1
|
Kohli S, Saxena R, Puri RD, Bijarnia Mahay S, Pal S, Dubey S, Arora V, Verma I. The molecular landscape of oculocutaneous albinism in India and its therapeutic implications. Eur J Hum Genet 2023:10.1038/s41431-023-01496-5. [PMID: 38030918 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism is an inherited disorder of melanin biosynthesis, characterized by absent or reduced pigmentation of the skin, hair, and eyes. Molecular alterations of genes that cause non-syndromic albinism in Asian Indians are poorly characterized. This information would be useful for developing therapies for this disorder. We analyzed 164 persons with non-syndromic albinism, belonging to unrelated families from all parts of India, for molecular changes in the causative genes. Subjects with white hair, white skin, and red iris had their tyrosinase gene sequenced and were also tested by MLPA for deletions/duplications. Subjects with negative results or with darker skin, golden/brown or darker hair had sequencing of TYR, P, TYRP1, SLC45A2 and GPR143 genes. Pathogenic variants in TYR (OCA1) were observed in 139 (84.7%) patients, in the P gene (OCA2) in 20 (12.2%), in TYRP1 (OCA3) in two (1.2%), in SLC45A2 (OCA 4) in one (0.61%), and in GPR143 (X-linked ocular albinism) in two (1.2%) patients. Of 278 alleles with variants in TYR, 179 (64.3%) alleles had (p.R278*) alteration, suggesting the possibility of therapy with a stop codon readthrough molecule. We report 20 patients with 13 disease associated variants in the P gene and 18 novel pathogenic variants in TYR, P, TYRP1, SLC45A2 and GPR143 genes. The data are compared with those reported from India, Pakistan and rest of the world. The therapeutic options in albinism are briefly described, opening this field for future therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Kohli
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Ganga Ram Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India.
| | - Renu Saxena
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Ganga Ram Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India
| | - Ratna Dua Puri
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Ganga Ram Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India
| | - Sunita Bijarnia Mahay
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Ganga Ram Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India
| | - Swasti Pal
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Ganga Ram Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India
| | - Sudhisha Dubey
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Ganga Ram Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India
| | - Veronica Arora
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Ganga Ram Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India
| | - Ishwar Verma
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Ganga Ram Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jeyabalan N, Ghosh A, Mathias GP, Ghosh A. Rare eye diseases in India: A concise review of genes and genetics. Indian J Ophthalmol 2022; 70:2232-2238. [PMID: 35791102 PMCID: PMC9426079 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_322_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare eye diseases (REDs) are mostly progressive and are the leading cause of irreversible blindness. The disease onset can vary from early childhood to late adulthood. A high rate of consanguinity contributes to India’s predisposition to RED. Most gene variations causing REDs are monogenic and, in some cases, digenic. All three types of Mendelian inheritance have been reported in REDs. Some of the REDs are related to systemic illness with variable phenotypes in affected family members. Approximately, 50% of the children affected by REDs show associated phenotypes at the early stages of the disease. A precise clinical diagnosis becomes challenging due to high clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Technological advances, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), have improved genetic and genomic testing for REDs, thereby aiding in determining the underlying causative gene variants. It is noteworthy that genetic testing together with genetic counseling facilitates a more personalized approach in the accurate diagnosis and management of the disease. In this review, we discuss REDs identified in the Indian population and their underlying genetic etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nallathambi Jeyabalan
- Molecular Signaling and Gene Therapy Unit, GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Narayana Nethralaya Eye Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anuprita Ghosh
- Molecular Signaling and Gene Therapy Unit, GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Narayana Nethralaya Eye Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Grace P Mathias
- Molecular Signaling and Gene Therapy Unit, GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Narayana Nethralaya Eye Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Arkasubhra Ghosh
