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Jeong MJ, Wang Z, Zou WQ, Kim YC, Jeong BH. The first report of polymorphisms of the prion protein gene ( PRNP) in Pekin ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos domestica). Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1273050. [PMID: 38026621 PMCID: PMC10664711 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1273050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prion diseases have been extensively reported in various mammalian species and are caused by a pathogenic prion protein (PrPSc), which is a misfolded version of cellular prion protein (PrPC). Notably, no cases of prion disease have been reported in birds. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the prion protein gene (PRNP) that encodes PrP have been associated with susceptibility to prion diseases in several species. However, no studies on PRNP polymorphisms in domestic ducks have been reported thus far. Method To investigate PRNP polymorphisms in domestic ducks, we isolated genomic DNA from 214 Pekin duck samples and sequenced the coding region of the Pekin duck PRNP gene. We analyzed genotype, allele, and haplotype distributions and linkage disequilibrium (LD) among the SNPs of the Pekin duck PRNP gene. In addition, we evaluated the effects of the one non-synonymous SNP on the function and structure of PrP using the PROVEAN, PANTHER, SNPs & GO, SODA, and AMYCO in silico prediction programs. Results We found five novel SNPs, c.441 T > C, c.495 T > C, c.582A > G, c.710C > T(P237L), and c.729C > T, in the ORF region of the PRNP gene in 214 Pekin duck samples. We observed strong LD between c.441 T > C and c.582A > G (0.479), and interestingly, the link between c.495 T > C and c.729C > T was in perfect LD, with an r2 value of 1.0. In addition, we identified the five major haplotype frequencies: TTACC, CTGCC, CTACC, CCGCT, and CTATC. Furthermore, we found that the non-synonymous SNP, c.710C > T (P237L), had no detrimental effects on the function or structure of Pekin duck PrP. However, the non-synonymous SNP had deleterious effects on the aggregation propensity and solubility of Pekin duck PrP compared with wildtype Pekin duck PrP. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report on the genetic characteristics of PRNP SNPs in Pekin ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ju Jeong
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Zerui Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Wen-Quan Zou
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Yong-Chan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Gelasakis AI, Boukouvala E, Babetsa M, Katharopoulos E, Palaska V, Papakostaki D, Giadinis ND, Loukovitis D, Langeveld JPM, Ekateriniadou LV. Polymorphisms of Codons 110, 146, 211 and 222 at the Goat PRNP Locus and Their Association with Scrapie in Greece. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082340. [PMID: 34438796 PMCID: PMC8388637 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrapie is considered an endemic disease in both sheep and goats in Greece. However, contrary to sheep, in goats more than one prion protein (PrP) polymorphism has been recognized as a candidate for resistance breeding against the disease. For an impression, candidates which are circulating, (i) brain samples (n = 525) from scrapie-affected (n = 282) and non-affected (n = 243) animals within the national surveillance program, and (ii) individual blood samples (n = 1708) from affected (n = 241) and non-affected (n = 1467) herds, in a large part of mainland Greece and its islands, were collected and assayed. A dedicated Taqman method was used to test for amino acid polymorphisms 110T/P, 146N/S/D, 211R/Q, and 222Q/K. Highly prevalent genotypes were 110TT, 146NN, 211RR, and 222QQ. The frequencies of polymorphisms in blood and negative brain samples for codons 110P, 211Q, and 222K were 4.0%, 3.0%, and 1.9%, respectively, while 146D (0.7%) was present only on Karpathos island. Codon 110P was exclusively found in scrapie-negative brains, and homozygous 110P/P in two scrapie-negative goats. It is concluded that breeding programs in Karpathos could focus on codon 146D, while in other regions carriers of the 110P and 222K allele should be sought. Case-control and challenge studies are now necessary to elucidate the most efficient breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios I. Gelasakis
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Evridiki Boukouvala
- Veterinary Research Institute, ELGO-DIMITRA, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.B.); (M.B.); (E.K.)
| | - Maria Babetsa
- Veterinary Research Institute, ELGO-DIMITRA, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.B.); (M.B.); (E.K.)
| | | | - Vayia Palaska
- National Reference Laboratory for TSEs, Ministry of Agricultural Development and Food, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Dimitra Papakostaki
- Veterinary Center of Thessaloniki, Ministry of Agricultural Development and Food, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Nektarios D. Giadinis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | | | - Jan P. M. Langeveld
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands;
| | - Loukia V. Ekateriniadou
- Veterinary Research Institute, ELGO-DIMITRA, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.B.); (M.B.); (E.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Zeineldin M, Lehman K, Urie N, Branan M, Wiedenheft A, Marshall K, Robbe-Austerman S, Thacker T. Large-scale survey of prion protein genetic variability in scrapie disease-free goats from the United States. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254998. [PMID: 34280230 PMCID: PMC8289333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrapie is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease of small ruminants caused by an accumulation of an abnormal isoform of prion protein in the central nervous system. Polymorphisms of the prion protein gene (PRNP) strongly modulate scrapie resistance and incubation period in goats. The aim of this study was to identify PRNP genetic variability in goats across the United States. Blood from a total of 6,029 apparent scrapie disease-free goats from 654 operations and 19 breeds were analyzed. Sequencing of PRNP revealed 26 genotypes with different rates based on eight codons. The GG127, RR154, and QQ222 genotypes were predominant and showed a remarkably high rate across all goats. The QK222 and NS146 genotypes, known to be protective against scrapie, were found in 0.6% [with 95% CI = (0.3, 1.2)] and 22.0% [95% CI = (19.1, 25.2)] of goats, respectively. The QK222 genotype was found in 23.1% of Oberhasli goats tested, with 95%CI = (3.9, 68.7)] and 22.0% of Toggenburg goats tested with 95%CI = (9.7, 42.5)], while NS146 was found in 65.5% of Savannah goats tested, with 95%CI = (30.8, 89.9), 36.7% of Boer goats tested, with 95%CI = (33.1, 40.4), 36.3% of Nubian goats tested, with 95%CI = (27.0, 46.7)], and 35.6% of LaMancha goats tested, with 95%CI = (22.8, 50.8%). The MM142 and IM142 genotypes were found more frequently in goats on dairy operations, while the HR143, NS146, and ND146 genotypes were found more frequently in goats on meat operations. Goats in the east region had a higher percentage of goats with RH154, RQ211, and QK222 genotypes than goats in the west region. The results of this study showed high genetic variability of PRNP among the U.S. goat population, with differences by location and breed, and may serve as a rationale for development of goat breeding programs at the national level to mitigate the risk of scrapie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Zeineldin
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Kimberly Lehman
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Natalie Urie
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Matthew Branan
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Alyson Wiedenheft
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Katherine Marshall
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Suelee Robbe-Austerman
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Tyler Thacker
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
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Madsen-Bouterse SA, Stewart P, Williamson H, Schneider DA, Goldmann W. Caprine PRNP polymorphisms N146S and Q222K are associated with proteolytic cleavage of PrP C. Genet Sel Evol 2021; 53:52. [PMID: 34147084 PMCID: PMC8214774 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-021-00646-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) is crucial for the development of prion diseases. Amino acid changes in PrPC or a reduced amount of PrPC may modulate disease resistance. The relative abundance of C1, a natural α-cleavage fragment of PrPC, was previously found to be associated with a resistant PRNP genotype in sheep. Goats are another small ruminant where classical scrapie susceptibility is under strong genetic control. In this study, we assessed PrPC in goats for the existence of similar associations between PrPC fragments and genotype. Brain tissue homogenates from scrapie-free goats with wild type PRNP or polymorphisms (I142M, H143R, N146S, or Q222K) were deglycosylated prior to immunoblot for assessment of the relative abundance of the C1 fragment of PrPC. The presence of K222 or S146 alleles demonstrated significantly different relative levels of C1 compared to that observed in wild type goats, which suggests that the genotype association with C1 is neither unique to sheep nor exclusive to the ovine Q171R dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Madsen-Bouterse
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Paula Stewart
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Helen Williamson
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - David A Schneider
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Wilfred Goldmann
