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Zeng Z, Aptekmann AA, Bromberg Y. Decoding the effects of synonymous variants. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:12673-12691. [PMID: 34850938 PMCID: PMC8682775 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synonymous single nucleotide variants (sSNVs) are common in the human genome but are often overlooked. However, sSNVs can have significant biological impact and may lead to disease. Existing computational methods for evaluating the effect of sSNVs suffer from the lack of gold-standard training/evaluation data and exhibit over-reliance on sequence conservation signals. We developed synVep (synonymous Variant effect predictor), a machine learning-based method that overcomes both of these limitations. Our training data was a combination of variants reported by gnomAD (observed) and those unreported, but possible in the human genome (generated). We used positive-unlabeled learning to purify the generated variant set of any likely unobservable variants. We then trained two sequential extreme gradient boosting models to identify subsets of the remaining variants putatively enriched and depleted in effect. Our method attained 90% precision/recall on a previously unseen set of variants. Furthermore, although synVep does not explicitly use conservation, its scores correlated with evolutionary distances between orthologs in cross-species variation analysis. synVep was also able to differentiate pathogenic vs. benign variants, as well as splice-site disrupting variants (SDV) vs. non-SDVs. Thus, synVep provides an important improvement in annotation of sSNVs, allowing users to focus on variants that most likely harbor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zishuo Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08873, USA
| | - Ariel A Aptekmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08873, USA
| | - Yana Bromberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08873, USA
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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2
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Liu X, Jia R, Meng X, Li Y, Yang L. Retinal degeneration in humanized mice expressing mutant rhodopsin under the control of the endogenous murine promoter. Exp Eye Res 2021; 215:108893. [PMID: 34919893 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
RHO is one of the most common genetic causes of autosomal dominant retinitis Pigmentosa (adRP) and there is no effective therapy for this disease. While rapidly developed CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology presents a promising therapeutic strategy to treat adRP. A large number of studies for treating adRP using CRISPR/Cas9 have been performed based on transgenic mouse models which are affected with adRP caused by mutant mouse rhodopsin allele, the counterpart of human rhodopsin. Recently, some RHO humanized mouse models like T17M, P23H are generated, which permit testing of the therapeutic effect of CRISPR/Cas9 in preclinical in vivo systems, without putting humans at risk. While available humanized mouse models are few compared to the number of known RHO mutations, but it is time-consuming and costly to build humanized mice for each mutation. We wonder whether a humanized mouse model having several mutations simultaneously can be developed, although which rarely occurs in patients, to investigate the therapeutic effect of CRISPR/Cas9 for RHO-mediated adRP in preclinical in vivo systems. Homology directed repair strategy combing with CRISPR/Cas9 was employed to introduce human RHO genomic fragment containing the replacement of mouse exon1(mE1) after the start codon to mE5 before the stop codon and all introns by the human counterparts. The human rhodopsin could express under the control of the endogenous murine promoter both transcriptionally and translationally in vivo. Human rhodopsin in humanized mouse lines (without mutation) could replace murine rhodopsin morphologically and functionally. While human rhodopsin containing T17M, G51D, G114R, R135W and P171R mutations simultaneously in mutant humanized (Mut-Rhowt/hum and Mut-Rhohum/hum) mouse lines caused retinal degeneration. Mut-Rhohum/hum mice suffered from severe retinal degeneration with defective formation of rod outer segment, leaving nonrecordable electroretinogram (ERG) at 3 months. Mut- Rhowt/hum mice had a slower rate of photoreceptors loss. In 7-month-old Mut- Rhowt/hum mice, statistically reduced scotopic ERG responses were visible compared with age-matched WT mice, but the shortened outer segment and thinner outer nuclear layer could be observed from 3 months. From 7 months to 9 months, significantly abnormal scotopic ERG responses were visible and photoreceptors loss were also obvious in 9-month-old Mut-Rhowt/hum mice. In 12-month-old Mut- Rhowt/hum mice, statistically reduced scotopic and photopic ERG responses and retinal degeneration throughout the retina were visible. Because scotopic responses were more affected than photopic responses in mutant humanized mice, demonstrating that rods dysfunction was more severe than cones dysfunction and deteriorated earlier, the pattern of retinal degeneration caused by mutant human rhodopsin was a typical rod-cone decay. Immunocytochemistry in cells indicated human rhodopsin proteins with 5 mutations aggregated in the cytoplasm and were also retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. The mutant human rhodopsin also accumulated in rod inner segments and cellular bodies in vivo. In conclusion, our humanized models provide excellent opportunities to study the human rhodopsin expression patterns. Our mutant humanized heterozygotes can provide opportunities to explore gene editing therapies via CRISPR/Cas9 for these five mutations in preclinical studies, it is time-saving and cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ruixuan Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiang Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
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3
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Felline A, Schiroli D, Comitato A, Marigo V, Fanelli F. Structure network-based landscape of rhodopsin misfolding by mutations and algorithmic prediction of small chaperone action. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:6020-6038. [PMID: 34849206 PMCID: PMC8605067 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure of a protein to achieve its functional structural state and normal cellular location contributes to the etiology and pathology of heritable human conformational diseases. The autosomal dominant form of retinitis pigmentosa (adRP) is an incurable blindness largely linked to mutations of the membrane protein rod opsin. While the mechanisms underlying the noxious effects of the mutated protein are not completely understood, a common feature is the functional protein conformational loss. Here, the wild type and 39 adRP rod opsin mutants were subjected to mechanical unfolding simulations coupled to the graph theory-based protein structure network analysis. A robust computational model was inferred and in vitro validated in its ability to predict endoplasmic reticulum retention of adRP mutants, a feature linked to the mutation-caused misfolding. The structure-based approach could also infer the structural determinants of small chaperone action on misfolded protein mutants with therapeutic implications. The approach is exportable to conformational diseases linked to missense mutations in any membrane protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Felline
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Davide Schiroli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Antonella Comitato
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Valeria Marigo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.,Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Italy
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.,Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Italy
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Liu W, Guo R, Hao H, Ji J. Identification of a novel RHO heterozygous nonsense mutation in a Chinese family with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. BMC Ophthalmol 2021; 21:360. [PMID: 34635090 PMCID: PMC8504003 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-02125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the molecular genetic cause of a four-generation autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa family in China. METHODS Targeted region sequencing was performed to detect the potential mutation, and Sanger sequencing was used to validate the mutation. Multiple sequence alignment from different species was performed by CLUSTALW. The structures of wild-type and the mutant RHO were modeled by Swiss-Model Server and shown using a PyMOL Molecular Graphic system. RESULTS A novel heterozygous nonsense mutation (c.1015 A > T, p.Lys339Ter, p.K339X) within RHO, which cosegregated with retinitis pigmentosa phenotype was detected in this family. Bioinformatics analysis showed the mutation was located in a highly conserved region, and the mutation was predicted to be pathogenic. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel heterozygous nonsense mutation of RHO gene in a Chinese family with retinitis pigmentosa by target region sequencing and our bioinformatics analysis indicated that the mutation is pathogenic. Our results can broaden the spectrum of RHO gene mutation and enrich the phenotype-genotype correlation of retinitis pigmentosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China.