- Molecular Signaling and Gene Therapy Unit, GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Narayana Nethralaya Eye Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yousaf S, Sethna S, Chaudhary MA, Shaikh RS, Riazuddin S, Ahmed ZM. Molecular characterization of SLC24A5 variants and evaluation of Nitisinone treatment efficacy in a zebrafish model of OCA6. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 33:556-565. [PMID: 32274888 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Skin pigmentation is a highly heterogeneous trait with diverse consequences worldwide. SLC24A5, encoding a potent K+ -dependent Na+ /Ca2+ exchanger, is among the known color-coding genes that participate in melanogenesis by maintaining pH in melanosomes. Deficient SLC24A5 activity results in oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) type 6 in humans. In this study, by utilizing a exome sequencing (ES) approach, we identified two new variants [p. (Gly110Arg) and p. (IIe189Ilefs*1)] of SLC24A5 cosegregating with the OCA phenotype, including nystagmus, strabismus, foveal hypoplasia, albinotic fundus, and vision impairment, in three large consanguineous Pakistani families. Both of these variants failed to rescue the pigmentation in zebrafish slc24a5 morphants, confirming the pathogenic effects of the variants. We also phenotypically characterized a commercially available zebrafish mutant line (slc24a5ko ) that harbors a nonsense (p.Tyr208*) allele of slc24a5. Similar to morphants, homozygous slc24a5ko mutants had significantly reduced melanin content and pigmentation. Next, we used these slc24a5ko zebrafish mutants to test the efficacy of nitisinone, a compound known to increase ocular and fur pigmentation in OCA1 (TYR) mutant mice. Treatment of slc24a5ko mutant zebrafish embryos with varying doses of nitisinone did not improve melanin production and pigmentation, suggesting that treatment with nitisinone is unlikely to be therapeutic in OCA6 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sairah Yousaf
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Saumil Sethna
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Rehan S Shaikh
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Saima Riazuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zubair M Ahmed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ganguly K, Dutta T, Saha A, Sarkar D, Sil A, Ray K, Sengupta M. Mapping the TYR gene reveals novel and previously reported variants in Eastern Indian patients highlighting preponderance of the same changes in multiple unrelated ethnicities. Ann Hum Genet 2020; 84:303-312. [PMID: 32115698 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a group of congenital autosomal recessive disorders with seven known subtypes (OCA1-OCA7) characterized by loss or absence of pigmentation in the skin, hair, and eyes. OCA1, caused by pathogenic variations in the tyrosinase (TYR) gene, has been documented to be the most prevalent subtype across the world including India. In the present study, we recruited 53 OCA-affected individuals from 45 unrelated families belonging to 20 different marriage groups/ethnicities of 15 different districts of West Bengal. We took a targeted sequencing-based approach to find the causal variations in the TYR gene. We report here identification of two novel potentially pathogenic variations [NM_000372.4:c.614C>T, NP_000363.1:p.(Pro205Leu), and NM_000372.4:c.1036+1=/G>T], one novel synonymous TYR variant [NM_000372.4:c.204=/A>G, NP_000363.1:p.(Gln68=)], two pathogenic variations documented for the first time in Indian OCA cases [NM_000372.4:c.1147G>A, NP_000363.1:p.(Asp383Asn), and NM_000372.4:c.585G>A, NP_000363.1:p.(Trp195*)], along with nine previously reported pathogenic variants in 36 out of 53 (∼68%) patients recruited. We report common haplotype backgrounds for the two most prevalent variations [NM_000372.4:c.124G>A, NM_000372.4:c.832C>T] in cases belonging to different marriage/ethnic groups, suggesting a possible founder effect. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive genetic study on OCA1 from India, firmly establishing OCA1 as the commonest form of albinism in this part of the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kausik Ganguly
- Department of Genetics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Tithi Dutta
- Department of Genetics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Arpan Saha
- Department of Genetics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Devroop Sarkar
- Joypur Block Primary Health Centre, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Asim Sil
- Vivekananda Mission Ashram Netra Niramay Niketan, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India
| | - Kunal Ray
- ATGC Diagnostics, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mainak Sengupta
- Department of Genetics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Liu T, Bai D, Yang X, Li W, Wei A. Identification of two Chinese oculocutaneous albinism type 6 patients and mutation updates of the
SLC
24A5
gene. J Dermatol 2019; 46:1027-1030. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University BeijingChina
| | - Yingzi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology Shunyi Women and Children's Hospital of Beijing Children's Hospital BeijingChina
| | - Teng Liu
- Department of Dermatology Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University BeijingChina
| | - Dayong Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology Beijing Children's Hospital Capital Medical University BeijingChina
| | - Xiumin Yang
- Department of Dermatology Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University BeijingChina
| | - Wei Li
- Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects Beijing Pediatric Research Institute Beijing Children's Hospital Capital Medical University National Center for Children's Health BeijingChina
- Shunyi Women and Children's Hospital of Beijing Children's Hospital Beijing China