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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Genetic Variation in the Prion Protein Gene ( PRNP) of Two Tunisian Goat Populations. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061635. [PMID: 34073078 PMCID: PMC8228439 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Goat production is contributing to the economic and social development of rural areas in arid lands, within harsh conditions of Southern Tunisia. In this geographic zone, there are two caprine populations: the native goat population and the crossed goat population. Genotyping goats for the prion protein gene (PRNP) allows us to estimate their level of genetic susceptibility to scrapie disease. In the present work, the Sanger sequencing method of the entire PRNP coding sequence was used to determine the different PRNP genotypes and haplotypes in two populations (116 animals). This study represents the first investigation on goats’ PRNP genetic variability in Tunisia, and the results are useful in the design of national breeding programs. Abstract Scrapie is a fatal prion disease. It belongs to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), and occurs in sheep and goats. Similarly, to ovine species, the prion protein gene (PRNP) plays a major role in conferring resistance or susceptibility to TSE in goats. This study assesses the variability of PRNP in native and crossed-breed goat populations raised in the Southeast of Tunisia and provides information on the distribution of PRNP haplotypes and genotypes in these goat populations. A total of 116 unrelated goats including 82 native and 34 crossed-breed goats were screened for PRNP polymorphisms using Sanger sequencing. Sequence analysis revealed 10 non-synonymous polymorphisms (G37V, M137I, R139S, I142M, H143R, N146D, R154H, R211Q, Q222K, and S240P), giving rise to 12 haplotypes and 23 genotypes. Moreover, four silent mutations were detected at codons 30, 42, 138, and 179; the former was reported for the first time in goat (nucleotide 60 c→t). Interestingly, the PrP variants associated with resistance (D146 and K222) or with a prolonged incubation time of goat to scrapie (M142, R143, H154, Q211) were absent or detected with low frequencies except for H154 variant, which is present with high frequency (1%, 1%, 4%, 0%, 88%, and 6%, respectively, for native goats, and 0%, 1%, 0%, 1%, 78%, and 1%, respectively, for crossed goats). The analysis of PRNP polymorphisms of goats raised in other regions of the country will be useful in getting a global view of PRNP genetic variability and the feasibility of goat breeding programs in Tunisia.
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Won SY, Kim YC, Jeong BH. Evaluation of proteinase K-resistant prion protein (PrPres) in Korean native black goats carrying a potential scrapie-susceptible haplotype of the prion protein gene (PRNP). Acta Vet Hung 2021; 69:88-93. [PMID: 33844641 DOI: 10.1556/004.2021.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prion disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with a broad host range in humans and animals. It is caused by proteinase K-resistant prion protein (PrPres). In previous studies, a heterogeneous infection in Cervidae and Caprinae was reported. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) has been frequently reported as the only prion disease in Korea that occurs in livestock. Thus, there is a possibility of transmission of CWD to Korean native black goats. However, PrPres has not been investigated thus far in Korean native black goats. We found strong linkage disequilibrium between c.126G>A and c.414T>C (r2 = 1) and between c.718C>T and c.126G>A (r2 = 0.638). In addition, the haplotype GTGTAAAC (representing codons 42, 102, 127, 138, 143, 146, 218 and 240) showed the highest frequency with 45.1%. Among 41 Korean native black goats, 20 animals (48.78%) were homozygous for the susceptible haplotypes (histidine at codon 143, asparagine at codon 146 and arginine at codon 154). Interestingly, we did not detect PrPres bands in any of the tested animals, including the 20 animals carrying potential scrapie susceptible haplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Young Won
- 1Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 820-120 Hana-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54531, Republic of Korea
- 2Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Chan Kim
- 1Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 820-120 Hana-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54531, Republic of Korea
- 2Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Jeong
- 1Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 820-120 Hana-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54531, Republic of Korea
- 2Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
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Marín-Moreno A, Espinosa JC, Torres JM. Transgenic mouse models for the study of prion diseases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 175:147-177. [PMID: 32958231 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Prions are unique agents that challenge the molecular biology dogma by transmitting information on the protein level. They cause neurodegenerative diseases that lack of any cure or treatment called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The function of the normal form of the prion protein, the exact mechanism of prion propagation between species as well as at the cellular level and neuron degeneration remains elusive. However, great amount of information known for all these aspects has been achieved thanks to the use of animal models and more precisely to transgenic mouse models. In this chapter, the main contributions of these powerful research tools in the prion field are revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Marín-Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan María Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain.
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Mandal M, Mishra C, Dash SK, Swain LL, Pradhan SK, Nayak G. Identification and futuristic role of novel polymorphism of caprine PrP gene. Anim Biotechnol 2020; 33:53-62. [PMID: 32427042 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2020.1765789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Caprine Prion Protein (PrP) gene polymorphism in three different native Indian goat populations of Southern Odisha, namely Ganjam (a registered breed of India), Ghumusari and Raighar was studied. The 876 bp amplified segment of PrP gene contains full length coding sequence of 771 bp. In Ganjam and Ghumusari goats, any difference of nucleotide sequence was not identified. However, the comparison of nucleotide sequences of Raighar goats and goats of other locality revealed a change in nucleotide at five different positions (G190A, G724A, A727T, C775G and C800T) which includes two non-synonymous nucleotide changes. The non-synonymous nucleotide change resulted a change in amino acid at two different positions (Ser234Cys and Lys246Phe) in mature polypeptide which were not reported earlier and therefore, considered as novel. On the basis of these variants of PrP gene phylogenetic tree was constructed which showed that Ganjam and Raighar goats appeared in different clade. Since any occurrence of Scrapie infection in goats of Odisha was not reported, it can be proposed that these changes in amino acid may be responsible as resistance allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manaswini Mandal
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Chinmoy Mishra
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Susant Kumar Dash
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Lipi Lekha Swain
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sukanta Kumar Pradhan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Gangadhar Nayak
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
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Teferedegn EY, Yaman Y, Ün C. Novel Variations in Native Ethiopian Goat breeds PRNP Gene and Their Potential Effect on Prion Protein Stability. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6953. [PMID: 32332800 PMCID: PMC7181617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63874-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrapie is a lethal neurodegenerative disease of sheep and goats caused by the misfolding of the prion protein. Variants such as M142, D145, S146, H154, Q211, and K222 were experimentally found to increase resistance or extend scrapie incubation period in goats. We aimed to identify polymorphisms in the Afar and Arsi-Bale goat breeds of Ethiopia and computationally assess the effect of variants on prion protein stability. In the present study, four non-synonymous novel polymorphisms G67S, W68R, G69D, and R159H in the first octapeptide repeat and the highly conserved C-terminus globular domain of goat PrP were detected. The resistant genotype, S146, was detected in >50% of the present population. The current study population showed a genetic diversity in Ethiopian goat breeds. In the insilico analysis, the R68 variant was predicted to increase stability while S67, D69, and H159 decrease the stability of prion protein. The new variants in the octapeptide repeat motif were predicted to decrease amyloidogenicity but H159 increased the hotspot sequence amyloidogenic propensity. These novel variants could be the source of conformational flexibility that may trigger the gain or loss of function by prion protein. Further experimental study is required to depict the actual effects of variants on prion protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yalçın Yaman
- Department of Biometry and Genetics, Bandırma Sheep Research Institute, Bandırma, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Cemal Ün
- Ege University, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Division, Izmir, Turkey.