| | - Ruru Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Huijie Hao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Jian Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
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Mahlich Y, Miller M, Zeng Z, Bromberg Y. Low Diversity of Human Variation Despite Mostly Mild Functional Impact of De Novo Variants. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:635382. [PMID: 33816556 PMCID: PMC8012514 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.635382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-synonymous Single Nucleotide Variants (nsSNVs), resulting in single amino acid variants (SAVs), are important drivers of evolutionary adaptation across the tree of life. Humans carry on average over 10,000 SAVs per individual genome, many of which likely have little to no impact on the function of the protein they affect. Experimental evidence for protein function changes as a result of SAVs remain sparse – a situation that can be somewhat alleviated by predicting their impact using computational methods. Here, we used SNAP to examine both observed and in silico generated human variation in a set of 1,265 proteins that are consistently found across a number of diverse species. The number of SAVs that are predicted to have any functional effect on these proteins is smaller than expected, suggesting sequence/function optimization over evolutionary timescales. Additionally, we find that only a few of the yet-unobserved SAVs could drastically change the function of these proteins, while nearly a quarter would have only a mild functional effect. We observed that variants common in the human population localized to less conserved protein positions and carried mild to moderate functional effects more frequently than rare variants. As expected, rare variants carried severe effects more frequently than common variants. In line with current assumptions, we demonstrated that the change of the human reference sequence amino acid to the reference of another species (a cross-species variant) is unlikely to significantly impact protein function. However, we also observed that many cross-species variants may be weakly non-neutral for the purposes of quick adaptation to environmental changes, but may not be identified as such by current state-of-the-art methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Mahlich
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Maximillian Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Zishuo Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Yana Bromberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
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Fanelli F, Felline A, Marigo V. Structural aspects of rod opsin and their implication in genetic diseases. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1339-1359. [PMID: 33728518 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02546-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Vision in dim-light conditions is triggered by photoactivation of rhodopsin, the visual pigment of rod photoreceptor cells. Rhodopsin is made of a protein, the G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) opsin, and the chromophore 11-cis-retinal. Vertebrate rod opsin is the GPCR best characterized at the atomic level of detail. Since the release of the first crystal structure 20 years ago, a huge number of structures have been released that, in combination with valuable spectroscopic determinations, unveiled most aspects of the photobleaching process. A number of spontaneous mutations of rod opsin have been found linked to vision-impairing diseases like autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (adRP or arRP, respectively) and autosomal congenital stationary night blindness (adCSNB). While adCSNB is mainly caused by constitutive activation of rod opsin, RP shows more variegate determinants affecting different aspects of rod opsin function. The vast majority of missense rod opsin mutations affects folding and trafficking and is linked to adRP, an incurable disease that awaits light on its molecular structure determinants. This review article summarizes all major structural information available on vertebrate rod opsin conformational states and the insights gained so far into the structural determinants of adCSNB and adRP linked to rod opsin mutations. Strategies to design small chaperones with therapeutic potential for selected adRP rod opsin mutants will be discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fanelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy. .,Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, Modena, 41125, Italy.
| | - Angelo Felline
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Valeria Marigo
- Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, Modena, 41125, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
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Luo H, Xiao X, Li S, Sun W, Yi Z, Wang P, Zhang Q. Spectrum-frequency and genotype-phenotype analysis of rhodopsin variants. Exp Eye Res 2020; 203:108405. [PMID: 33347869 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in RHO are the most common cause of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. However, the pathogenicity of many RHO variants is questionable. This study was designed to investigate the genotype-phenotype correlation for RHO variants. These RHO variants were collected from the in-house exome sequencing data of 7092 probands suffering from different types of eye conditions. The variants were classified using bioinformatics tools, family segregation, and clinical phenotypes. The RHO variants were assessed using multiple online tools and a genotype-phenotype analysis based on the data collected from of ours, gnomAD, and published literature. Totally, 52 heterozygous variants of RHO were detected in the 7092 probands. Of these 52, 17 were potentially pathogenic, were present in 35 families, and comprised 15 missense variants, one inframe deletion and one nonsense variant. All the 15 missense variants were predicted to be damaging by five different online tools. The analysis of the clinical data of the patients from the 35 families revealed certain common features, of an early damage to both the rods and the cones, relatively preserved visual acuity in adulthood, and mid-peripheral tapetoretinal degeneration with pigmentation or RPE atrophy. Our data, the data from gnomAD, and the systematic review of the 246 previously reported variants suggest that approximately two-thirds of the rare missense variants and most of the truncated variants involving upstream of K296 are likely benign. This study provides a brief summary of the characteristics of the pathogenic RHO variants. It emphasizes that the systematic evaluation of these variants at the individual-gene level is crucial in the current era of clinical genetic testing even for a well-known gene such as RHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xueshan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Shiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Wenmin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Zhen Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Panfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Qingjiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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Foote KG, Wong JJ, Boehm AE, Bensinger E, Porco TC, Roorda A, Duncan JL. Comparing Cone Structure and Function in RHO- and RPGR-Associated Retinitis Pigmentosa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:42. [PMID: 32343782 PMCID: PMC7401955 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.4.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To study cone structure and function in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) owing to mutations in rhodopsin (RHO), expressed in rod outer segments, and mutations in the RP-GTPase regulator (RPGR) gene, expressed in the connecting cilium of rods and cones. Methods Four eyes of 4 patients with RHO mutations, 5 eyes of 5 patients with RPGR mutations, and 4 eyes of 4 normal subjects were studied. Cone structure was studied with confocal and split-detector adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Retinal function was measured using a 543-nm AOSLO-mediated adaptive optics microperimetry (AOMP) stimulus. The ratio of sensitivity to cone density was compared between groups using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results AOMP sensitivity/cone density in patients with RPGR mutations was significantly lower than normal (P< 0.001) and lower than patients with RHO mutations (P< 0.015), whereas patients with RHO mutations were similar to normal (P> 0.9). Conclusions Retinal sensitivity/cone density was lower in patients with RPGR mutations than normal and lower than patients with RHO mutations, perhaps because cones express RPGR and degenerate primarily, whereas cones in eyes with RHO mutations die secondary to rod degeneration. High-resolution microperimetry can reveal differences in cone degeneration in patients with different forms of RP.