| | - Aihua Wei
- Department of Dermatology Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University BeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Szpak M, Xue Y, Ayub Q, Tyler‐Smith C. How well do we understand the basis of classic selective sweeps in humans? FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1431-1448. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yali Xue
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute Hinxton UK
| | - Qasim Ayub
- School of Science Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway Malaysia
- Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform Monash University Malaysia Genomics Facility Bandar Sunway Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Onojafe IF, Megan LH, Melch MG, Aderemi JO, Alur RP, Abu-Asab MS, Chan CC, Bernardini IM, Albert JS, Cogliati T, Adams DR, Brooks BP. Minimal Efficacy of Nitisinone Treatment in a Novel Mouse Model of Oculocutaneous Albinism, Type 3. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:4945-4952. [PMID: 30347088 PMCID: PMC6181301 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Oral nitisinone has been shown to increase fur and ocular pigmentation in a mouse model of oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) due to hypomorphic mutations in tyrosinase (TYR), OCA1B. This study determines if nitisinone can improve ocular and/or fur pigmentation in a mouse model of OCA type 3 (OCA3), caused by mutation of the tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Tyrp1) gene. Methods Mice homozygous for a null allele in the Tyrp1 gene (C57BL/6J-Tyrp1 b-J/J) were treated with 8 mg/kg nitisinone or vehicle every other day by oral gavage. Changes in fur and ocular melanin pigmentation were monitored. Mature ocular melanosome number and size were quantified in pigmented ocular structures by electron microscopy. Results C57BL/6J-Tyrp1 b-J/J mice carry a novel c.403T>A; 404delG mutation in Tyrp1, predicted to result in premature truncation of the TYRP1 protein. Nitisinone treatment resulted in an approximately 7-fold increase in plasma tyrosine concentrations without overt toxicity. After 1 month of treatment, no change in the color of fur or pigmented ocular structures was observed. The distribution of melanosome cross-sectional area was unchanged in ocular tissues. There was no significant difference in the number of pigmented melanosomes in the RPE/choroid of nitisinone-treated and control groups. However, there was a significant difference in the number of pigmented melanosomes in the iris. Conclusions Treatment of a mouse model of OCA3 with oral nitisinone did not have a favorable clinical effect on melanin production and minimally affected the number of pigmented melanosomes in the iris stroma. As such, treatment of OCA3 patients with nitisinone is unlikely to be therapeutic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ighovie F Onojafe
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Lucyanne H Megan
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Madeline G Melch
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Joseph O Aderemi
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Ramakrishna P Alur
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Mones S Abu-Asab
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Isa M Bernardini
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Jessica S Albert
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Tiziana Cogliati
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - David R Adams
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Brian P Brooks
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Arshad MW, Harlalka GV, Lin S, D'Atri I, Mehmood S, Shakil M, Hassan MJ, Chioza BA, Self JE, Ennis S, O'Gorman L, Norman C, Aman T, Ali SS, Kaul H, Baple EL, Crosby AH, Ullah MI, Shabbir MI. Mutations in TYR and OCA2 associated with oculocutaneous albinism in Pakistani families. Meta Gene 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
|
9
|
Identification of a functionally significant tri-allelic genotype in the Tyrosinase gene (TYR) causing hypomorphic oculocutaneous albinism (OCA1B). Sci Rep 2017; 7:4415. [PMID: 28667292 PMCID: PMC5493628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) and ocular albinism (OA) are inherited disorders of melanin biosynthesis, resulting in loss of pigment and severe visual deficits. OCA encompasses a range of subtypes with overlapping, often hypomorphic phenotypes. OCA1 is the most common cause of albinism in European populations and is inherited through autosomal recessive mutations in the Tyrosinase (TYR) gene. However, there is a high level of reported missing heritability, where only a single heterozygous mutation is found in TYR. This is also the case for other OCA subtypes including OCA2 caused by mutations in the OCA2 gene. Here we have interrogated the genetic cause of albinism in a well phenotyped, hypomorphic albinism population by sequencing a broad gene panel and performing segregation studies on phenotyped family members. Of eighteen probands we can confidently diagnose three with OA and OCA2, and one with a PAX6 mutation. Of six probands with only a single heterozygous mutation in TYR, all were found to have the two common variants S192Y and R402Q. Our results suggest that a combination of R402Q and S192Y with a deleterious mutation in a ‘tri-allelic genotype’ can account for missing heritability in some hypomorphic OCA1 albinism phenotypes.
