive molecules and is present in a wide range of organisms, ranging from fungi to human cells. A key feature of this adaptation is the sensitive detection of intracellular xenobiotics by transcriptional activators, activating expression of multiple drug exporters. Here, we investigated the selectivity and sensitivity of the budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) multidrug response to better understand how differential drug recognition leads to specific activation of drug exporter genes and to drug resistance. Applying live-cell luciferase reporters, we demonstrate that the SNQ2, PDR5, PDR15, and YOR1 transporter genes respond to different mycotoxins, menadione, and hydrogen peroxide in a distinguishable manner and with characteristic amplitudes, dynamics, and sensitivities. These responses correlated with differential sensitivities of the respective transporter mutants to the specific xenobiotics. We further establish a binary vector system, enabling quantitative determination of xenobiotic-transcription factor (TF) interactions in real time. Applying this system we found that the TFs Pdr1, Pdr3, Yrr1, Stb5, and Pdr8 have largely different drug recognition patterns. We noted that Pdr1 is the most promiscuous activator, whereas Yrr1 and Stb5 are selective for ochratoxin A and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. We also show that Pdr1 is rapidly degraded after xenobiotic exposure, which leads to a desensitization of the Pdr1-specific response upon repeated activation. The findings of our work indicate that in the yeast multidrug system, several transcriptional activators with distinguishable selectivities trigger differential activation of the transporter genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vanacloig-Pedros
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Lozano-Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia IBV-CSIC, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Benito Alarcón
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia IBV-CSIC, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Pascual-Ahuir
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Markus Proft
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia IBV-CSIC, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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Liu R, Liang L, Choudhury A, Garst AD, Eckert CA, Oh EJ, Winkler J, Gill RT. Multiplex navigation of global regulatory networks (MINR) in yeast for improved ethanol tolerance and production. Metab Eng 2019; 51:50-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Put3 Positively Regulates Proline Utilization in Candida albicans. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00354-17. [PMID: 29242833 PMCID: PMC5729217 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00354-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans poses a significant threat to the lives of immunocompromised people. Historically, knowledge has been drawn from studies on Saccharomyces cerevisiae to understand the pathogen, and many Candida albicans genes are named after their S. cerevisiae orthologs. Direct studies on the pathogen have, however, revealed differences in the roles of some orthologous proteins in the two yeasts. We show that the Put3 transcription factor allows the pathogen to completely degrade proline to usable nitrogen and carbon by evading regulatory restrictions imposed on its S. cerevisiae ortholog, which mandates conditional use of proline only as a nitrogen source in the baker’s yeast. The ability of Candida albicans to freely obtain nutrients from multiple sources may help it thrive as a commensal and opportunistic pathogen. The zinc cluster transcription factor Put3 was initially characterized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as the transcriptional activator of PUT1 and PUT2, two genes acting early in the proline assimilation pathway. We have used phenotypic studies, transcription profiling, and chromatin immunoprecipitation with microarray technology (ChIP-chip) to establish that unlike S. cerevisiae, which only uses proline as a nitrogen source, Candida albicans can use proline as a nitrogen source, a carbon source, or a source of both nitrogen and carbon. However, a C. albicans put3 null mutant cannot grow on proline, suggesting that as in S. cerevisiae, C. albicans Put3 (CaPut3) is required for proline catabolism, and because the C. albicans put3 null mutant grew efficiently on glutamate as the sole carbon or nitrogen source, it appears that CaPut3 also regulates the early genes of the pathway. CaPut3 showed direct binding to the CaPUT1 promoter, and both PUT1 and PUT2 were upregulated in response to proline addition in a Put3-dependent manner, as well as in a C. albicans strain expressing a hyperactive Put3. CaPut3 directs proline degradation even in the presence of a good nitrogen source such as ammonia, which contrasts with S. cerevisiae Put3 (ScPut3)-regulated proline catabolism, which only occurs in the absence of a rich nitrogen source. Thus, while overall proline regulatory circuitry differs between S. cerevisiae and C. albicans, the specific role of Put3 appears fundamentally conserved. IMPORTANCECandida albicans poses a significant threat to the lives of immunocompromised people. Historically, knowledge has been drawn from studies on Saccharomyces cerevisiae to understand the pathogen, and many Candida albicans genes are named after their S. cerevisiae orthologs. Direct studies on the pathogen have, however, revealed differences in the roles of some orthologous proteins in the two yeasts. We show that the Put3 transcription factor allows the pathogen to completely degrade proline to usable nitrogen and carbon by evading regulatory restrictions imposed on its S. cerevisiae ortholog, which mandates conditional use of proline only as a nitrogen source in the baker’s yeast. The ability of Candida albicans to freely obtain nutrients from multiple sources may help it thrive as a commensal and opportunistic pathogen.
