Growth inhibitory effects of three miR-129 family members on gastric cancer

Identification of differentially expressed genes associated with the pathogenesis of gastric cancer by bioinformatics analysis

AIM

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most diagnosed cancers worldwide. GC is a heterogeneous disease whose pathogenesis has not been entirely understood. Besides, the GC prognosis for patients remains poor. Hence, finding reliable biomarkers and therapeutic targets for GC patients is urgently needed.

METHODS

GSE54129 and GSE26942 datasets were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to detect differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Then, gene set enrichment analyses and protein-protein interactions were investigated. Afterward, ten hub genes were identified from the constructed network of DEGs. Then, the expression of hub genes in GC was validated. Performing survival analysis, the prognostic value of each hub gene in GC samples was investigated. Finally, the databases were used to predict microRNAs that could regulate the hub genes. Eventually, top miRNAs with more interactions with the list of hub genes were introduced.

RESULTS

In total, 203 overlapping DEGs were identified between both datasets. The main enriched KEGG pathway was "Protein digestion and absorption." The most significant identified GO terms included "primary alcohol metabolic process," "basal part of cell," and "extracellular matrix structural constituent conferring tensile strength." Identified hub modules were COL1A1, COL1A2, TIMP1, SPP1, COL5A2, THBS2, COL4A1, MUC6, CXCL8, and BGN. The overexpression of seven hub genes was associated with overall survival. Moreover, among the list of selected miRNAs, hsa-miR-27a-3, hsa-miR-941, hsa-miR-129-2-3p, and hsa-miR-1-3p, were introduced as top miRNAs targeting more than five hub genes.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study identified ten genes associated with GC, which may help discover novel prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets for GC. Our results may advance the understanding of GC occurrence and progression.

Rolling circle amplification (RCA) -based biosensor system for the fluorescent detection of miR-129-2-3p miRNA

Herein, a versatile fluorescent bioanalysis platform for sensitive and specific screening of target miRNA (miR-129-2-3p) was innovatively designed by applying target-induced rolling circle amplification (RCA) for efficient signal amplification. Specifically, miR-129-2-3p was used as a ligation template to facilitate its ligation with padlock probes, followed by an RCA reaction in the presence of phi29 DNA polymerase. The dsDNA fragments and products were stained by SYBR Green I and then detected by fluorescence spectrophotometry. As a result, miR-129-2-3p concentrations as low as 50 nM could be detected. Furthermore, the expression of miR-129-2-3p in breast cancer patients was about twice that in healthy people. Therefore, the results indicated that the RCA-based biosensor system could be a valuable platform for miRNA detection in clinical diagnosis and biomedical study.

Targeted microRNA Profiling in Gastric Cancer with Clinical Assessement

Although several microRNAs (miRNAs) have been associated with gastric cancer there is still the need for identification of stable and validated biomarkers. The purpose of this study was to determine the alterations of a specific set of miRNA levels in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues to identify and validate gastric cancer-specific miRNAs using paired normal and tumor samples in an independent patient cohort. Gastric adenocarcinoma and normal stomach tissue samples of 20 patients who underwent surgery for gastric cancer were studied. The miRNA expression profiling was performed for eight miRNAs in a total of 40 tissue samples using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Six out of these eight miRNAs, namely, miR-375-3p, hsamiR-129-5p, miR-196a-5p, miR-376c-3p, miR-34c-5p and miR-767-5p, were significantly underexpressed in malignant tissues of our cohort. Furthermore, the expression of miR-662 although not significantly different between normal and tumor tissues, was inversely associated with age (r = −0.440, p = 0.049). The levels of miR-129-3p and miR34c-5p were correlated with an increase in the number of metastatic lymph nodes (r = 0.470, p = 0.036; r = 0.510, p = 0.020), while and miR-376c-3p levels were negatively associated with smoking (p = 0.043). In addition, we found that the variability of miRNA expression in cancerous tissues was lower than that in normal tissues. Alterations in miRNA expression in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues in comparison to healthy tissues of each individual serves for identification of consistent biomarkers that can be used for development of diagnostic tools for gastric cancer.