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Comitato A, Schiroli D, Montanari M, Marigo V. Calpain Activation Is the Major Cause of Cell Death in Photoreceptors Expressing a Rhodopsin Misfolding Mutation. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:589-599. [PMID: 31401765 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The majority of mutations in rhodopsin (RHO) cause misfolding of the protein and has been linked to degeneration of photoreceptor cells in the retina. A lot of attention has been set on targeting ER stress for the development of new therapies for inherited retinal degeneration caused by mutations in the RHO gene. Nevertheless, the cell death pathway activated by RHO misfolded protein is still debated. In this study, we analyzed the retina of the knock-in mouse expressing the P23H misfolded mutant RHO. We found persistent unfolded protein response (UPR) during degeneration. Interestingly, long-term stimulation of the PERK branch of ER stress had a protective effect by phosphorylating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) transcription factor, associated with antioxidant responses. Otherwise, we provide evidence that increased intracellular calcium and activation of calpains strongly correlated with rod photoreceptor cell death. By blocking calpain activity, we significantly decreased the activation of caspase-7 and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), two cell death effectors, and cell demise, and effectively protected the retina from degeneration caused by the P23H dominant mutation in RHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Comitato
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Davide Schiroli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Monica Montanari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Valeria Marigo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 287, 41125, Modena, Italy.
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10
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Behnen P, Felline A, Comitato A, Di Salvo MT, Raimondi F, Gulati S, Kahremany S, Palczewski K, Marigo V, Fanelli F. A Small Chaperone Improves Folding and Routing of Rhodopsin Mutants Linked to Inherited Blindness. iScience 2018; 4:1-19. [PMID: 30240733 PMCID: PMC6147235 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The autosomal dominant form of retinitis pigmentosa (adRP) is a blindness-causing conformational disease largely linked to mutations of rhodopsin. Molecular simulations coupled to the graph-based protein structure network (PSN) analysis and in vitro experiments were conducted to determine the effects of 33 adRP rhodopsin mutations on the structure and routing of the opsin protein. The integration of atomic and subcellular levels of analysis was accomplished by the linear correlation between indices of mutational impairment in structure network and in routing. The graph-based index of structural perturbation served also to divide the mutants in four clusters, consistent with their differences in subcellular localization and responses to 9-cis retinal. The stability core of opsin inferred from PSN analysis was targeted by virtual screening of over 300,000 anionic compounds leading to the discovery of a reversible orthosteric inhibitor of retinal binding more effective than retinal in improving routing of three adRP mutants. In silico and in vitro analyses of adRP rhodopsin mutants bridged folding and routing Structure network analysis grouped mutants amenable to treatment with small chaperones Virtual compound screening against the stability core of opsin found a small chaperone The pharmacoperone is a reversible orthosteric inhibitor of retinal binding
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Behnen
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Angelo Felline
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Antonella Comitato
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Di Salvo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Sahil Gulati
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 1819 East 101st Street, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Shirin Kahremany
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 1819 East 101st Street, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Valeria Marigo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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Fanelli F, Felline A. Uncovering GPCR and G Protein Function by Protein Structure Network Analysis. COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS FOR CHEMICAL BIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788010139-00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein structure network (PSN) analysis is one of the graph theory-based approaches currently used for investigating structural communication in biomolecular systems. Information on the system's dynamics can be provided by atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations or coarse grained elastic network models paired with normal mode analysis (ENM-NMA). This chapter reports on selected applications of PSN analysis to uncover the structural communication in G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and G proteins. Strategies to highlight changes in structural communication caused by mutations, ligand and protein binding are described. Conserved amino acids, sites of misfolding mutations, or ligands acting as functional switches tend to behave as hubs in the native structure networks. Densely linked regions in the protein structure graphs could be identified as playing central roles in protein stability and function. Changes in the communication pathway fingerprints depending on the bound ligand or following amino acid mutation could be highlighted as well. A bridge between misfolding and misrouting could be established in rhodopsin mutants linked to inherited blindness. The analysis of native network perturbations by misfolding mutations served to infer key structural elements of protein responsiveness to small chaperones with implications for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fanelli
- Department of Life Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Italy
- Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Italy
| | - Angelo Felline
- Department of Life Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Italy
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12
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Hung SSC, Khan S, Lo CY, Hewitt AW, Wong RCB. Drug discovery using induced pluripotent stem cell models of neurodegenerative and ocular diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 177:32-43. [PMID: 28223228 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The revolution of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology provides a platform for development of cell therapy, disease modeling and drug discovery. Recent technological advances now allow us to reprogram a patient's somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Together with methods to differentiate these iPSCs into disease-relevant cell types, we are now able to model disease in vitro using iPSCs. Importantly, this represents a robust in vitro platform using patient-specific cells, providing opportunity for personalized precision medicine. Here we provide a review of advances using iPSC for drug development, and discuss the potential and limitations of iPSCs for drug discovery in neurodegenerative and ocular diseases. Emerging technologies that can facilitate the search for new drugs by assessment using in vitro disease models will also be discussed, including organoid differentiation, organ-on-chip, direct reprogramming and humanized animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy S C Hung
- Centre for Eye Research Australia & Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shahnaz Khan
- Centre for Eye Research Australia & Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Camden Y Lo
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Australia
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia & Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Raymond C B Wong
- Centre for Eye Research Australia & Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Australia.