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Kołaczkowska A, Manente M, Kołaczkowski M, Laba J, Ghislain M, Wawrzycka D. The regulatory inputs controlling pleiotropic drug resistance and hypoxic response in yeast converge at the promoter of the aminocholesterol resistance gene RTA1. FEMS Yeast Res 2011; 12:279-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2011.00768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kołaczkowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wroclaw; Poland
| | - Myriam Manente
- Unité de biochimie physiologique; Institut des sciences de la vie; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve; Belgium
| | | | - Justyna Laba
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wroclaw; Poland
| | - Michel Ghislain
- Unité de biochimie physiologique; Institut des sciences de la vie; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve; Belgium
| | - Donata Wawrzycka
- Department of Genetics and Cell Physiology; Institute of Plant Biology; Wroclaw University; Wroclaw; Poland
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Molecular mechanisms of yeast tolerance and in situ detoxification of lignocellulose hydrolysates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:809-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Verwaal R, Jiang Y, Wang J, Daran JM, Sandmann G, van den Berg JA, van Ooyen AJJ. Heterologous carotenoid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces the pleiotropic drug resistance stress response. Yeast 2010; 27:983-98. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Ma M, Liu ZL. Comparative transcriptome profiling analyses during the lag phase uncover YAP1, PDR1, PDR3, RPN4, and HSF1 as key regulatory genes in genomic adaptation to the lignocellulose derived inhibitor HMF for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:660. [PMID: 21106074 PMCID: PMC3091778 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is able to adapt and in situ detoxify lignocellulose derived inhibitors such as furfural and HMF. The length of lag phase for cell growth in response to the inhibitor challenge has been used to measure tolerance of strain performance. Mechanisms of yeast tolerance at the genome level remain unknown. Using systems biology approach, this study investigated comparative transcriptome profiling, metabolic profiling, cell growth response, and gene regulatory interactions of yeast strains and selective gene deletion mutations in response to HMF challenges during the lag phase of growth. RESULTS We identified 365 candidate genes and found at least 3 significant components involving some of these genes that enable yeast adaptation and tolerance to HMF in yeast. First, functional enzyme coding genes such as ARI1, ADH6, ADH7, and OYE3, as well as gene interactions involved in the biotransformation and inhibitor detoxification were the direct driving force to reduce HMF damages in cells. Expressions of these genes were regulated by YAP1 and its closely related regulons. Second, a large number of PDR genes, mainly regulated by PDR1 and PDR3, were induced during the lag phase and the PDR gene family-centered functions, including specific and multiple functions involving cellular transport such as TPO1, TPO4, RSB1, PDR5, PDR15, YOR1, and SNQ2, promoted cellular adaptation and survival in order to cope with the inhibitor stress. Third, expressed genes involving degradation of damaged proteins and protein modifications such as SHP1 and SSA4, regulated by RPN4, HSF1, and other co-regulators, were necessary for yeast cells to survive and adapt the HMF stress. A deletion mutation strain Δrpn4 was unable to recover the growth in the presence of HMF. CONCLUSIONS Complex gene interactions and regulatory networks as well as co-regulations exist in yeast adaptation and tolerance to the lignocellulose derived inhibitor HMF. Both induced and repressed genes involving diversified functional categories are accountable for adaptation and energy rebalancing in yeast to survive and adapt the HMF stress during the lag phase of growth. Transcription factor genes YAP1, PDR1, PDR3, RPN4, and HSF1 appeared to play key regulatory rules for global adaptation in the yeast S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menggen Ma
- Bioenergy Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL USA
| | - Z Lewis Liu
- Bioenergy Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL USA
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Overexpression of SNG1 causes 6-azauracil resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr Genet 2010; 56:251-63. [PMID: 20424846 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-010-0297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of action of 6AU, a growth inhibitor for many microorganisms causing depletion of intracellular nucleotide pools of GTP and UTP, is not well understood. To gain insight into the mechanisms leading to 6AU resistance, and in an attempt to uncover novel genes required for this resistance, we undertook a high-copy-number suppressor screening to identify genes whose overexpression could repair the 6AU(S) growth defect caused by rpb1 mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have identified SNG1 as a multicopy suppressor of the 6AU(S) growth defect caused by the S. cerevisiae rpb1 mutant. The mechanism by which Sng1 causes 6AU resistance is independent of the transcriptional elongation and of the nucleotide-pool regulation through Imd2 and Ura2, as well as of the Ssm1-mediated 6AU detoxification. This resistance to 6AU is not extended to other uracil analogues, such as 5-fluorouracil, 5FU. In addition, our results suggest that 6AU enters S. cerevisiae cells through the uracil permease Fur4. Our results demonstrate that Sng1 is localised in the plasma membrane and evidence SNG1 and FUR4 genes as determinants of resistance and susceptibility to this inhibitory compound, respectively. Taken together, these results show new mechanisms involved in the resistance and susceptibility to 6AU.