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Kim YC, Kim SK, Jeong BH. Scrapie susceptibility-associated indel polymorphism of shadow of prion protein gene (SPRN) in Korean native black goats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15261. [PMID: 31649311 PMCID: PMC6813300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases in sheep and goats are called scrapie and belong to a group of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) caused by the abnormal misfolding of the prion protein encoded by the prion protein gene (PRNP). The shadow of the prion protein gene (SPRN) is the only prion gene family member that shows a protein expression profile similar to that of the PRNP gene in the central nervous system. In addition, genetic susceptibility of the SPRN gene has been reported in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and scrapie. However, genetic studies of the SPRN gene have not been carried out in Korean native black goats. Here, we investigated the genotype and allele frequencies of SPRN polymorphisms in 213 Korean native black goats and compared these polymorphisms with those previously reported for scrapie-affected animals. We found a total of 6 polymorphisms including 1 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and 1 synonymous SNP in the open reading frame (ORF) region and 3 SNPs and 1 indel polymorphism (c.495_496insCTCCC) in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) by direct DNA sequencing. A significant difference in the allele frequency of the c.495_496insCTCCC indel polymorphism was found between the Italian scrapie-affected goats and the Korean native black goats (P < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the allele frequencies of the c.495_496insCTCCC indel polymorphism between Italian healthy goats and Korean native black goats (P < 0.001). To evaluate the biological impact of the novel nonsynonymous SNP c.416G > A (Arg139Gln), we carried out PROVEAN analysis. PROVEAN predicted the SNP as 'Neutral' with a score of -0.297. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first genetic study of the SPRN gene in Korean native black goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chan Kim
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54531, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Kwan Kim
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54531, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54531, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Russell RE, Tripp DW, Rocke TE. Differential plague susceptibility in species and populations of prairie dogs. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11962-11971. [PMID: 31695901 PMCID: PMC6822031 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory trials conducted over the past decade at U.S. Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center indicate that wild populations of prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) display different degrees of susceptibility to experimental challenge with fully virulent Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague. We evaluated patterns in prairie dog susceptibility to plague to determine whether the historical occurrence of plague at location of capture was related to survival times of prairie dogs challenged with Y. pestis. We found that black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) from South Dakota (captured prior to the detection of plague in the state), Gunnison's prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni) from Colorado, and Utah prairie dogs (Cynomys parvidens) from Utah were most susceptible to plague. Though the susceptibility of black-tailed prairie dogs in South Dakota compared with western locations supports our hypothesis regarding historical exposure, both Colorado and Utah prairie dogs have a long history of exposure to plague. It is possible that for these populations, genetic isolation/bottle necks have made them more susceptible to plague outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E. Russell
- National Wildlife Health CenterU.S. Geological SurveyMadisonWIUSA
| | - Daniel W. Tripp
- Wildlife Health ProgramColorado Parks and WildlifeFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Tonie E. Rocke
- National Wildlife Health CenterU.S. Geological SurveyMadisonWIUSA
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Jeong MJ, Kim YC, Jeong BH. Prion-like protein gene (PRND) polymorphisms associated with scrapie susceptibility in Korean native black goats. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206209. [PMID: 30359416 PMCID: PMC6201918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The polymorphisms of the prion protein (PRNP) gene, which encodes normal prion proteins (PrP), are known to be involved in the susceptibility of prion diseases. The prion-like protein (Doppel) gene (PRND) is the paralog of the PRNP gene and is closely located downstream of the PRNP gene. In addition, the polymorphisms of PRND correlate with disease susceptibility in several animals. We analyzed the genotype and allele frequencies of PRND polymorphisms in 246 Korean native black goats and found a total of six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with one novel SNP, c.99C>T. We observed linkage disequilibrium (LD) within and between loci. PRND c.28T>C, c.151A>G, and c.385G>C and PRND c.65C>T and c.286G>A were in perfect LD and we have reported for the first time strong LD between PRND and PRNP or prion-related protein gene (PRNT) loci. Specifically, between the PRND c.28T>C, c.151A>G and c.385G>C and the PRNP codon 143, PRND c.99C>T and the PRNP codon 102 or PRND SNPs (c.28T>C, c.151A>G and c.385G>C) and PRNT SNP (c.321T>C). Furthermore, we confirmed that the genotype distribution of the PRNP p.His143Arg was significantly different according to that of the PRND c.28T>C (P < 0.0001). Finally, using PolyPhen-2 and PROVEAN, we predicted that two non-synonymous SNPs, c.65C>T and c.286G>A, in the PRND gene can have a detrimental effect on Doppel. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of genetic characteristics of the PRND gene in Korean native black goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ju Jeong
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Chan Kim
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
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Madsen-Bouterse SA, Highland MA, Dassanayake RP, Zhuang D, Schneider DA. Low-volume goat milk transmission of classical scrapie to lambs and goat kids. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204281. [PMID: 30235307 PMCID: PMC6147516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of classical scrapie transmission in small ruminants is highest during the neonatal period with the placenta recognized as a significant source of infection. Milk has also been identified as a source of scrapie with sheep-to-sheep transmission occurring after neonatal consumption of as little as 1-2 liters of milk; concurrent mastitis due to small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection may be associated with increased scrapie transmission via milk in sheep. In contrast, goat-to-sheep transmission has been documented only after prolonged consumption of >30 liters of milk. The goal of the current study was to assess transmission of scrapie to goat kids and lambs following low volume, short duration consumption of milk from infected goats. Milk from two does (female goats) with pre-clinical scrapie was fed to four goat kids (≤4.5 L each) and four lambs (~3.7 L each) beginning ~24 hours after birth. Scrapie transmission was detected in three sheep as early as 18 months post inoculation; transmission was also detected in two goats but not until postmortem analyses at 33 months post inoculation. Each milk donor goat also had naturally-acquired infection with SRLV. Different degrees of lymphohistiocytic inflammation and PrPSc accumulation were observed in mammary gland tissues of the donors, which appeared to associate with transmission of scrapie via milk. Thus, similar to the risks of milk transmission of scrapie from sheep, even limited exposure to milk from goats can pose significant risk for scrapie transmission to both goat kids and lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A. Madsen-Bouterse
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Highland
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rohana P. Dassanayake
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dongyue Zhuang
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - David A. Schneider
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
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14