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13
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Schopf K, Huber A. Membrane protein trafficking in Drosophila photoreceptor cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 96:391-401. [PMID: 27964885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane protein trafficking occurs throughout the lifetime of neurons and includes the initial protein synthesis and anterograde transport to the plasma membrane as well as internalization, degradation, and recycling of plasma membrane proteins. Defects in protein trafficking can result in neuronal degeneration and underlie blinding diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa as well as other neuronal disorders. Drosophila photoreceptor cells have emerged as a model system for identifying the components and mechanisms involved in membrane protein trafficking in neurons. Here we summarize the current knowledge about trafficking of three Drosophila phototransduction proteins, the visual pigment rhodopsin and the two light-activated ion channels TRP (transient receptor potential) and TRPL (TRP-like). Despite some common requirements shared by rhodopsin and TRP, details in the trafficking of these proteins differ considerably, suggesting the existence of several trafficking pathways for these photoreceptor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystina Schopf
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Physiology, Department of Biosensorics, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Armin Huber
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Physiology, Department of Biosensorics, Stuttgart, Germany.
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14
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Coussa RG, Chakarova C, Ajlan R, Taha M, Kavalec C, Gomolin J, Khan A, Lopez I, Ren H, Waseem N, Kamenarova K, Bhattacharya SS, Koenekoop RK. Genotype and Phenotype Studies in Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa (adRP) of the French Canadian Founder Population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:8297-305. [PMID: 26720483 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The French Canadian population of Quebec is a unique, well-known founder population with religious, linguistic, and geographic isolation. The genetics of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) in Quebec is not well studied thus far. The purpose of our study was to establish the genetic architecture of autosomal dominant RP (adRP) and to characterize the phenotypes associated with new adRP mutations in Quebec. METHODS Sanger sequencing of the commonly mutated currently known adRP genes was performed in a clinically well-characterized cohort of 60 adRP French Canadian families. Phenotypes were analyzed by projected visual acuity (best corrected), Goldmann visual fields, optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), and ERG. The potential effect of the novel mutations was assessed using in silico bioinformatic tools. The pathogenicity of all variants was then confirmed by segregation analysis within the families, when available. RESULTS We identified the causal mutation/gene in 24 of our adRP families, as 24 (40%) of 60 patients had adRP mutations in six known adRP genes. Eleven (46%) of these mutations were in RHO, four mutations (17%) were found in SNRNP200, three mutations (12.5%) in PRPH2/RDS, three mutations (12.5%) in TOPORS, two mutations (8%) in PRPF31, and one mutation (4%) in IMPDH1. Four mutations were novel. We identified new mutations in RHO (p.S270I), PRPF31 (p.R288W), IMPDH1 (p.Q318H), and TOPORS (p.H889R); the rest were previously reported. We present the genotype-phenotype characteristics of the four novel missense mutations. CONCLUSIONS This is the first large screening of adRP genes in the founder population of Quebec. Our prevalence of known adRP genes is 40% in the French Canadian population, which is lower than in other adRP populations around the world, illustrating the uniqueness of the French Canadian population. Our findings are crucial in expanding the current understanding of the genotypic-phenotypic spectrum of RP and documenting the genetic architecture of our founder population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razek Georges Coussa
- The McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory Paediatric Ophthalmology Division, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Radwan Ajlan
- The McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory Paediatric Ophthalmology Division, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mohammed Taha
- The McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory Paediatric Ophthalmology Division, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Conrad Kavalec
- The McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory Paediatric Ophthalmology Division, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julius Gomolin
- The McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory Paediatric Ophthalmology Division, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ayesha Khan
- The McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory Paediatric Ophthalmology Division, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Irma Lopez
- The McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory Paediatric Ophthalmology Division, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Huanan Ren
- The McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory Paediatric Ophthalmology Division, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Kunka Kamenarova
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, CSIC-CABIMER, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Robert K Koenekoop
- The McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory Paediatric Ophthalmology Division, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Comparative sequence analyses of rhodopsin and RPE65 reveal patterns of selective constraint across hereditary retinal disease mutations. Vis Neurosci 2016; 33:e002. [DOI: 10.1017/s0952523815000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRetinitis pigmentosa (RP) comprises several heritable diseases that involve photoreceptor, and ultimately retinal, degeneration. Currently, mutations in over 50 genes have known links to RP. Despite advances in clinical characterization, molecular characterization of RP remains challenging due to the heterogeneous nature of causal genes, mutations, and clinical phenotypes. In this study, we compiled large datasets of two important visual genes associated with RP: rhodopsin, which initiates the phototransduction cascade, and the retinoid isomerase RPE65, which regenerates the visual cycle. We used a comparative evolutionary approach to investigate the relationship between interspecific sequence variation and pathogenic mutations that lead to degenerative retinal disease. Using codon-based likelihood methods, we estimated evolutionary rates (dN/dS) across both genes in a phylogenetic context to investigate differences between pathogenic and nonpathogenic amino acid sites. In both genes, disease-associated sites showed significantly lower evolutionary rates compared to nondisease sites, and were more likely to occur in functionally critical areas of the proteins. The nature of the dataset (e.g., vertebrate or mammalian sequences), as well as selection of pathogenic sites, affected the differences observed between pathogenic and nonpathogenic sites. Our results illustrate that these methods can serve as an intermediate step in understanding protein structure and function in a clinical context, particularly in predicting the relative pathogenicity (i.e., functional impact) of point mutations and their downstream phenotypic effects. Extensions of this approach may also contribute to current methods for predicting the deleterious effects of candidate mutations and to the identification of protein regions under strong constraint where we expect pathogenic mutations to occur.