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Hazelwood LA, Walsh MC, Pronk JT, Daran JM. Involvement of vacuolar sequestration and active transport in tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to hop iso-alpha-acids. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:318-28. [PMID: 19915041 PMCID: PMC2798648 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01457-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hop plant, Humulus lupulus L., has an exceptionally high content of secondary metabolites, the hop alpha-acids, which possess a range of beneficial properties, including antiseptic action. Studies performed on the mode of action of hop iso-alpha-acids have hitherto been restricted to lactic acid bacteria. The present study investigated molecular mechanisms of hop iso-alpha-acid resistance in the model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Growth inhibition occurred at concentrations of hop iso-alpha-acids that were an order of magnitude higher than those found with hop-tolerant prokaryotes. Chemostat-based transcriptome analysis and phenotype screening of the S. cerevisiae haploid gene deletion collection were used as complementary methods to screen for genes involved in hop iso-alpha-acid detoxification and tolerance. This screening and further analysis of deletion mutants confirmed that yeast tolerance to hop iso-alpha-acids involves three major processes, active proton pumping into the vacuole by the vacuolar-type ATPase to enable vacuolar sequestration of iso-alpha-acids and alteration of cell wall structure and, to a lesser extent, active export of iso-alpha-acids across the plasma membrane. Furthermore, iso-alpha-acids were shown to affect cellular metal homeostasis by acting as strong zinc and iron chelators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie A. Hazelwood
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, the Netherlands, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, the Netherlands, Heineken Supply Chain, Research and Innovation, Burgemeester Smeetsweg 1, 2380 BB Zoeterwoude, the Netherlands
| | - Michael C. Walsh
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, the Netherlands, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, the Netherlands, Heineken Supply Chain, Research and Innovation, Burgemeester Smeetsweg 1, 2380 BB Zoeterwoude, the Netherlands
| | - Jack T. Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, the Netherlands, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, the Netherlands, Heineken Supply Chain, Research and Innovation, Burgemeester Smeetsweg 1, 2380 BB Zoeterwoude, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Marc Daran
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, the Netherlands, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, the Netherlands, Heineken Supply Chain, Research and Innovation, Burgemeester Smeetsweg 1, 2380 BB Zoeterwoude, the Netherlands
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15
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Wu WS, Chen BS. Identifying Stress Transcription Factors Using Gene Expression and TF-Gene Association Data. Bioinform Biol Insights 2009; 1:137-45. [PMID: 20066130 PMCID: PMC2789697 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Unicellular organisms such as yeasts have evolved to survive environmental stresses by rapidly reorganizing the genomic expression program to meet the challenges of harsh environments. The complex adaptation mechanisms to stress remain to be elucidated. In this study, we developed Stress Transcription Factor Identification Algorithm (STFIA), which integrates gene expression and TF-gene association data to identify the stress transcription factors (TFs) of six kinds of stresses. We identified some general stress TFs that are in response to various stresses, and some specific stress TFs that are in response to one specific stress. The biological significance of our findings is validated by the literature. We found that a small number of TFs may be sufficient to control a wide variety of expression patterns in yeast under different stresses. Two implications can be inferred from this observation. First, the adaptation mechanisms to different stresses may have a bow-tie structure. Second, there may exist extensive regulatory cross-talk among different stress responses. In conclusion, this study proposes a network of the regulators of stress responses and their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Sheng Wu