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Vouraki S, Gelasakis AI, Alexandri P, Boukouvala E, Ekateriniadou LV, Banos G, Arsenos G. Genetic profile of scrapie codons 146, 211 and 222 in the PRNP gene locus in three breeds of dairy goats. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198819. [PMID: 29879210 PMCID: PMC5991713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms at PRNP gene locus have been associated with resistance against classical scrapie in goats. Genetic selection on this gene within appropriate breeding programs may contribute to the control of the disease. The present study characterized the genetic profile of codons 146, 211 and 222 in three dairy goat breeds in Greece. A total of 766 dairy goats from seven farms were used. Animals belonged to two indigenous Greek, Eghoria (n = 264) and Skopelos (n = 287) and a foreign breed, Damascus (n = 215). Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples from individual animals. Polymorphisms were detected in these codons using Real-Time PCR analysis and four different Custom TaqMan® SNP Genotyping Assays. Genotypic, allelic and haplotypic frequencies were calculated based on individual animal genotypes. Chi-square tests were used to examine Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium state and compare genotypic distribution across breeds. Genetic distances among the three breeds, and between these and 30 breeds reared in other countries were estimated based on haplotypic frequencies using fixation index FST with Arlequin v3.1 software; a Neighbor-Joining tree was created using PHYLIP package v3.695. Level of statistical significance was set at P = 0.01. All scrapie resistance-associated alleles (146S, 146D, 211Q and 222K) were detected in the studied population. Significant frequency differences were observed between the indigenous Greek and Damascus breeds. Alleles 222K and 146S had the highest frequency in the two indigenous and the Damascus breed, respectively (ca. 6.0%). The studied breeds shared similar haplotypic frequencies with most South Italian and Turkish breeds but differed significantly from North-Western European, Far East and some USA goat breeds. Results suggest there is adequate variation in the PRNP gene locus to support breeding programs for enhanced scrapie resistance in goats reared in Greece. Genetic comparisons among goat breeds indicate that separate breeding programs should apply to the two indigenous and the imported Damascus breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiria Vouraki
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios I. Gelasakis
- Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panoraia Alexandri
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evridiki Boukouvala
- Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Loukia V. Ekateriniadou
- Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Banos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Scotland’s Rural College and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Arsenos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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15
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Cinar MU, Schneider DA, Waldron DF, O'Rourke KI, White SN. Goats singly heterozygous for PRNP S146 or K222 orally inoculated with classical scrapie at birth show no disease at ages well beyond 6 years. Vet J 2018; 233:19-24. [PMID: 29486874 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of sheep and goats, and scrapie eradication programs in many parts of the world rely on strong genetic resistance to classical scrapie in sheep. However, the utility of putative resistance alleles in goats has been a focus of research because goats can transmit scrapie to sheep and may serve as a scrapie reservoir. Prior work showed that disease-free survival time was significantly extended in orally inoculated goats singly heterozygous for prion amino acid substitutions S146 or K222, but average durations were only around 3 years post-inoculation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether extended survival would exceed 6 years, which represents the productive lifetimes of most commercial goats. While all control homozygotes were clinically affected by an average of <2 years, none of the NS146 or QK222 goats developed clinical scrapie or had PrPSc-positive rectal biopsies. Several NS146 and QK222 goats developed other conditions unrelated to scrapie, but tissue accumulation of PrPSc was not detected in any of these animals. The NS146 heterozygotes have remained disease-free for an average of 2734days (approximately 7.5 years), the longest duration of any classical scrapie challenge experiment with any genotype to date. The QK222 heterozygotes have remained disease-free for an average of 2450days (approximately 6.7 years), the longest reported average duration for QK222 goats challenged with classical scrapie. This research is ongoing, but the current results demonstrate S146 and K222 confer strong resistance to classical scrapie in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Cinar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, 3003 ADBF, WSU, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; Erciyes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - D A Schneider
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, 3003 ADBF, WSU, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Disease Research Unit, 3003 ADBF, WSU, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - D F Waldron
- Texas AgriLife Research, San Angelo, TX 76901, USA
| | - K I O'Rourke
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, 3003 ADBF, WSU, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Disease Research Unit, 3003 ADBF, WSU, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - S N White
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, 3003 ADBF, WSU, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Disease Research Unit, 3003 ADBF, WSU, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, 3003 ADBF, WSU, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Scrapie was the first prion disease to be recognised and the study of this disease in sheep and goats has provided a wealth of information not only for scrapie but also for the other prion diseases. All prion diseases are under strong genetic control of the prion gene PRNP, independent of whether they are typical or atypical scrapie and which of the different prion strains is causing infection. Decades of studies using experimental disease challenges and field surveys have established disease association models, in which species-specific amino acid variations in the prion or PrP protein, encoded by the PRNP gene, can predict disease susceptibility or resistance. PRNP genetics represents an important and successful basis for implementing scrapie eradication strategies in sheep and goats. In general terms these studies have revealed that there appear to be many more amino acid changes in PrP leading to increased resistance than to higher susceptibility. Most changes are in the globular part of PrP protein and three regions appear to have major influence. This knowledge can be transferred into prion diseases of other species to facilitate genetic control strategies. However, an obstacle remains with the lack of fully understanding the underlying molecular mechanism, impeding our ability to deal with the difference in the genetic control between typical and atypical forms of scrapie or to predict association in newly infected species. This chapter will discuss the advances in both typical and atypical scrapie from a genetic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred Goldmann
- Neurobiology Division, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom.
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17
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Kanata E, Arsenakis M, Sklaviadis T. Caprine PrP variants harboring Asp-146, His-154 and Gln-211 alleles display reduced convertibility upon interaction with pathogenic murine prion protein in scrapie infected cells. Prion 2017; 10:391-408. [PMID: 27537339 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2016.1199312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrapie, the prion disease of sheep and goats, is a devastating malady of small ruminants. Due to its infectious nature, epidemic outbreaks may occur in flocks/herds consisting of highly susceptible animals. Field studies identified scrapie-protective caprine PrP variants, harboring specific single amino acid changes (Met-142, Arg-143, Asp-146, Ser-146, His-154, Gln-211 and Lys-222). Their effects are under further evaluation, and aim to determine the most protective allele. We assessed some of these variants (Asp-146, His-154, Gln-211 and Lys-222), after their exogenous expression as murine-caprine chimeras in a scrapie- infected murine cell line. We report that exogenously expressed PrPs undergo conformational conversion upon interaction with the endogenous pathological murine prion protein (PrPSC), which results in the detection of goat-specific and partially PK-resistant moieties. These moieties display a PK-resistance pattern distinct from the one detected in natural goat scrapie cases. Within this cellular model, distinct conformational conversion potentials were assigned to the tested variants. Molecules carrying the Asp-146, His-154 and Gln-211 alleles showed significantly lower conversion levels compared to wild type, confirming their protective effects against scrapie. Although we utilized a heterologous conversion system, this is to our knowledge, the first study of caprine PrP variants in a cellular context of scrapie, that confirms the protective effects of some of the studied alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Kanata
- a Department of Genetics , Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece.,b School of Pharmacy , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Minas Arsenakis
- a Department of Genetics , Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Theodoros Sklaviadis
- b School of Pharmacy , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
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18