Collapse
|
10
|
Robertson SYT, Wen X, Yin K, Chen J, Smith CE, Paine ML. Multiple Calcium Export Exchangers and Pumps Are a Prominent Feature of Enamel Organ Cells. Front Physiol 2017; 8:336. [PMID: 28588505 PMCID: PMC5440769 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium export is a key function for the enamel organ during all stages of amelogenesis. Expression of a number of ATPase calcium transporting, plasma membrane genes (ATP2B1-4/PMCA1-4), solute carrier SLC8A genes (sodium/calcium exchanger or NCX1-3), and SLC24A gene family members (sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger or NCKX1-6) have been investigated in the developing enamel organ in earlier studies. This paper reviews the calcium export pathways that have been described and adds novel insights to the spatiotemporal expression patterns of PMCA1, PMCA4, and NCKX3 during amelogenesis. New data are presented to show the mRNA expression profiles for the four Atp2b1-4 gene family members (PMCA1-4) in secretory-stage and maturation-stage rat enamel organs. These data are compared to expression profiles for all Slc8a and Slc24a gene family members. PMCA1, PMCA4, and NCKX3 immunolocalization data is also presented. Gene expression profiles quantitated by real time PCR show that: (1) PMCA1, 3, and 4, and NCKX3 are most highly expressed during secretory-stage amelogenesis; (2) NCX1 and 3, and NCKX6 are expressed during secretory and maturation stages; (3) NCKX4 is most highly expressed during maturation-stage amelogenesis; and (4) expression levels of PMCA2, NCX2, NCKX1, NCKX2, and NCKX5 are negligible throughout amelogenesis. In the enamel organ PMCA1 localizes to the basolateral membrane of both secretory and maturation ameloblasts; PMCA4 expression is seen in the basolateral membrane of secretory and maturation ameloblasts, and also cells of the stratum intermedium and papillary layer; while NCKX3 expression is limited to Tomes' processes, and the apical membrane of maturation-stage ameloblasts. These new findings are discussed in the perspective of data already present in the literature, and highlight the multiplicity of calcium export systems in the enamel organ needed to regulate biomineralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Y T Robertson
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xin Wen
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kaifeng Yin
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Junjun Chen
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Oral Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Charles E Smith
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael L Paine
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Veniani E, Mauri L, Manfredini E, Gesu GP, Patrosso MC, Zelante L, D'Agruma L, Del Longo A, Mazza M, Piozzi E, Penco S, Primignani P. Detection of the first OCA6 Italian patient in a large cohort of albino subjects. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 81:208-9. [PMID: 26686029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Veniani
- Medical Genetics Unit-Department of Laboratory Medicine, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Mauri
- Medical Genetics Unit-Department of Laboratory Medicine, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Manfredini
- Medical Genetics Unit-Department of Laboratory Medicine, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni P Gesu
- Medical Genetics Unit-Department of Laboratory Medicine, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Patrosso
- Medical Genetics Unit-Department of Laboratory Medicine, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Leopoldo Zelante
- UOC Medical Genetics-"IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Leonardo D'Agruma
- UOC Medical Genetics-"IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | | | - Marco Mazza
- Pediatric Ophthalmolgy Department, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Piozzi
- Pediatric Ophthalmolgy Department, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Penco
- Medical Genetics Unit-Department of Laboratory Medicine, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Primignani
- Medical Genetics Unit-Department of Laboratory Medicine, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lin BD, Mbarek H, Willemsen G, Dolan CV, Fedko IO, Abdellaoui A, de Geus EJ, Boomsma DI, Hottenga JJ. Heritability and Genome-Wide Association Studies for Hair Color in a Dutch Twin Family Based Sample. Genes (Basel) 2015; 6:559-76. [PMID: 26184321 PMCID: PMC4584317 DOI: 10.3390/genes6030559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair color is one of the most visible and heritable traits in humans. Here, we estimated heritability by structural equation modeling (N = 20,142), and performed a genome wide association (GWA) analysis (N = 7091) and a GCTA study (N = 3340) on hair color within a large cohort of twins, their parents and siblings from the Netherlands Twin Register (NTR). Self-reported hair color was analyzed as five binary phenotypes, namely “blond versus non-blond”, “red versus non-red”, “brown versus non-brown”, “black versus non-black”, and “light versus dark”. The broad-sense heritability of hair color was estimated between 73% and 99% and the genetic component included non-additive genetic variance. Assortative mating for hair color was significant, except for red and black hair color. From GCTA analyses, at most 24.6% of the additive genetic variance in hair color was explained by 1000G well-imputed SNPs. Genome-wide association analysis for each hair color showed that SNPs in the MC1R region were significantly associated with red, brown and black hair, and also with light versus dark hair color. Five other known genes (HERC2, TPCN2, SLC24A4, IRF4, and KITLG) gave genome-wide significant hits for blond, brown and light versus dark hair color. We did not find and replicate any new loci for hair color.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bochao Danae Lin