- Lab of Control and Systems Biology, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
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Manente M, Ghislain M. The lipid-translocating exporter family and membrane phospholipid homeostasis in yeast. FEMS Yeast Res 2009; 9:673-87. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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17
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Li L, Lu Y, Qin LX, Bar-Joseph Z, Werner-Washburne M, Breeden LL. Budding yeast SSD1-V regulates transcript levels of many longevity genes and extends chronological life span in purified quiescent cells. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:3851-64. [PMID: 19570907 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-04-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ssd1 is an RNA-binding protein that affects literally hundreds of different processes and is polymorphic in both wild and lab yeast strains. We have used transcript microarrays to compare mRNA levels in an isogenic pair of mutant (ssd1-d) and wild-type (SSD1-V) cells across the cell cycle. We find that 15% of transcripts are differentially expressed, but there is no correlation with those mRNAs bound by Ssd1. About 20% of cell cycle regulated transcripts are affected, and most show sharper amplitudes of oscillation in SSD1-V cells. Many transcripts whose gene products influence longevity are also affected, the largest class of which is involved in translation. Ribosomal protein mRNAs are globally down-regulated by SSD1-V. SSD1-V has been shown to increase replicative life span currency and we show that SSD1-V also dramatically increases chronological life span (CLS). Using a new assay of CLS in pure populations of quiescent prototrophs, we find that the CLS for SSD1-V cells is twice that of ssd1-d cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Li
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Basic Sciences Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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18
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Integration of metabolic modeling and phenotypic data in evaluation and improvement of ethanol production using respiration-deficient mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:5809-16. [PMID: 18586960 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00009-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Flux balance analysis and phenotypic data were used to provide clues to the relationships between the activities of gene products and the phenotypes resulting from the deletion of genes involved in respiratory function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The effect of partial or complete respiratory deficiency on the ethanol production and growth characteristics of hap4Delta/hap4Delta, mig1Delta/mig1Delta, qdr3Delta/qdr3Delta, pdr3Delta/pdr3Delta, qcr7Delta/qcr7Delta, cyt1Delta/cyt1Delta, and rip1Delta/rip1Delta mutants grown in microaerated chemostats was investigated. The study provided additional evidence for the importance of the selection of a physiologically relevant objective function, and it may improve quantitative predictions of exchange fluxes, as well as qualitative estimations of changes in intracellular fluxes. Ethanol production was successfully predicted by flux balance analysis in the case of the qdr3Delta/qdr3Delta mutant, with maximization of ethanol production as the objective function, suggesting an additional role for Qdr3p in respiration. The absence of similar changes in estimated intracellular fluxes in the qcr7Delta/qcr7Delta mutant compared to the rip1Delta/rip1Delta and cyt1Delta/cyt1Delta mutants indicated that the effect of the deletion of this subunit of complex III was somehow compensated for. Analysis of predicted flux distributions indicated self-organization of intracellular fluxes to avoid NAD(+)/NADH imbalance in rip1Delta/rip1Delta and cyt1Delta/cyt1Delta mutants, but not the qcr7Delta/qcr7Delta mutant. The flux through the glycerol efflux channel, Fps1p, was estimated to be zero in all strains under the investigated conditions. This indicates that previous strategies for improving ethanol production, such as the overexpression of the glutamate synthase gene GLT1 in a GDH1 deletion background or deletion of the glycerol efflux channel gene FPS1 and overexpression of GLT1, are unnecessary in a respiration-deficient background.