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Dassanayake RP, Zhuang D, Truscott TC, Madsen-Bouterse SA, O'Rourke KI, Schneider DA. A transfectant RK13 cell line permissive to classical caprine scrapie prion propagation. Prion 2017; 10:153-64. [PMID: 27216989 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2016.1166324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess scrapie infectivity associated with caprine-origin tissues, bioassay can be performed using kids, lambs or transgenic mice expressing caprine or ovine prion (PRNP) alleles, but the incubation periods are fairly long. Although several classical ovine scrapie prion permissive cell lines with the ability to detect brain-derived scrapie prion have been available, no classical caprine scrapie permissive cell line is currently available. Therefore, the aims of this study were to generate a rabbit kidney epithelial cell line (RK13) stably expressing caprine wild-type PRNP (cpRK13) and then to assess permissiveness of cpRK13 cells to classical caprine scrapie prion propagation. The cpRK13 and plasmid control RK13 (pcRK13) cells were incubated with brain-derived classical caprine scrapie inocula prepared from goats or ovinized transgenic mice (Tg338, express ovine VRQ allele) infected with caprine scrapie. Significant PrP(Sc) accumulation, which is indicative of scrapie prion propagation, was detected by TSE ELISA and immunohistochemistry in cpRK13 cells inoculated with classical caprine scrapie inocula. Western blot analysis revealed the typical proteinase K-resistant 3 PrP(res) isoforms in the caprine scrapie prion inoculated cpRK13 cell lysate. Importantly, PrP(Sc) accumulation was not detected in similarly inoculated pcRK13 cells, whether by TSE ELISA, immunohistochemistry, or western blot. These findings suggest that caprine scrapie prions can be propagated in cpRK13 cells, thus this cell line may be a useful tool for the assessment of classical caprine prions in the brain tissues of goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohana P Dassanayake
- a Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - Dongyue Zhuang
- b Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - Thomas C Truscott
- b Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - Sally A Madsen-Bouterse
- a Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - Katherine I O'Rourke
- a Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - David A Schneider
- a Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA ;,b Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , Pullman , WA , USA
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19
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Effect of Polymorphisms at Codon 146 of the Goat PRNP Gene on Susceptibility to Challenge with Classical Scrapie by Different Routes. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01142-17. [PMID: 28878088 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01142-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This report presents the results of experimental challenges of goats with scrapie by both the intracerebral (i.c.) and oral routes, exploring the effects of polymorphisms at codon 146 of the goat PRNP gene on resistance to disease. The results of these studies illustrate that while goats of all genotypes can be infected by i.c. challenge, the survival distribution of the animals homozygous for asparagine at codon 146 was significantly shorter than those of animals of all other genotypes (chi-square value, 10.8; P = 0.001). In contrast, only those animals homozygous for asparagine at codon 146 (NN animals) succumbed to oral challenge. The results also indicate that any cases of infection in non-NN animals can be detected by the current confirmatory test (immunohistochemistry), although successful detection with the rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was more variable and dependent on the polymorphism. Together with data from previous studies of goats exposed to infection in the field, these data support the previously reported observations that polymorphisms at this codon have a profound effect on susceptibility to disease. It is concluded that only animals homozygous for asparagine at codon 146 succumb to scrapie under natural conditions.IMPORTANCE In goats, like in sheep, there are PRNP polymorphisms that are associated with susceptibility or resistance to scrapie. However, in contrast to the polymorphisms in sheep, they are more numerous in goats and may be restricted to certain breeds or geographical regions. Therefore, eradication programs must be specifically designed depending on the identification of suitable polymorphisms. An initial analysis of surveillance data suggested that such a polymorphism in Cypriot goats may lie in codon 146. In this study, we demonstrate experimentally that NN animals are highly susceptible after i.c. inoculation. The presence of a D or S residue prolonged incubation periods significantly, and prions were detected in peripheral tissues only in NN animals. In oral challenges, prions were detected only in NN animals, and the presence of a D or S residue at this position conferred resistance to the disease. This study provides an experimental transmission model for assessing the genetic susceptibility of goats to scrapie.
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Fast C, Goldmann W, Berthon P, Tauscher K, Andréoletti O, Lantier I, Rossignol C, Bossers A, Jacobs JG, Hunter N, Groschup MH, Lantier F, Langeveld JPM. Protecting effect of PrP codons M142 and K222 in goats orally challenged with bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions. Vet Res 2017; 48:52. [PMID: 28927447 PMCID: PMC5606029 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breeding towards genetic resistance to prion disease is effective in eliminating scrapie. In sheep, classical forms of scrapie have been eradicated almost completely in several countries by breeding programs using a prion protein (PrP) gene (PRNP) amino acid polymorphism. For goats, field and experimental studies have provided evidence for several amino acid polymorphisms that are associated with resistance to scrapie, but only limited data are available concerning the susceptibility of caprine PRNP genotypes to BSE. In this study, goat kids representing five PRNP genotypes based on three polymorphisms (M142, Q211 and K222 and the wild type I142, R211 and Q222) were orally challenged with bovine or goat BSE. Wild type goats were killed with clinical signs between 24-28 months post inoculation (mpi) to both challenges, and goats with genotype R/Q211 succumbed between 29-36 mpi. I/M142 goats developed clinical signs at 44-45 mpi and M/M142 goats remained healthy until euthanasia at 48 mpi. None of the Q/K222 goats showed definite clinical signs. Taken together the highest attack ratios were seen in wild type and R/Q211 goats, and the lowest in I/M142, M/M142 and Q/K222. In all genotype groups, one or more goats remained healthy within the incubation period in both challenges and without detectable PrP deposition in the tissues. Our data show that both the K222 and M142 polymorphisms lengthen the incubation period significantly compared to wild type animals, but only K222 was associated with a significant increase in resistance to BSE infection after oral exposure to both BSE sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Fast
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - W. Goldmann
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - P. Berthon
- UMR 1282 ISP, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - K. Tauscher
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - O. Andréoletti
- INRA, UMR 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - I. Lantier
- UMR 1282 ISP, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - C. Rossignol
- UMR 1282 ISP, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - A. Bossers
- Wageningen BioVeterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - J. G. Jacobs
- Wageningen BioVeterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - N. Hunter
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - M. H. Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - F. Lantier
- UMR 1282 ISP, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - J. P. M. Langeveld
- Wageningen BioVeterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
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21
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Ricci A, Allende A, Bolton D, Chemaly M, Davies R, Fernández Escámez PS, Gironés R, Herman L, Koutsoumanis K, Lindqvist R, Nørrung B, Robertson L, Ru G, Sanaa M, Skandamis P, Speybroeck N, Simmons M, Kuile BT, Threlfall J, Wahlström H, Acutis PL, Andreoletti O, Goldmann W, Langeveld J, Windig JJ, Ortiz Pelaez A, Snary E. Genetic resistance to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in goats. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04962. [PMID: 32625625 PMCID: PMC7010077 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Breeding programmes to promote resistance to classical scrapie, similar to those for sheep in existing transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) regulations, have not been established in goats. The European Commission requested a scientific opinion from EFSA on the current knowledge of genetic resistance to TSE in goats. An evaluation tool, which considers both the weight of evidence and strength of resistance to classical scrapie of alleles in the goat PRNP gene, was developed and applied to nine selected alleles of interest. Using the tool, the quality and certainty of the field and experimental data are considered robust enough to conclude that the K222, D146 and S146 alleles both confer genetic resistance against classical scrapie strains known to occur naturally in the EU goat population, with which they have been challenged both experimentally and under field conditions. The weight of evidence for K222 is greater than that currently available for the D146 and S146 alleles and for the ARR allele in sheep in 2001. Breeding for resistance can be an effective tool for controlling classical scrapie in goats and it could be an option available to member states, both at herd and population levels. There is insufficient evidence to assess the impact of K222, D146 and S146 alleles on susceptibility to atypical scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or on health and production traits. These alleles are heterogeneously distributed across the EU Member States and goat breeds, but often at low frequencies (< 10%). Given these low frequencies, high selection pressure may have an adverse effect on genetic diversity so any breeding for resistance programmes should be developed at Member States, rather than EU level and their impact monitored, with particular attention to the potential for any negative impact in rare or small population breeds.