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
| | - Conor V Dolan
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
| | - Iryna O Fedko
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
| | - Eco J de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chambers JC, Abbott J, Zhang W, Turro E, Scott WR, Tan ST, Afzal U, Afaq S, Loh M, Lehne B, O'Reilly P, Gaulton KJ, Pearson RD, Li X, Lavery A, Vandrovcova J, Wass MN, Miller K, Sehmi J, Oozageer L, Kooner IK, Al-Hussaini A, Mills R, Grewal J, Panoulas V, Lewin AM, Northwood K, Wander GS, Geoghegan F, Li Y, Wang J, Aitman TJ, McCarthy MI, Scott J, Butcher S, Elliott P, Kooner JS. The South Asian genome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102645. [PMID: 25115870 PMCID: PMC4130493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic sequence variation of people from the Indian subcontinent who comprise one-quarter of the world's population, is not well described. We carried out whole genome sequencing of 168 South Asians, along with whole-exome sequencing of 147 South Asians to provide deeper characterisation of coding regions. We identify 12,962,155 autosomal sequence variants, including 2,946,861 new SNPs and 312,738 novel indels. This catalogue of SNPs and indels amongst South Asians provides the first comprehensive map of genetic variation in this major human population, and reveals evidence for selective pressures on genes involved in skin biology, metabolism, infection and immunity. Our results will accelerate the search for the genetic variants underlying susceptibility to disorders such as type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease which are highly prevalent amongst South Asians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C. Chambers
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - James Abbott
- Centre for Integrative Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest Turro
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
- Computational Biology and Statistics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - William R. Scott
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sian-Tsung Tan
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- NHLI, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Uzma Afzal
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saima Afaq
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Loh
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul O'Reilly
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kyle J. Gaulton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D. Pearson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xinzhong Li
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Lavery
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jana Vandrovcova
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark N. Wass
- Centre for Integrative Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Miller
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Joban Sehmi
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- NHLI, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Abtehale Al-Hussaini
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Mills
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Jagvir Grewal
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexandra M. Lewin
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Korrinne Northwood
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gurpreet S. Wander
- Hero DMC Heart Institute, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
| | - Frank Geoghegan
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Timothy J. Aitman
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James Scott
- NHLI, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Butcher
- Centre for Integrative Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Elliott
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaspal S. Kooner
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- NHLI, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xu Y, Zhang XH, Pang YZ. Association of Tyrosinase (TYR) and Tyrosinase-related Protein 1 (TYRP1) with Melanic Plumage Color in Korean Quails (Coturnix coturnix). ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 26:1518-22. [PMID: 25049736 PMCID: PMC4093817 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
TYR (Tyrosinase) and TYRP1 (Tyrosinase-related protein 1) play crucial roles in determining the coat color of birds. In this paper, we aimed to characterize the relationship of TYR and TYRP1 genes with plumage colors in Korean quails. The SNPs were searched by cDNA sequencing and PCR-SSCP in three plumage color Korean quails (maroon, white and black plumage). Two SNPs (367T→C and 1153C→T) were found in the coding region of TYRP1 gene, but had no significant association with plumage phenotype in Korean quails. The expression of TYR was higher in black plumage quails than that in maroon plumage quails. In contrast, the expression of TYRP1 was lower in black plumage quails than that in maroon plumage quails. This study suggested that the melanic plumage color in Korean quails may be associated with either increased production of TYR or decreased production of TYRP1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- College of Animal Science, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - You-Zhi Pang
- College of Animal Science, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sengupta M, Sarkar D, Mondal M, Samanta S, Sil A, Ray K. Analysis of MC1R variants in Indian oculocutaneous albinism patients: highlighting the risk of skin cancer among albinos. J Genet 2014; 92:305-8. [PMID: 23970088 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-013-0250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Sengupta