MiR-129-5p exerts Wnt signaling-dependent tumor-suppressive functions in hepatocellular carcinoma by directly targeting hepatoma-derived growth factor HDGF

BACKGROUND

In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), histone deacetylases (HDACs) are frequently overexpressed. This results in chromatin compaction and silencing of tumor-relevant genes and microRNAs. Modulation of microRNA expression is a potential treatment option for HCC. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the epigenetically regulated miR-129-5p regarding its functional effects and target genes to understand its relevance for HCC tumorigenesis.

METHODS

Global miRNA expression of HCC cell lines (HLE, HLF, Huh7, HepG2, Hep3B) and normal liver cell lines (THLE-2, THLE-3) was analyzed after HDAC inhibition by miRNA sequencing. An in vivo xenograft mouse model and in vitro assays were used to investigate tumor-relevant functional effects following miR-129-5p transfection of HCC cells. To validate hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) as a direct target gene of miR-129-5p, luciferase reporter assays were performed. Survival data and HDGF expression were analyzed in public HCC datasets. After siRNA-mediated knockdown of HDGF, its cancer-related functions were examined.

RESULTS

HDAC inhibition induced the expression of miR-129-5p. Transfection of miR-129-5p increased the apoptosis of HCC cells, decreased proliferation, migration and ERK signaling in vitro and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Direct binding of miR-129-5p to the 3'UTR of HDGF via a noncanonical binding site was validated by luciferase reporter assays. HDGF knockdown reduced cell viability and migration and increased apoptosis in Wnt-inactive HCC cells. These in vitro results were in line with the analysis of public HCC datasets showing that HDGF overexpression correlated with a worse survival prognosis, primarily in Wnt-inactive HCCs.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides detailed insights into the regulatory network of the tumor-suppressive, epigenetically regulated miR-129-5p in HCC. Our results reveal for the first time that the therapeutic application of mir-129-5p may have significant implications for the personalized treatment of patients with Wnt-inactive, advanced HCC by directly regulating HDGF. Therefore, miR-129-5p is a promising candidate for a microRNA replacement therapy to prevent HCC progression and tumor metastasis.

The role of miR-129-5p in cancer: a novel therapeutic target

MiRNA-129-5p belongs to the microRNA-129 (miRNA-129) family. MiRNA-129-5p is expressed in many tissues and organs of the human body, and it regulates a wide range of biological functions. The abnormal expression of miRNA-129-5p is related to the occurrence and development of a variety of malignant tumors. MiRNA-129-5p plays an important role in the tumorigenesis process and functions by promoting or inhibiting tumors. However, the role of miRNA-129-5p in cancer remains controversial. This article reviews the different biological functions of miRNA-129-5p in cancer and provides ideas for research in this field to guide the development of targeted therapies and drugs for malignant tumors.

Aerobic exercise modulates noncoding RNA network upstream of FNDC5 in the Gastrocnemius muscle of high-fat-diet-induced obese mice

The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of aerobic exercise with a fat-rich diet on ncRNAs expression associated with FNDC5 in the Gastrocnemius muscle of the obese mice. Twenty-five male mice were grouped into two categories of normal diet (ND) and high-fat diet (HF) treatments for three months. For the subsequent treatment, HF-fed animals (obese) were proceeded in four groups: HF-Trained (n = 5), HF-Untrained (n = 5), ND-Trained (n = 5), and ND-Untrained (n = 5). Simultaneously, ND fed mice (n = 5) continued receiving normal diet and being untrained. In the training group, exercise was applied using a treadmill for 2 months. The Gastrocnemius muscle was excised for the assessment of FNDC5 mRNA, protein levels, and ncRNAs. Using bioinformatics tools, two potential miRNAs, miR-129-5p and miR-140-5p, and four lncRNAs constructing a network with FNDC5 were identified. Significant decrease was observed in both miR-129-5p and miR-140-5p in the HF-fed mice vs. ND-fed mice (p < 0.01). Significant increase of lncRNAs Meg3, Malat1, Neat1, and Kcnq1ot1 correlating in the network was also detected (p < 0.001 for all lncRNAs) in HF-fed mice and trained mice (p < 0.001 for Neat1, Meg3, and Kcnq1ot1). The present study suggests that an increase in the muscle FNDC5 of the high-fat diet mice is governed by an expression regulation of suggested ncRNAs, which were revealed by bioinformatics study to be involved in the insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis pathways.