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22
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Mazza M, Guglielmetti C, Ingravalle F, Brusadore S, Langeveld JPM, Ekateriniadou LV, Andréoletti O, Casalone C, Acutis PL. Low fraction of the 222K PrP variant in the protease-resistant moiety of PrPres in heterozygous scrapie positive goats. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1963-1967. [PMID: 28691895 PMCID: PMC5656779 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of lysine (K) at codon 222 has been associated with resistance to classical scrapie in goats, but few scrapie cases have been identified in 222Q/K animals. To investigate the contribution of the 222K variant to PrPres formation in natural and experimental Q/K scrapie cases, we applied an immunoblotting method based on the use of two different monoclonal antibodies, F99/97.6.1 and SAF84, chosen for their different affinities to 222K and 222Q PrP variants. Our finding that PrPres seems to be formed nearly totally by the 222Q variant provides evidence that the 222K PrP variant confers resistance to conversion to PrPres formation and reinforces the view that this mutation has a protective role against classical scrapie in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mazza
- Italian Reference Centre for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Guglielmetti
- Italian Reference Centre for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Ingravalle
- Biostatistic, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Sonia Brusadore
- Italian Reference Centre for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Loukia V Ekateriniadou
- National Agricultural Research Foundation, Veterinary Research Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Cristina Casalone
- Italian Reference Centre for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- Italian Reference Centre for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
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Meydan H, Pehlivan E, Özkan MM, Yildiz MA, Goldmann W. Prion protein gene polymorphisms in Turkish native goat breeds. J Genet 2017; 96:299-305. [PMID: 28674229 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-017-0763-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to 'scrapie' disease in goats is influenced by polymorphisms of the prion protein (PRNP) gene. The aim of this study was to identify PRNP gene polymorphisms in a total of 356 scrapie disease-free goats from 10 Turkish native breeds. Eighteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms were detected in the caprine PRNP open-reading frame. Ten previously described amino acid substitutions (I142M, H143R, N146S, N146D, R151H, R154H, P168Q, R211Q, Q222K and P240S) and two novel dimorphisms (G134E and Q163P) were identified. The strongest association between caprine PRNP and relative resistance to scrapie disease has been reported previously for polymorphisms at codons 146 (S/D) and 222 (K). In the present study, these three PrP variants were relatively rare with 6.3%. This is the first report on PRNP gene variation in Turkish native goat breeds and our knowledge of these polymorphisms will assist goat breeding programmes to reduce the risk of scrapie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Meydan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Akdeniz University, 07058, Antalya, Turkey.
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24
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Review: A review on classical and atypical scrapie in caprine: Prion protein gene polymorphisms and their role in the disease. Animal 2016; 10:1585-93. [PMID: 27109462 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrapie is a naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in sheep and goat. It has been known for ~250 years and is characterised by the accumulation of an abnormal isoform of a host-encoded prion protein that leads to progressive neurodegeneration and death. Scrapie is recognised in two forms, classical and atypical scrapie. The susceptibility to both types of scrapie is influenced by polymorphisms of the prion protein gene (PRNP). Sheep susceptibility or resistance to classical scrapie is strongly regulated by the polymorphisms at codons 136, 154 and 171 of the PRNP. The genetic role in atypical scrapie in sheep has been defined by polymorphisms at codons 141, 154 and 171, which are associated with different degrees of risk in the occurrence of the ovine disease. Progress has been achieved in the prevention of scrapie in sheep due to efficient genetic breeding programmes based on eradication and control of the disease. In Europe, the success of these programmes has been verified by applying eradication and genetic selection plans. In general terms, the ovine selection plans aim to eliminate and reduce the susceptible allele and to enrich the resistant allele ARR. During outbreaks all susceptible animals are slaughtered, only ARR/ARR resistant rams and sheep and semi-resistant females are preserved. In the occurrence of scrapie positive goats a complete cull of the flock (stamping out) is performed with great economic loss and severe risk of extinction for the endangered breeds. The ability to select scrapie-resistant animals allows to define new breeding strategies aimed to boost genetic progress while reducing costs during scrapie outbreaks. Allelic variants of PRNP can be protective for caprine scrapie, and the knowledge of their distribution in goats has become very important. Over the past few years, the integration of genetic information on goat populations could be used to make selection decisions, commonly referred to as genetic selection. The objective of this review was to summarise the main findings of polymorphisms of the caprine prion protein (PrP) gene and to discuss the possible application of goat breeding schemes integrating genetic selection, with their relative advantages and limitations.
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Windig JJ, Hoving RAH, Priem J, Bossers A, van Keulen LJM, Langeveld JPM. Variation in the prion protein sequence in Dutch goat breeds. J Anim Breed Genet 2016; 133:366-74. [PMID: 26991480 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Scrapie is a neurodegenerative disease occurring in goats and sheep. Several haplotypes of the prion protein increase resistance to scrapie infection and may be used in selective breeding to help eradicate scrapie. In this study, frequencies of the allelic variants of the PrP gene are determined for six goat breeds in the Netherlands. Overall frequencies in Dutch goats were determined from 768 brain tissue samples in 2005, 766 in 2008 and 300 in 2012, derived from random sampling for the national scrapie surveillance without knowledge of the breed. Breed specific frequencies were determined in the winter 2013/2014 by sampling 300 breeding animals from the main breeders of the different breeds. Detailed analysis of the scrapie-resistant K222 haplotype was carried out in 2014 for 220 Dutch Toggenburger goats and in 2015 for 942 goats from the Saanen derived White Goat breed. Nine haplotypes were identified in the Dutch breeds. Frequencies for non-wild type haplotypes were generally low. Exception was the K222 haplotype in the Dutch Toggenburger (29%) and the S146 haplotype in the Nubian and Boer breeds (respectively 7 and 31%). The frequency of the K222 haplotype in the Toggenburger was higher than for any other breed reported in literature, while for the White Goat breed it was with 3.1% similar to frequencies of other Saanen or Saanen derived breeds. Further evidence was found for the existence of two M142 haplotypes, M142 /S240 and M142 /P240 . Breeds vary in haplotype frequencies but frequencies of resistant genotypes are generally low and consequently selective breeding for scrapie resistance can only be slow but will benefit from animals identified in this study. The unexpectedly high frequency of the K222 haplotype in the Dutch Toggenburger underlines the need for conservation of rare breeds in order to conserve genetic diversity rare or absent in other breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Windig
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - R A H Hoving
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Priem
- Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - A Bossers
- Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - L J M van Keulen
- Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - J P M Langeveld
- Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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26
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Goldmann W, Marier E, Stewart P, Konold T, Street S, Langeveld J, Windl O, Ortiz-Pelaez A. Prion protein genotype survey confirms low frequency of scrapie-resistant K222 allele in British goat herds. Vet Rec 2016; 178:168. [PMID: 26755614 PMCID: PMC4789823 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Scrapie in goats is a transmissible, fatal prion disease, which is endemic in the British goat population. The recent success in defining caprine PRNP gene variants that provide resistance to experimental and natural classical scrapie has prompted the authors to conduct a survey of PRNP genotypes in 10 goat breeds and 52 herds to find goats with the resistant K222 allele. They report here the frequencies in 1236 tested animals of the resistance-associated K222 and several other alleles by breed and herd. Eight animals were found to be heterozygous QK222 goats (0.64 per cent genotype frequency, 95 per cent CI 0.28 to 1.27 per cent) but no homozygous KK222 goats were detected. The K222 allele was found in Saanen, Toggenburg and Anglo-Nubian goats. The fact that only a few goats with the K222 allele have been identified does not preclude the possibility to design and implement successful breeding programmes at national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Goldmann
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - E Marier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - P Stewart
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - T Konold
- Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - S Street
- Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - J Langeveld
- Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR (CVI) Department of Infection Biology, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - O Windl
- Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - A Ortiz-Pelaez
- Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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27
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Madsen-Bouterse SA, Schneider DA, Dassanayake RP, Truscott TC, Zhuang D, Kumpula-McWhirter N, O'Rourke KI. PRNP variants in goats reduce sensitivity of detection of PrP(Sc) by immunoassay. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 27:332-43. [PMID: 26038481 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715585865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic analyses often employ single antibody systems but are potentially limited by epitope sequence variation. United States regulatory testing for scrapie primarily uses antibody F99/97.6.1 for immunohistochemistry (IHC) of the prion protein associated with scrapie (PrP(Sc)). Whereas the epitope bound by F99/97.6.1 is highly conserved in sheep, a polymorphism in caprine PRNP results in a glutamine to lysine change at codon 222 and affects PrP detection. This study evaluated the performance of immunoassays (Western blot and IHC) in the presence of PRNP polymorphisms observed in U.S. goat populations. Effects of naturally occurring caprine prion protein alterations at codons 142, 143, 146, 154, or 222 were first evaluated using bacterially expressed recombinant normal cellular prion protein (rec-PrP(C)) and commercially available antibodies (F99/97.6.1, F89/160.1.5, L42, and SAF84). Detection of rec-PrP(C) using F89/160.1.5 was reduced by alterations at 142 and 143; this was also observed in brain PrP(C) from goats expressing these PRNP variants. Effect of allelic variation at 222 was confirmed by Western blot with F99/97.6.1. No differences were observed with L42 or SAF84. IHC of brain demonstrated reduced signal with F89/160.1.5 in animals heterozygous at 143. Decreasing F89/160.1.5 titers were used to demonstrate the impact of PrP(Sc) immunolabeling in preclinical goats and as a surrogate for F99/97.6.1 detection in 222 variants. In the absence of epitope-relevant knowledge of individual goat PRNP, a multi-antibody approach or an antibody that binds an invariant site may provide a more robust immunoassay of PrP(Sc) in classical scrapie, thus reducing the likelihood of false-negative results due to allelic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Madsen-Bouterse
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Madsen-Bouterse, Schneider, Dassanayake, Kumpula-McWhirter, O'Rourke)Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA (Schneider, Truscott, Zhuang)
| | - David A Schneider
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Madsen-Bouterse, Schneider, Dassanayake, Kumpula-McWhirter, O'Rourke)Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA (Schneider, Truscott, Zhuang)
| | - Rohana P Dassanayake
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Madsen-Bouterse, Schneider, Dassanayake, Kumpula-McWhirter, O'Rourke)Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA (Schneider, Truscott, Zhuang)
| | - Thomas C Truscott
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Madsen-Bouterse, Schneider, Dassanayake, Kumpula-McWhirter, O'Rourke)Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA (Schneider, Truscott, Zhuang)
| | - Dongyue Zhuang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Madsen-Bouterse, Schneider, Dassanayake, Kumpula-McWhirter, O'Rourke)Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA (Schneider, Truscott, Zhuang)
| | - Nancy Kumpula-McWhirter
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Madsen-Bouterse, Schneider, Dassanayake, Kumpula-McWhirter, O'Rourke)Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA (Schneider, Truscott, Zhuang)
| | - Katherine I O'Rourke
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Madsen-Bouterse, Schneider, Dassanayake, Kumpula-McWhirter, O'Rourke)Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA (Schneider, Truscott, Zhuang)
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28
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Dassanayake RP, Orrú CD, Hughson AG, Caughey B, Graça T, Zhuang D, Madsen-Bouterse SA, Knowles DP, Schneider DA. Sensitive and specific detection of classical scrapie prions in the brains of goats by real-time quaking-induced conversion. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:803-812. [PMID: 26653410 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) is a rapid, specific and highly sensitive prion seeding activity detection assay that uses recombinant prion protein (rPrPSen) to detect subinfectious levels of the abnormal isoforms of the prion protein (PrPSc). Although RT-QuIC has been successfully used to detect PrPSc in various tissues from humans and animals, including sheep, tissues from goats infected with classical scrapie have not yet been tested. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to (1) evaluate whether prion seeding activity could be detected in the brain tissues of goats with scrapie using RT-QuIC, (2) optimize reaction conditions to improve scrapie detection in goats, and (3) compare the performance of RT-QuIC for the detection of PrPSc with the more commonly used ELISA and Western blot assays. We further optimized RT-QuIC conditions for sensitive and specific detection of goat scrapie seeding activity in brain tissue from clinical animals. When used with 200 mM sodium chloride, both full-length sheep rPrPSen substrates (PrP genotypes A136R154Q171 and V136R154Q171) provided good discrimination between scrapie-infected and normal goat brain samples at 10(- )3 dilution within 15 h. Our findings indicate that RT-QuIC was at least 10,000-fold more sensitive than ELISA and Western blot assays for the detection of scrapie seeding activity in goat brain samples. In addition to PRNP WT samples, positive RT-QuIC reactions were also observed with three PRNP polymorphic goat brain samples (G/S127, I/M142 and H/R143) tested. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that RT-QuIC sensitively detects prion seeding activity in classical scrapie-infected goat brain samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohana P Dassanayake
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
| | - Christina D Orrú
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Andrew G Hughson
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Byron Caughey
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Telmo Graça
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA.,The Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7090, USA
| | - Dongyue Zhuang
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - Sally A Madsen-Bouterse
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
| | - Donald P Knowles
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA.,Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - David A Schneider
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA.,Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
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29
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Leal J, Correa G, Boos G, Bianchi M, Boabaid F, Lopes R, Driemeier D. Scrapie diagnosis in a goat and four Santa Inês sheep from the same herd in Brazil. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-7981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrapie is a fatal and progressive transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of natural occurrence in sheep and goats. The suspicion of scrapie may be based on clinical signs; however, the detection of pathological features of the prionic protein (PrP) in target tissues is necessary to diagnose the disease. The presence of an abnormal protein form (PrPSc) in lymphoreticular and nervous tissues is an important characteristic in diagnosis. This paper reports a case of scrapie in a flock of 55 Suffolk crossbred sheep, 19 Santa Inês sheep and 21 goats in the Mato Grosso state, midwestern Brazil. The animals were euthanized after the confirmation of a scrapie case with clinical signs in a Suffolk sheep in the same farm. Samples of brainstem at the level of the obex and lymphoid issues like palatine tonsils, mesenteric lymph nodes, third eyelid fixed in formalin 10% were processed for histological examination. Histological examination with hematoxylin and eosin did not show any microscopic changes in samples. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) examination to detect anti-prion PrPSc was performed in lymphoid tissues. Scrapie diagnosis was confirmed based on IHC positive results for PrPSc in lymphoid tissues of a crossbreed goat and four Santa Inês sheep, without any clinical scrapie signs. IHC showed positive staining in at least three lymphoid germinal centers in goat mesenteric lymph node, palatine tonsil, and third eyelid samples. The mesenteric lymph node, and tonsil samples of all sheep showed positive immunostaining, and only one sheep showed positive staining in lymphoid follicles in the third eyelid. Scrapie diagnosis using IHC in fixed samples of lymphoreticular tissue is technically feasible to detect the disease in both goats and sheep, as a form of pre-clinical diagnosis. The results indicate that the herd was infected by a sheep coming from another herd where scrapie had been diagnosed before.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.S. Leal
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - G.S. Boos
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - M.V. Bianchi
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - F.M. Boabaid
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - D. Driemeier
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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30