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kamaraj B, Purohit R. Mutational analysis of oculocutaneous albinism: a compact review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:905472. [PMID: 25093188 PMCID: PMC4100393 DOI: 10.1155/2014/905472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by either complete lack of or a reduction of melanin biosynthesis in the melanocytes. The OCA1A is the most severe type with a complete lack of melanin production throughout life, while the milder forms OCA1B, OCA2, OCA3, and OCA4 show some pigment accumulation over time. Mutations in TYR, OCA2, TYRP1, and SLC45A2 are mainly responsible for causing oculocutaneous albinism. Recently, two new genes SLC24A5 and C10orf11 are identified that are responsible to cause OCA6 and OCA7, respectively. Also a locus has been mapped to the human chromosome 4q24 region which is responsible for genetic cause of OCA5. In this paper, we summarized the clinical and molecular features of OCA genes. Further, we reviewed the screening of pathological mutations of OCA genes and its molecular mechanism of the protein upon mutation by in silico approach. We also reviewed TYR (T373K, N371Y, M370T, and P313R), OCA2 (R305W), TYRP1 (R326H and R356Q) mutations and their structural consequences at molecular level. It is observed that the pathological genetic mutations and their structural and functional significance of OCA genes will aid in development of personalized medicine for albinism patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balu Kamaraj
- Bioinformatics Division, School of Bio Sciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Rituraj Purohit
- Bioinformatics Division, School of Bio Sciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Clinical utility gene card for: Oculocutaneous albinism. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 22:ejhg2013307. [PMID: 24518832 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
|
18
|
Morice-Picard F, Lasseaux E, François S, Simon D, Rooryck C, Bieth E, Colin E, Bonneau D, Journel H, Walraedt S, Leroy BP, Meire F, Lacombe D, Arveiler B. SLC24A5 mutations are associated with non-syndromic oculocutaneous albinism. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:568-571. [PMID: 23985994 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Morice-Picard
- Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), University Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eulalie Lasseaux
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane François
- Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), University Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Delphine Simon
- Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), University Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Caroline Rooryck
- Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), University Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eric Bieth
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Estelle Colin
- Département de Biochimie et Génétique, LUNAM Université d'Angers, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - Dominique Bonneau
- Département de Biochimie et Génétique, LUNAM Université d'Angers, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - Hubert Journel
- Unité de Génétique Médicale, CH de Vannes, Vannes, France
| | - Sophie Walraedt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ghent University Hospital & Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart P Leroy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ghent University Hospital & Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital & Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francoise Meire
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Queen Fabiola Children's University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Lacombe
- Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), University Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benoit Arveiler
- Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), University Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Reissmann M, Ludwig A. Pleiotropic effects of coat colour-associated mutations in humans, mice and other mammals. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:576-86. [PMID: 23583561 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The characterisation of the pleiotropic effects of coat colour-associated mutations in mammals illustrates that sensory organs and nerves are particularly affected by disorders because of the shared origin of melanocytes and neurocytes in the neural crest; e.g. the eye-colour is a valuable indicator of disorders in pigment production and eye dysfunctions. Disorders related to coat colour-associated alleles also occur in the skin (melanoma), reproductive tract and immune system. Additionally, the coat colour phenotype of an individual influences its general behaviour and fitness. Mutations in the same genes often produce similar coat colours and pleiotropic effects in different species (e.g., KIT [reproductive disorders, lethality], EDNRB [megacolon] and LYST [CHS]). Whereas similar disorders and similar-looking coat colour phenotypes sometimes have a different genetic background (e.g., deafness [EDN3/EDNRB, MITF, PAX and SNAI2] and visual diseases [OCA2, RAB38, SLC24A5, SLC45A2, TRPM1 and TYR]). The human predilection for fancy phenotypes that ignore disorders and genetic defects is a major driving force for the increase of pleiotropic effects in domestic species and laboratory subjects since domestication has commenced approximately 18,000 years ago.