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Godard P, Urrestarazu A, Vissers S, Kontos K, Bontempi G, van Helden J, André B. Effect of 21 different nitrogen sources on global gene expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:3065-86. [PMID: 17308034 PMCID: PMC1899933 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01084-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the transcriptomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells growing under steady-state conditions on 21 unique sources of nitrogen. We found 506 genes differentially regulated by nitrogen and estimated the activation degrees of all identified nitrogen-responding transcriptional controls according to the nitrogen source. One main group of nitrogenous compounds supports fast growth and a highly active nitrogen catabolite repression (NCR) control. Catabolism of these compounds typically yields carbon derivatives directly assimilable by a cell's metabolism. Another group of nitrogen compounds supports slower growth, is associated with excretion by cells of nonmetabolizable carbon compounds such as fusel oils, and is characterized by activation of the general control of amino acid biosynthesis (GAAC). Furthermore, NCR and GAAC appear interlinked, since expression of the GCN4 gene encoding the transcription factor that mediates GAAC is subject to NCR. We also observed that several transcriptional-regulation systems are active under a wider range of nitrogen supply conditions than anticipated. Other transcriptional-regulation systems acting on genes not involved in nitrogen metabolism, e.g., the pleiotropic-drug resistance and the unfolded-protein response systems, also respond to nitrogen. We have completed the lists of target genes of several nitrogen-sensitive regulons and have used sequence comparison tools to propose functions for about 20 orphan genes. Similar studies conducted for other nutrients should provide a more complete view of alternative metabolic pathways in yeast and contribute to the attribution of functions to many other orphan genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Godard
- Physiologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Pr. Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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Fardeau V, Lelandais G, Oldfield A, Salin HN, Lemoine S, Garcia M, Tanty V, Le Crom S, Jacq C, Devaux F. The central role of PDR1 in the foundation of yeast drug resistance. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:5063-5074. [PMID: 17158869 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610197200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) phenomenon is well described as the long term selection of genetic variants expressing constitutively high levels of membrane transporters involved in drug efflux. However, the transcriptional cascades leading to the PDR phenotype in wild-type cells are largely unknown, and the first steps of this phenomenon are poorly understood. We investigated the transcriptional mechanisms underlying the establishment of an efficient PDR response in budding yeast. We show that within a few minutes of drug sensing yeast elicits an effective PDR response, involving tens of PDR genes. This early PDR response (ePDR) is highly dependent on the Pdr1p transcription factor, which is also one of the major genetic determinants of long term PDR acquisition. The activity of Pdr1p in early drug response is not drug-specific, as two chemically unrelated drugs, benomyl and fluphenazine, elicit identical, Pdr1p-dependent, ePDR patterns. Our data also demonstrate that Pdr1p is an original stress response factor, the DNA binding properties of which do not depend on the presence of drugs. Thus, Pdr1p is a promoter-resident regulator involved in both basal expression and rapid drug-dependent induction of PDR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivienne Fardeau
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CNRS UMR8541, the Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75230 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Gaëlle Lelandais
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CNRS UMR8541, the Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75230 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Andrew Oldfield
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CNRS UMR8541, the Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75230 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Héle Ne Salin
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CNRS UMR8541, the Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75230 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Sophie Lemoine
- Plate-forme Transcriptome IFR36, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75230 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Mathilde Garcia
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CNRS UMR8541, the Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75230 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Véronique Tanty
- Plate-forme Transcriptome IFR36, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75230 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Stéphane Le Crom
- Plate-forme Transcriptome IFR36, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75230 Paris cedex 05, France; Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire du Développement, INSERM U368, and the Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75230 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Claude Jacq
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CNRS UMR8541, the Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75230 Paris cedex 05, France; Plate-forme Transcriptome IFR36, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75230 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Frédéric Devaux
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CNRS UMR8541, the Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75230 Paris cedex 05, France.