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Aguilar-Calvo P, Fast C, Tauscher K, Espinosa JC, Groschup MH, Nadeem M, Goldmann W, Langeveld J, Bossers A, Andreoletti O, Torres JM. Effect of Q211 and K222 PRNP Polymorphic Variants in the Susceptibility of Goats to Oral Infection With Goat Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:664-72. [PMID: 25722297 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prion protein-encoding gene (PRNP) is one of the major determinants for scrapie occurrence in sheep and goats. However, its effect on bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) transmission to goats is not clear. METHODS Goats harboring wild-type, R/Q211 or Q/K222 PRNP genotypes were orally inoculated with a goat-BSE isolate to assess their relative susceptibility to BSE infection. Goats were killed at different time points during the incubation period and after the onset of clinical signs, and their brains as well as several peripheral tissues were analyzed for the accumulation of pathological prion protein (PrP(Sc)) and prion infectivity by mouse bioassay. RESULTS R/Q211 goats displayed delayed clinical signs compared with wild-type goats. Deposits of PrP(Sc) were detected only in brain, whereas infectivity was present in peripheral tissues too. In contrast, none of the Q/K222 goats showed any evidence of clinical prion disease. No PrP(Sc) accumulation was observed in their brains or peripheral tissues, but very low infectivity was detected in some tissues very long after inoculation (44-45 months). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that transmission of goat BSE is genotype dependent, and they highlight the pivotal protective effect of the K222 PRNP variant in the oral susceptibility of goats to BSE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Fast
- Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer, Greifswald-InselRiems
| | - Kerstin Tauscher
- Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer, Greifswald-InselRiems
| | | | - Martin H Groschup
- Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer, Greifswald-InselRiems
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Wilfred Goldmann
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Langeveld
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Bossers
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Andreoletti
- UMR INRA-ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Juan-María Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
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31
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Dassanayake RP, White SN, Madsen-Bouterse SA, Schneider DA, O'Rourke KI. Role of the PRNP S127 allele in experimental infection of goats with classical caprine scrapie. Anim Genet 2015; 46:341. [PMID: 25917307 PMCID: PMC5132141 DOI: 10.1111/age.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohana P Dassanayake
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6630, USA
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Kipanyula M, Chuma I, Brundtland E, Bårdsen K, Msalya G, Kifaro G, Ulvund M. Prion protein (PrP) gene polymorphisms in Small East African and Norwegian white goats. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Allelic variants at codon 146 in the PRNP gene show significant differences in the risk for natural scrapie in Cypriot goats. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 143:1304-10. [PMID: 25140573 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814002064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown the association between the polymorphisms serine (S) or aspartic acid (D) at codon 146 of the PRNP gene and resistance to scrapie. All goats aged >12 months (a total of 1075 animals) from four herds with the highest prevalence of scrapie in the country were culled and tested, of which 234 (21·7%) were positive by either the rapid test or immunohistochemistry (IHC) for any of the tissues tested. The odds of scrapie infection occurring in NN146 goats was 101 [95% credible interval (CrI) 19-2938] times higher than for non-NN146 or unknown genotypes. IHC applied to lymphoreticular tissue produced the highest sensitivity (94%, 95% CrI 90-97). The presence of putatively resistant non-NN146 alleles in the Cypriot goat population, severely affected by scrapie, provides a potential tool to reduce/eradicate scrapie provided that coordinated nationwide breeding programmes are implemented and maintained over time.
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34
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Scientific Opinion on the scrapie situation in the EU after 10 years of monitoring and control in sheep and goats. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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35
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Kanata E, Humphreys-Panagiotidis C, Giadinis ND, Papaioannou N, Arsenakis M, Sklaviadis T. Perspectives of a scrapie resistance breeding scheme targeting Q211, S146 and K222 caprine PRNP alleles in Greek goats. Vet Res 2014; 45:43. [PMID: 24717012 PMCID: PMC4030296 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the potential use of the scrapie-protective Q211 S146 and K222 caprine PRNP alleles as targets for selective breeding in Greek goats. Genotyping data from a high number of healthy goats with special emphasis on bucks, revealed high frequencies of these alleles, while the estimated probabilities of disease occurrence in animals carrying these alleles were low, suggesting that they can be used for selection. Greek goats represent one of the largest populations in Europe. Thus, the considerations presented here are an example of the expected effect of such a scheme on scrapie occurrence and on stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Theodoros Sklaviadis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Beringue
- UR892 Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires Centre de Recherche de Jouy-en-Josas F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - O. Andreoletti
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles 31076 Toulouse, France
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Abstract
In goats, several field studies have identified coding mutations of the gene encoding the prion protein (I/M142, N/D146, S/D146, R/Q211, and Q/K222) that are associated with a lower risk of developing classical scrapie. However, the data related to the levels of resistance to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) of these different PRNP gene mutations are still considered insufficient for developing large-scale genetic selection against scrapie in this species. In this study, we inoculated wild-type (WT) PRNP (I142R154R211Q222) goats and homozygous and/or heterozygous I/M142, R/H154, R/Q211, and Q/K222 goats with a goat natural scrapie isolate by either the oral or the intracerebral (i.c.) route. Our results indicate that the I/M142 PRNP polymorphism does not provide substantial resistance to scrapie infection following intracerebral or oral inoculation. They also demonstrate that H154, Q211, and K222 PRNP allele carriers are all resistant to scrapie infection following oral exposure. However, in comparison to WT animals, the H154 and Q211 allele carriers displayed only moderate increases in the incubation period following i.c. challenge. After i.c. challenge, heterozygous K222 and a small proportion of homozygous K222 goats also developed the disease, but with incubation periods that were 4 to 5 times longer than those in WT animals. These results support the contention that the K222 goat prion protein variant provides a strong but not absolutely protective effect against classical scrapie.
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38
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Mazza M, Guglielmetti C, Pagano M, Sciuto S, Ingravalle F, Martucci F, Caramelli M, Acutis PL. Lysine at position 222 of the goat prion protein inhibits the binding of monoclonal antibody F99/97.6.1. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 24:971-5. [PMID: 22914824 DOI: 10.1177/1040638712457352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion protein (PrP) is encoded by the PRNP gene, which is highly polymorphic in goats, with polymorphisms encoding amino acid substitutions at the protein level. In the current study, the reactivity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) F99/97.6.1 in binding PrP from goats polymorphic at PRNP codon 222 was investigated. Nervous tissue from 30 scrapie-negative goats with 3 different genotypes (222Q/Q, 222Q/K, and 222K/K) was analyzed by Western blot using mAbs P4 and F99/97.6.1. Although PrP was detected in all 30 samples by mAb P4, detection of PrP by mAb F99/97.6.1 was limited to 222Q/Q (12/12). No PrP was detected by mAb F99/97.6.1 in the 222K/K samples (n = 6), and the signal intensity of mAb F99/97.6.1 for PrP was lower for the 222Q/K samples (12/12 samples). To further investigate these results, additional Western blot analyses were performed, and the PrP signals detected by mAbs F99/97.6.1 and SAF84 were then quantified. The mean F99/SAF84 ratio (± standard deviation) calculated for the 222Q/Q group was 0.73 ± 1.26, and the mean for the 222Q/K group was 0.27 ± 1.31. Statistical analysis of these values evidenced statistically significant differences between the 222Q/Q and 222Q/K samples. The results of the study thus revealed an inhibition by lysine at position 222 on the binding of mAb F99/97.6.1 to goat PrP. This has implications for the use of mAb F99/97.6.1 for diagnostic purposes. Because the 222K allele could be a target for genetic selection in goats, the differential reactivity of mAb F99/97.6.1 could be exploited with a genotyping test setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mazza
- Italian Reference Centre for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148-10154, Turin, Italy.
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39
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Scientific and technical assistance on the provisional results of the study on genetic resistance to Classical scrapie in goats in Cyprus. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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