5
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Wu WK, Chen CC, Liu PY, Panyod S, Liao BY, Chen PC, Kao HL, Kuo HC, Kuo CH, Chiu THT, Chen RA, Chuang HL, Huang YT, Zou HB, Hsu CC, Chang TY, Lin CL, Ho CT, Yu HT, Sheen LY, Wu MS. Identification of TMAO-producer phenotype and host-diet-gut dysbiosis by carnitine challenge test in human and germ-free mice. Gut 2019; 68:1439-1449. [PMID: 30377191 PMCID: PMC6691853 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The gut microbiota-derived metabolite, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) plays an important role in cardiovascular disease (CVD). The fasting plasma TMAO was shown as a prognostic indicator of CVD incident in patients and raised the interest of intervention targeting gut microbiota. Here we develop a clinically applicable method called oral carnitine challenge test (OCCT) for TMAO-related therapeutic drug efforts assessment and personalising dietary guidance. DESIGN A pharmacokinetic study was performed to verify the design of OCCT protocol. The OCCT was conducted in 23 vegetarians and 34 omnivores to validate gut microbiota TMAO production capacity. The OCCT survey was integrated with gut microbiome, host genotypes, dietary records and serum biochemistry. A humanised gnotobiotic mice study was performed for translational validation. RESULTS The OCCT showed better efficacy than fasting plasma TMAO to identify TMAO producer phenotype. The omnivores exhibited a 10-fold higher OR to be high TMAO producer than vegetarians. The TMAO-associated taxa found by OCCT in this study were consistent with previous animal studies. The TMAO producer phenotypes were also reproduced in humanised gnotobiotic mice model. Besides, we found the faecal CntA gene was not associated with TMAO production; therefore, other key relevant microbial genes might be involved. Finally, we demonstrated the urine TMAO exhibited a strong positive correlation with plasma TMAO (r=0.92, p<0.0001) and improved the feasibility of OCCT. CONCLUSION The OCCT can be used to identify TMAO-producer phenotype of gut microbiota and may serve as a personal guidance in CVD prevention and treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02838732; Results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Kai Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan,Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Chang Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Liu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan,Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Suraphan Panyod
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ben-Yang Liao
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chen Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Li Kao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chun Kuo
- The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan,School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Kuo
- The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan,School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tina H T Chiu
- Department of Nutrition Therapy, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Rou-An Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Li Chuang
- National Applied Research Laboratories, National Laboratory Animal Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Te Huang
- National Applied Research Laboratories, National Laboratory Animal Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Bai Zou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yan Chang
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lon Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Burnswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hon-Tsen Yu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan,Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Yan Sheen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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8
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Xu M, Bhatt DK, Yeung CK, Claw KG, Chaudhry AS, Gaedigk A, Pearce RE, Broeckel U, Gaedigk R, Nickerson DA, Schuetz E, Rettie AE, Leeder JS, Thummel KE, Prasad B. Genetic and Nongenetic Factors Associated with Protein Abundance of Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 3 in Human Liver. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 363:265-274. [PMID: 28819071 PMCID: PMC5697103 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.243113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic flavin-containing mono-oxygenase 3 (FMO3) metabolizes a broad array of nucleophilic heteroatom (e.g., N or S)-containing xenobiotics (e.g., amphetamine, sulindac, benzydamine, ranitidine, tamoxifen, nicotine, and ethionamide), as well as endogenous compounds (e.g., catecholamine and trimethylamine). To predict the effect of genetic and nongenetic factors on the hepatic metabolism of FMO3 substrates, we quantified FMO3 protein abundance in human liver microsomes (HLMs; n = 445) by liquid chromatography-tandem mass chromatography proteomics. Genotyping/gene resequencing, mRNA expression, and functional activity (with benzydamine as probe substrate) of FMO3 were also evaluated. FMO3 abundance increased 2.2-fold (13.0 ± 11.4 pmol/mg protein vs. 28.0 ± 11.8 pmol/mg protein) from neonates to adults. After 6 years of age, no significant difference in FMO3 abundance was found between children and adults. Female donors exhibited modestly higher mRNA fragments per kilobase per million reads values (139.9 ± 76.9 vs. 105.1 ± 73.1; P < 0.001) and protein FMO3 abundance (26.7 ± 12.0 pmol/mg protein vs. 24.1 ± 12.1 pmol/mg protein; P < 0.05) compared with males. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including rs2064074, rs28363536, rs2266782 (E158K), rs909530 (N285N), rs2266780 (E308G), and rs909531, were associated with significantly decreased protein abundance. FMO3 abundance in individuals homozygous and heterozygous for haplotype 3 (H3), representing variant alleles for all these SNPs (except rs2066534), were 50.8% (P < 0.001) and 79.5% (P < 0.01), respectively, of those with the reference homozygous haplotype (H1, representing wild-type). In summary, FMO3 protein abundance is significantly associated with age, gender, and genotype. These data are important in predicting FMO3-mediated heteroatom-oxidation of xenobiotics and endogenous biomolecules in the human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Xu
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Deepak Kumar Bhatt
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Catherine K Yeung
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Katrina G Claw
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Amarjit S Chaudhry
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Andrea Gaedigk
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Robin E Pearce
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Ulrich Broeckel
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Roger Gaedigk
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Erin Schuetz
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Allan E Rettie
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - J Steven Leeder
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
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