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16
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Shah SP, Wong F, Sharp DM, Vincent AL. A novel rhodopsin point mutation, proline-170-histidine, associated with sectoral retinitis pigmentosa. Ophthalmic Genet 2014; 35:241-7. [PMID: 24918165 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2014.924014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Identification and classification of all retinitis pigmentosa (RP) causing mutations contribute to a better understanding of disease variants. In this report we describe a New Zealand family, of European heritage, affected by a sectoral type RP phenotype in association with a novel rhodopsin mutation (proline-170-histidine) in a highly conserved site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen P Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
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17
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Xiong B, Bellen HJ. Rhodopsin homeostasis and retinal degeneration: lessons from the fly. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:652-60. [PMID: 24012059 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rhodopsins (Rh) are G protein-coupled receptors that function as light-sensors in photoreceptors. In humans, Rh mutations cause retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a degenerative disease that ultimately results in blindness. Studies in Drosophila have provided many insights into basic Rh biology and have identified pathways that lead to retinal degeneration. It has been shown that, because Rh is very abundant in photoreceptors, its accumulation in numerous organelles induces severe stress and results in degeneration of these cells. Moreover, genetic lesions that affect proper activation of membrane-bound Rh lead to disruption in Ca(2+) homeostasis which also causes photoreceptor degeneration. We review here the molecular signals involved in Rh homeostasis and the mechanisms underlying retinal degeneration in flies, and discuss possible links to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiong
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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18
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Vincent AL, Carroll J, Fishman GA, Sauer A, Sharp D, Summerfelt P, Williams V, Dubis AM, Kohl S, Wong F. Rhodopsin F45L Allele Does Not Cause Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa in a Large Caucasian Family. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2013; 2:4. [PMID: 24049715 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.2.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To ascertain the potential pathogenicity of a retinitis pigmentosa (RP)-causing RHO F45L allele in a family affected by congenital achromatopsia (ACHM). METHODS Case series/observational study that included two patients with ACHM and 24 extended family members. Molecular genetic analysis was performed to identify RHO F45L carrier status in the family and a control population. An adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) was used to image the photoreceptor mosaic and assess rod and cone structure. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was used to examine retinal lamination. Comprehensive clinical testing included acuity, color vision, and dilated fundus examination. Electroretinography was used to assess rod and cone function. RESULTS Five carriers of the RHO F45L allele alone (24-80 years) and three carriers in combination with a heterozygous CNGA3 mutant allele (10-64 years) were all free of the classic symptoms and signs of RP. In heterozygous carriers of both mutations, SD-OCT showed normal retinal thickness and intact outer retinal layers; rod and cone densities were within normal limits on AOSLO. The phenotype in two individuals affected with ACHM and harboring the RHO F45L allele was indistinguishable from that previously reported for ACHM. CONCLUSIONS The RHO F45L allele is not pathogenic in this large family; hence, the two ACHM patients would unlikely develop RP in the future. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE The combined approach of comprehensive molecular analysis of individual genomes and noninvasive cellular resolution retinal imaging enhances the current repertoire of clinical diagnostic tools, giving a substantial impetus to personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Vincent
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand ; Eye Department, Greenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
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Hollingsworth TJ, Gross AK. Defective trafficking of rhodopsin and its role in retinal degenerations. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 293:1-44. [PMID: 22251557 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394304-0.00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa is a retinal degeneration transmitted by varied modes of inheritance and affects approximately 1 in 4000 individuals. The photoreceptors of the outer retina, as well as the retinal pigmented epithelium which supports the outer retina metabolically and structurally, are the retinal regions most affected by the disorder. In several forms of retinitis pigmentosa, the mislocalization of the rod photoreceptor protein rhodopsin is thought to be a contributing factor underlying the pathophysiology seen in patients. The mutations causing this mislocalization often occur in genes coding proteins involved in ciliary formation, vesicular transport, rod outer segment disc formation, and stability, as well as the rhodopsin protein itself. Often, these mutations result in the most early-onset cases of both recessive and dominant retinitis pigmentosa, and the following presents a discussion of the proteins, their degenerative phenotypes, and possible treatments of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Hollingsworth
- Department of Vision Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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20
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Kumar S, Dudley JT, Filipski A, Liu L. Phylomedicine: an evolutionary telescope to explore and diagnose the universe of disease mutations. Trends Genet 2011; 27:377-86. [PMID: 21764165 PMCID: PMC3272884 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Modern technologies have made the sequencing of personal genomes routine. They have revealed thousands of nonsynonymous (amino acid altering) single nucleotide variants (nSNVs) of protein-coding DNA per genome. What do these variants foretell about an individual's predisposition to diseases? The experimental technologies required to carry out such evaluations at a genomic scale are not yet available. Fortunately, the process of natural selection has lent us an almost infinite set of tests in nature. During long-term evolution, new mutations and existing variations have been evaluated for their biological consequences in countless species, and outcomes are readily revealed by multispecies genome comparisons. We review studies that have investigated evolutionary characteristics and in silico functional diagnoses of nSNVs found in thousands of disease-associated genes. We conclude that the patterns of long-term evolutionary conservation and permissible sequence divergence are essential and instructive modalities for functional assessment of human genetic variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA.