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Kafri R, Levy M, Pilpel Y. The regulatory utilization of genetic redundancy through responsive backup circuits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:11653-8. [PMID: 16861297 PMCID: PMC1513536 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604883103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional redundancies, generated by gene duplications, are highly widespread throughout all known genomes. One consequence of these redundancies is a tremendous increase to the robustness of organisms to mutations and other stresses. Yet, this very robustness also renders redundancy evolutionarily unstable, and it is, thus, predicted to have only a transient lifetime. In contrast, numerous reports describe instances of functional overlaps that have been conserved throughout extended evolutionary periods. More interestingly, many such backed-up genes were shown to be transcriptionally responsive to the intactness of their redundant partner and are up-regulated if the latter is mutationally inactivated. By manual inspection of the literature, we have compiled a list of such "responsive backup circuits" in a diverse list of species. Reviewing these responsive backup circuits, we extract recurring principles characterizing their regulation. We then apply modeling approaches to explore further their dynamic properties. Our results demonstrate that responsive backup circuits may function as ideal devices for filtering nongenetic noise from transcriptional pathways and obtaining regulatory precision. We thus challenge the view that such redundancies are simply leftovers of ancient duplications and suggest they are an additional component to the sophisticated machinery of cellular regulation. In this respect, we suggest that compensation for gene loss is merely a side effect of sophisticated design principles using functional redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Kafri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Melissa Levy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yitzhak Pilpel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Saidane S, Weber S, De Deken X, St-Germain G, Raymond M. PDR16-mediated azole resistance in Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol 2006; 60:1546-62. [PMID: 16796687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many Candida albicans azole-resistant (AR) clinical isolates overexpress the CDR1 and CDR2 genes encoding homologous multidrug transporters of the ATP-binding cassette family. We show here that these strains also overexpress the PDR16 gene, the orthologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae PDR16 encoding a phosphatidylinositol transfer protein of the Sec14p family. It has been reported that S. cerevisiae pdr16Delta mutants are hypersusceptible to azoles, suggesting that C. albicans PDR16 may contribute to azole resistance in these isolates. To address this question, we deleted both alleles of PDR16 in an AR clinical strain overexpressing the three genes, using the mycophenolic acid resistance flipper strategy. Our results show that the homozygous pdr16Delta/pdr16Delta mutant is approximately twofold less resistant to azoles than the parental strain whereas reintroducing a copy of PDR16 in the mutant restored azole resistance, demonstrating that this gene contributes to the AR phenotype of the cells. In addition, overexpression of PDR16 in azole-susceptible (AS) C. albicans and S. cerevisiae strains increased azole resistance by about twofold, indicating that an increased dosage of Pdr16p can confer low levels of azole resistance in the absence of additional molecular alterations. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PDR16 plays a role in C. albicans azole resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloua Saidane
- Institut de recherche en immunologie et en cancérologie, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
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Pir P, Ulgen KO, Hayes A, Ilsen Onsan Z, Kirdar B, Oliver SG. Annotation of unknown yeast ORFs by correlation analysis of microarray data and extensive literature searches. Yeast 2006; 23:553-71. [PMID: 16710832 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the expression of genes were used to elucidate the metabolic pathways and regulatory mechanisms that respond to environmental or genetic modifications. Results from previously published chemostat datasets were merged with novel data generated in the present study. ORFs displaying significant changes in expression that correlated with those of other ORFs were analysed using GO mapping tools and supplemented by literature information. The strategy developed was used to propose annotations for ORFs of unknown function. The following ORFs were assigned functions as a result of this study: YMR090w, YGL157w, YGR243w, YLR327c, YER121w, YFR017c, YGR067c, YKL187c, YGR236c (SPG1), YMR107w (SPG4), YMR206w, YER067w, YJL103c, YNL175C (NOP13) YJL200C, YDL070C (FMP16) and YGR173W.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Pir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bogaziçi University, Bebek 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
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Hahn JS, Neef DW, Thiele DJ. A stress regulatory network for co‐ordinated activation of proteasome expression mediated by yeast heat shock transcription factor. Mol Microbiol 2006; 60:240-51. [PMID: 16556235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock transcription factor (HSF) mediates the transcriptional response of eukaryotic cells to heat, infection and inflammation, pharmacological agents, and other stresses. Although genes encoding heat shock proteins (HSPs) are the best characterized targets of HSF, recent genome-wide localization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae HSF revealed novel HSF targets involved in a wide range of cellular functions. One such target, the RPN4 gene, encodes a transcription factor that directly activates expression of a number of genes encoding proteasome subunits. Here we demonstrate that HSF co-ordinates a feed-forward gene regulatory circuit for RPN4 activation. We show that HSF activates expression of PDR3, encoding a multidrug resistance (MDR) transcription factor that also directly activates RPN4 gene expression. We demonstrate that the HSF binding site (HSE) in the RPN4 promoter is primarily responsible for heat- or methyl methanesulphonate induction of RPN4, with a minor contribution of Pdr3 binding sites (PDREs), while a Yap1 binding site (YRE) is responsible for RPN4 induction in response to oxidative stress. Furthermore, heat-induced expression of Rpn4 protein leads to expression of Rpn4 targets at later stages of heat stress, providing a temporal controlling mechanism for proteasome synthesis upon stress conditions that could result in irreversibly damaged proteins. In addition, the overlapping transcriptional regulatory networks involving HSF, Yap1 and Pdr3 suggest a close linkage between stress responses and pleiotropic drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Sook Hahn
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2004; 21:1317-24. [PMID: 15586969 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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