Collapse
Key Words
- AS
- ASIP
- ATRN
- Agouti signalling protein
- Albino
- Angelman syndrome
- Attractin (mahogany)
- BLOC
- Biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex
- CCSD
- CHS
- CSD
- CSNB
- Canine congenital sensorineural deafness
- Chediak-Higashi syndrome
- Coat colour gene
- Congenital sensorineural deafness
- Congenital stationary night blindness
- Disorder
- EDN3
- EDNRB
- Endothelin 3
- Endothelin receptor type B
- Epistasis
- Fitness
- GS
- Griscelli syndrome (type 1 or 2)
- HPS
- HSCR
- Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome with different types
- Hirschsprung disease
- IPE
- Iris pigment epithelium
- KIT
- KIT ligand (steel factor)
- KITLG
- LFS
- LYST
- Lavender foal syndrome
- Lethal
- Leucism
- Lysosomal trafficking regulator
- MC1R
- MCOA
- MCOLN3
- MGRN1
- MITF
- MYO5A
- Mahogunin ring finger 1 (E3 ubiquitin protein ligase)
- Melanocortin 1 receptor
- Melanoma
- Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor
- Mucolipin 3 (TRPML3)
- Multiple congenital ocular anomalies
- Myosin VA (heavy chain 12, myoxin)
- OA
- OCA
- OCA2
- OLWS
- OSTM1
- Ocular albinism
- Oculocutaneous albinism II (pink-eye dilution homolog)
- Oculocutaneous albinism type 1–4
- Osteopetrosis associated transmembrane protein 1 (Grey lethal osteopetrosis)
- Overo lethal white syndrome
- PAX3
- PMEL
- PWS
- Paired box 3
- Pleiotropy
- Prader-Willi syndrome
- Premelanosome protein (Pmel17, SILV)
- RAB27A
- RAB27A member RAS oncogene family
- RAB38
- RAB38 member RAS oncogene family
- RPE
- Reproduction
- Retinal pigmented epithelium
- SLC24A5
- SLC2A9
- SLC45A2
- SNAI2
- STX17
- Snail homolog 2 (Drosophila), (SLUG), SOX10, SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 10
- Solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 9
- Solute carrier family 24, member 5
- Solute carrier family 45, member 2, MATP
- Syntaxin 17
- TRPM1
- TYR
- Tameness
- Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 1 (melastatin-1)
- Tyrosinase, TYRP1, Tyrosinase-related protein 1
- V-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog, tyrosine kinase receptor (c-kit)
- WS
- Waardenburg syndrome (type 1, type 2 combined with Tietz syndrome type 3 Klein-Waardenburg syndrome, type 4 Waardenburg-Shah syndrome)
- alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone
- αMSH
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Reissmann
- Humboldt University Berlin, Department for Crop and Animal Sciences, Berlin, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wei AH, Zang DJ, Zhang Z, Liu XZ, He X, Yang L, Wang Y, Zhou ZY, Zhang MR, Dai LL, Yang XM, Li W. Exome sequencing identifies SLC24A5 as a candidate gene for nonsyndromic oculocutaneous albinism. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:1834-40. [PMID: 23364476 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a heterogeneous and autosomal recessive disorder with hypopigmentation in the eye, hair, and skin color. Four genes, TYR, OCA2, TYRP1, and SLC45A2, have been identified as causative genes for nonsyndromic OCA1-4, respectively. The genetic identity of OCA5 locus on 4q24 is unknown. Additional unknown OCA genes may exist as at least 5% of OCA patients have not been characterized during mutational screening in several populations. We used exome sequencing with a family-based recessive mutation model to determine that SLC24A5 is a previously unreported candidate gene for nonsyndromic OCA, which we designate as OCA6. Two deleterious mutations in this patient, c.591G>A and c.1361insT, were identified. We found apparent increase of immature melanosomes and less mature melanosomes in the patient's skin melanocytes. However, no defects in the platelet dense granules were observed, excluding typical Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS), a well-known syndromic OCA. Moreover, the SLC24A5 protein was reduced in steady-state levels in mouse HPS mutants with deficiencies in BLOC-1 and BLOC-2. Our results suggest that SLC24A5 is a previously unreported nonsyndromic OCA candidate gene and that the SLC24A5 transporter is transported into mature melanosomes by HPS protein complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|