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21
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Rakoczy EP, Kiel C, McKeone R, Stricher F, Serrano L. Analysis of disease-linked rhodopsin mutations based on structure, function, and protein stability calculations. J Mol Biol 2010; 405:584-606. [PMID: 21094163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) refers to a heterogeneous group of inherited diseases that result in progressive retinal degeneration, characterized by visual field constriction and night blindness. A total of 103 mutations in rhodopsin are linked to RP to date, and the phenotypes range from severe to asymptomatic. To study the relation between phenotype and rhodopsin stability in disease mutants, we used a structure-based approach. For 12 of the mutants located at the protein-lipid interphase, we used the von Heijne water-membrane transfer scale, and we find that 9 of the mutations could affect membrane insertion. For 91 mutants, we used the protein design algorithm FoldX. The 3 asymptomatic mutations had no significant reduced stability, 2 were unsuitable for FoldX analysis since the structure was incorrect in this region, 63 mutations had a significant change in protein stability (>1.6 kcal/mol), and 23 mutations had energy change values under the prediction error threshold (<1.6 kcal/mol). Out of these 23, the disease-causing effect could be explained by the involvement in other functions (e.g., glycosylation motifs, the interface with arrestin and transducin, and the cilia-binding motif) for 19 mutants. The remaining 4 mutants were probably incorrectly associated with RP or have functionalities not discovered yet. For destabilizing mutations where clinical data were available, we found a highly significant correlation between FoldX energy changes and the average age of night blindness and between FoldX energy changes and daytime vision loss onset. Our detailed structural, functional, and energetic analysis provides a complete picture of the rhodopsin mutations and can guide mutation-specific therapies.
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22
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Kawamura S, Colozo AT, Müller DJ, Park PSH. Conservation of molecular interactions stabilizing bovine and mouse rhodopsin. Biochemistry 2010; 49:10412-20. [PMID: 21038881 DOI: 10.1021/bi101345x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Rhodopsin is the light receptor that initiates phototransduction in rod photoreceptor cells. The structure and function of rhodopsin are tightly linked to molecular interactions that stabilize and determine the receptor's functional state. Single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) was used to localize and quantify molecular interactions that structurally stabilize bovine and mouse rhodopsin from native disk membranes of rod photoreceptor cells. The mechanical unfolding of bovine and mouse rhodopsin revealed nine major unfolding intermediates, each intermediate defining a structurally stable segment in the receptor. These stable structural segments had similar localization and occurrence in both bovine and mouse samples. For each structural segment, parameters describing their unfolding energy barrier were determined by dynamic SMFS. No major differences were observed between bovine and mouse rhodopsin, thereby implying that the structures of both rhodopsins are largely stabilized by similar molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Kawamura
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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Fanelli F, Seeber M. Structural insights into retinitis pigmentosa from unfolding simulations of rhodopsin mutants. FASEB J 2010; 24:3196-209. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-151084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Seeber
- Dulbecco Telethon InstituteDepartment of Chemistry Modena Italy
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24
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Wright AF, Chakarova CF, Abd El-Aziz MM, Bhattacharya SS. Photoreceptor degeneration: genetic and mechanistic dissection of a complex trait. Nat Rev Genet 2010; 11:273-84. [PMID: 20212494 DOI: 10.1038/nrg2717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Thusberg J, Vihinen M. Pathogenic or not? And if so, then how? Studying the effects of missense mutations using bioinformatics methods. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:703-14. [PMID: 19267389 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Many gene defects are relatively easy to identify experimentally, but obtaining information about the effects of sequence variations and elucidation of the detailed molecular mechanisms of genetic diseases will be among the next major efforts in mutation research. Amino acid substitutions may have diverse effects on protein structure and function; thus, a detailed analysis of the mutations is essential. Experimental study of the molecular effects of mutations is laborious, whereas useful and reliable information about the effects of amino acid substitutions can readily be obtained by theoretical methods. Experimentally defined structures and molecular modeling can be used as a basis for interpretation of the mutations. The effects of missense mutations can be analyzed even when the 3D structure of the protein has not been determined, although structure-based analyses are more reliable. Structural analyses include studies of the contacts between residues, their implication for the stability of the protein, and the effects of the introduced residues. Investigations of steric and stereochemical consequences of substitutions provide insights on the molecular fit of the introduced residue. Mutations that change the electrostatic surface potential of a protein have wide-ranging effects. Analyses of the effects of mutations on interactions with ligands and partners have been performed for elucidation of functional mutations. We have employed numerous methods for predicting the effects of amino acid substitutions. We discuss the applicability of these methods in the analysis of genes, proteins, and diseases to reveal protein structure-function relationships, which is essential to gain insights into disease genotype-phenotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janita Thusberg
- Institute of Medical Technology, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland
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26
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Jackson HA, Accili EA. Evolutionary analyses of KCNQ1 and HERG voltage-gated potassium channel sequences reveal location-specific susceptibility and augmented chemical severities of arrhythmogenic mutations. BMC Evol Biol 2008; 8:188. [PMID: 18590565 PMCID: PMC2483723 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in HERG and KCNQ1 potassium channels have been associated with Long QT syndrome and atrial fibrillation, and more recently with sudden infant death syndrome and sudden unexplained death. In other proteins, disease-associated amino acid mutations have been analyzed according to the chemical severity of the changes and the locations of the altered amino acids according to their conservation over metazoan evolution. Here, we present the first such analysis of arrhythmia-associated mutations (AAMs) in the HERG and KCNQ1 potassium channels. RESULTS Using evolutionary analyses, AAMs in HERG and KCNQ1 were preferentially found at evolutionarily conserved sites and unevenly distributed among functionally conserved domains. Non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) are under-represented at evolutionarily conserved sites in HERG, but distribute randomly in KCNQ1. AAMs are chemically more severe, according to Grantham's Scale, than changes observed in evolution and their severity correlates with the expected chemical severity of the involved codon. Expected chemical severity of a given amino acid also correlates with its relative contribution to arrhythmias. At evolutionarily variable sites, the chemical severity of the changes is also correlated with the expected chemical severity of the involved codon. CONCLUSION Unlike nsSNPs, AAMs preferentially locate to evolutionarily conserved, and functionally important, sites and regions within HERG and KCNQ1, and are chemically more severe than changes which occur in evolution. Expected chemical severity may contribute to the overrepresentation of certain residues in AAMs, as well as to evolutionary change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Jackson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Xenopus laevis P23H rhodopsin transgene causes rod photoreceptor degeneration that is more severe in the ventral retina and is modulated by light. Exp Eye Res 2008; 86:612-21. [PMID: 18291367 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rhodopsin transgenes carrying mutations that cause autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa in humans have been used to study rod photoreceptor degeneration in various model organisms including Xenopus laevis. To date, the only transgenes shown to cause rod photoreceptor degeneration in Xenopus laevis have been either mammalian rhodopsins or chimeric versions of rhodopsin based mainly on Xenopus laevis rhodopsin sequences but with a mammalian C-terminus. Since the C-terminal sequence of rhodopsin is highly conserved in mammals and divergent in Xenopus laevis, and mammalian and epitope-tagged rhodopsins may have unexpected properties as transgenes, we decided to test whether a Xenopus laevis rhodopsin transgene carrying only the P23H mutation could also cause rod photoreceptor degeneration. Xenopus laevis tadpoles expressing these transgenes indeed had shortened outer segments and, in severely affected animals, the loss of rod photoreceptors but not the loss of cone photoreceptors. RT-PCR analyses showed that less than 10% of mutant transgenic rhodopsin relative to wild-type endogenous rhodopsin mRNA was sufficient to produce severe rod photoreceptor degeneration. As observed in other animal models as well as humans carrying this particular rhodopsin mutation, the rod photoreceptor degeneration was most severe in the ventral retina and was modified by light. Thus, the rod photoreceptor degeneration produced in Xenopus laevis by the P23H mutation in an otherwise untagged Xenopus laevis rhodopsin is generally similar to that seen with mammalian rhodopsins and epitope-tagged versions of Xenopus laevis rhodopsin, though some differences remain to be explained.
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Evolutionary anatomies of positions and types of disease-associated and neutral amino acid mutations in the human genome. BMC Genomics 2006; 7:306. [PMID: 17144929 PMCID: PMC1702542 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Amino acid mutations in a large number of human proteins are known to be associated with heritable genetic disease. These disease-associated mutations (DAMs) are known to occur predominantly in positions essential to the structure and function of the proteins. Here, we examine how the relative perpetuation and conservation of amino acid positions modulate the genome-wide patterns of 8,627 human disease-associated mutations (DAMs) reported in 541 genes. We compare these patterns with 5,308 non-synonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (nSNPs) in 2,592 genes from primary SNP resources. Results The abundance of DAMs shows a negative relationship with the evolutionary rate of the amino acid positions harboring them. An opposite trend describes the distribution of nSNPs. DAMs are also preferentially found in the amino acid positions that are retained (or present) in multiple vertebrate species, whereas the nSNPs are over-abundant in the positions that have been lost (or absent) in the non-human vertebrates. These observations are consistent with the effect of purifying selection on natural variation, which also explains the existence of lower minor nSNP allele frequencies at highly-conserved amino acid positions. The biochemical severity of the inter-specific amino acid changes is also modulated by natural selection, with the fast-evolving positions containing more radical amino acid differences among species. Similarly, DAMs associated with early-onset diseases are more radical than those associated with the late-onset diseases. A small fraction of DAMs (10%) overlap with the amino acid differences between species within the same position, but are biochemically the most conservative group of amino acid differences in our datasets. Overlapping DAMs are found disproportionately in fast-evolving amino acid positions, which, along with the conservative nature of the amino acid changes, may have allowed some of them to escape natural selection until compensatory changes occur. Conclusion The consistency and predictability of genome-wide patterns of disease- associated and neutral amino acid variants reported here underscores the importance of the consideration of evolutionary rates of amino acid positions in clinical and population genetic analyses aimed at understanding the nature and fate of disease-associated and neutral population variation. Establishing such general patterns is an early step in efforts to diagnose the pathogenic potentials of novel amino acid mutations.
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Senin II, Bosch L, Ramon E, Zernii EY, Manyosa J, Philippov PP, Garriga P. Ca2+/recoverin dependent regulation of phosphorylation of the rhodopsin mutant R135L associated with retinitis pigmentosa. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 349:345-52. [PMID: 16934219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
No single molecular mechanism accounts for the effect of mutations in rhodopsin associated with retinitis pigmentosa. Here we report on the specific effect of a Ca2+/recoverin upon phosphorylation of the autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa R135L rhodopsin mutant. This mutant shows specific features like impaired G-protein signaling but enhanced phosphorylation in the shut-off process. We now report that R135L hyperphosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase is less efficiently inhibited by Ca2+/recoverin than wild-type rhodopsin. This suggests an involvement of Ca2+/recoverin into the molecular pathogenic effect of the mutation in retinitis pigmentosa which is the cause of rod photoreceptor cell degeneration. This new proposed role of Ca2+/recoverin may be one of the specific features of the proposed new Type III class or rhodopsin mutations associated with retinitis pigmentosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan I Senin
- Department of Cell Signalling, A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
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Sullivan LS, Bowne SJ, Birch DG, Hughbanks-Wheaton D, Heckenlively JR, Lewis RA, Garcia CA, Ruiz RS, Blanton SH, Northrup H, Gire AI, Seaman R, Duzkale H, Spellicy CJ, Zhu J, Shankar SP, Daiger SP. Prevalence of disease-causing mutations in families with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa: a screen of known genes in 200 families. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47:3052-64. [PMID: 16799052 PMCID: PMC2585061 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To survey families with clinical evidence of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP) for mutations in genes known to cause adRP. METHODS Two hundred adRP families, drawn from a cohort of more than 400 potential families, were selected by analysis of pedigrees. Minimum criteria for inclusion in the adRP cohort included either evidence of at least three generations of affected individuals or two generations with evidence of male-to-male transmission. Probands from each family were screened for mutations in 13 genes known to cause adRP: CA4, CRX, FSCN2, IMPDH1, NRL, PRPF3 (RP18), PRPF8 (RP13), PRPF31 (RP11), RDS, RHO, ROM1, RP1, and RP9. Families without mutations in autosomal genes and in which an X-linked mode of inheritance could not be excluded were tested for mutations in ORF 15 of X-linked RPGR. Potentially pathogenic variants were evaluated based on a variety of genetic and computational criteria, to confirm or exclude pathogenicity. RESULTS A total of 82 distinct, rare (nonpolymorphic) variants were detected among the genes tested. Of these, 57 are clearly pathogenic based on multiple criteria, 10 are probably pathogenic, and 15 are probably benign. In the cohort of 200 families, 94 (47%) have one of the clearly pathogenic variants and 10 (5%) have one of the probably pathogenic variants. One family (0.5%) has digenic RDS-ROM1 mutations. Two families (1%) have a pathogenic RPGR mutation, indicating that families with apparent autosomal transmission of RP may actually have X-linked genetic disease. Thus, 107 families (53.5%) have mutations in known genes, leaving 93 whose underlying cause is still unknown. CONCLUSIONS Together, the known adRP genes account for retinal disease in approximately half of the families in this survey, mostly Americans of European origin. Among the adRP genes, IMPDH1, PRPF8, PRPF31, RDS, RHO, and RP1 each accounts for more than 2% of the total; CRX, PRPF3, and RPGR each accounts for roughly 1%. Disease-causing mutations were not found in CA4, FSCN2, NRL, or RP9. Because some mutations are frequent and some regions are more likely to harbor mutations than others, more than two thirds of the detected mutations can be found by screening less than 10% of the total gene sequences. Among the remaining families, mutations may lie in regions of known genes that were not tested, mutations may not be detectable by PCR-based sequencing, or other loci may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori S Sullivan
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston 77030, USA.
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31
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Carleton KL, Spady TC, Cote RH. Rod and cone opsin families differ in spectral tuning domains but not signal transducing domains as judged by saturated evolutionary trace analysis. J Mol Evol 2005; 61:75-89. [PMID: 15988624 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-004-0289-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The visual receptor of rods and cones is a covalent complex of the apoprotein, opsin, and the light-sensitive chromophore, 11-cis-retinal. This pigment must fulfill many functions including photoactivation, spectral tuning, signal transmission, inactivation, and chromophore regeneration. Rod and cone photoreceptors employ distinct families of opsins. Although it is well known that these opsin families provide unique ranges in spectral sensitivity, it is unclear whether the families have additional functional differences. In this study, we use evolutionary trace (ET) analysis of 188 vertebrate opsin sequences to identify functionally important sites in each opsin family. We demonstrate the following results. (1) The available vertebrate opsin sequences produce a definitive description of all five vertebrate opsin families. This is the first demonstration of sequence saturation prior to ET analysis, which we term saturated ET (SET). (2) The cone opsin classes have class-specific sites compared to the rod opsin class. These sites reside in the transmembrane region and tune the spectral sensitivity of each opsin class to its characteristic wavelength range. (3) The cytoplasmic loops, primarily responsible for signal transmission and inactivation, are essentially invariant in rod versus cone opsins. This indicates that the electrophysiological differences between rod and cone photoreceptors cannot be ascribed to differences in the protein interaction regions of the opsins. SET shows that chromophore binding and regeneration are the only aspects of opsin structure likely to have functionally significant differences between rods and cones, whereas excitatory and adaptational properties of the opsin families appear to be functionally invariant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Carleton
- Hubbard Center for Genome Studies, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
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Briscoe AD, Bernard GD. Eyeshine and spectral tuning of long wavelength-sensitive rhodopsins: no evidence for red-sensitive photoreceptors among five Nymphalini butterfly species. J Exp Biol 2005; 208:687-96. [PMID: 15695761 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYSpectral tuning of rhodopsins commonly refers to the effects of opsin amino acid substitutions on the wavelength for peak sensitivity of the rhodopsin absorption spectrum. Nymphalini butterflies provide an opportunity for identifying some of the amino acid substitutions responsible for insect rhodopsin spectral tuning because the majority of photoreceptor cells (R3-9)in the adult retina express only a single long wavelength-sensitive (LWS)opsin mRNA transcript. Therefore, the opsin genotype can be directly correlated with its phenotype. We determined the LWS opsin gene sequence from cDNA of the mourning cloak Nymphalis antiopa, and from genomic DNA of the malachite Siproeta stelenes and the peacock Inachis io.Using an epi-microspectrophotometer we examined each butterfly's eyeshine for photochemical evidence of multiple LWS rhodopsins and found only one. We then performed partial-bleaching experiments to obtain absorbance spectra for the LWS rhodopsins of all three species as well as from another nymphalid, the buckeye Junonia coenia. The isolated LWS opsin gene sequences varied in length from 1437-1612 bp and encode rhodopsins R522 (S. stelenes),R530 (I. io), R534 (N. antiopa) and, together with a previously published sequence, R510 (J. coenia). Comparative sequence analysis indicates that the S. stelenes rhodopsin is slightly blue-shifted compared to the typical 530 nm lepidopteran rhodopsin because of the presence of a S138A substitution at a homologous site that in mammalian MWS/LWS rhodopsins causes a 5 nm blue-shift. The difference in peak absorption between R522 of S. stelenes and R530 of Inachis io is therefore largely accounted for by this substitution. This suggests that spectral tuning mechanisms employing the S138A may have evolved in parallel in mammalian and butterfly MWS/LWS rhodopsins across 500 million years of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana D Briscoe
- Comparative and Evolutionary Physiology Group, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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