MiR-1299 functions as a tumor suppressor to inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of gastric cancer by targeting ARF6

BACKGROUND

MiRNAs belong to non-coding RNAs that are involved in cancer development. Acting as a mediator, they could regulate the expression level of numerous gens. However, the expression and function of miR-1299 in gastric cancer (GC) are not clear.

OBJECTIVE

To explore the role of miR-1299 in the process of GC.

METHODS

We detected the levels of miR-1299 in clinical samples of GC and investigated the role of miR-1299 in the regulation of the GC cells proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis. Luciferase reporter assay was employed to verify the target of miR-1299. Additionally, the proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis of AGS and SGC7901 cells were analyzed after the overexpression of miR-1299.

RESULTS

Our study showed the expression of miR-1299 was decreased in GC tissues and cell lines. It indicated that the cell proliferation, migration and invasion was inhibited, while the cell apoptosis was promoted by the over-expressed miR-1299. Also, we found that miR-1299 could directly target the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of ARF6 genes. In addition, rescue assay demonstrated that miR-1299 overexpression promoted the cell apoptosis and inhibited cell growth, which could be attenuated by the overexpression of ARF6.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings indicate that miR-1299 regulates cell progression in GC by targeting ARF6 genes, and suggest that miR-1299 may be a tumor suppressor in the GC progression.

Inhibition of microRNA-129-2-3p protects against refractory temporal lobe epilepsy by regulating GABRA1

BACKGROUND

Accumulating evidence demonstrates that certain microRNAs play critical roles in epileptogenesis. Our previous studies found microRNA (miR)-129-2-3p was induced in patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). In this study, we aimed to explore the role of miR-129-2-3p in TLE pathogenesis.

METHOD

By bioinformatics, we predicted miR-129-2-3p may target the gene GABRA1 encoding the GABA type A receptor subunit alpha 1. Luciferase assay was used to investigate the regulation of miR-129-2-3p on GABRA1 3'UTR. The dynamic expression of miR-129-2-3p and GABRA1 mRNA and protein levels were measured in primary hippocampal neurons and a rat kainic acid (KA)-induced seizure model by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), Western blotting, and immunostaining. MiR-129-2-3p agomir and antagomir were utilized to explore their role in determining GABRA1 expression. The effects of targeting miR-129-2-3p and GABRA1 on epilepsy were assessed by electroencephalography (EEG) and immunostaining.

RESULTS

Luciferase assay, qPCR, and Western blot results suggested GABRA1 as a direct target of miR-129-2-3p. MiR-129-2-3p level was significantly upregulated, whereas GABRA1 expression downregulated in KA-treated rat primary hippocampal neurons and KA-induced seizure model. In vivo knockdown of miR-129-2-3p by antagomir alleviated the seizure-like EEG findings in accordance with the upregulation of GABRA1. Furthermore, the seizure-suppressing effect of the antagomir was partly GABRA1 dependent.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggested GABRA1 as a target of miR-129-2-3p in rat primary hippocampal neurons and a rat kainic acid (KA) seizure model. Silencing of miR-129-2-3p exerted a seizure-suppressing effect in rats. MiR-129-2-3p/GABRA1 pathway may represent a potential target for the prevention and treatment of refractory epilepsy.

Evidence of Omics, Immune Infiltration, and Pharmacogenomic for SENP1 in the Pan-Cancer Cohort

Sentrin specific-protease 1 (SENP1) is a protein involved in deSUMOylation that is almost overexpressed in cancer. SENP1 has a determinative role in the activation of transcription programs in the innate immune responses and the development B of and C lymphocytes. We found, SENP1 possibly plays a critical role in immune infiltration and acts as an expression marker in PAAD, ESCA, and THYM. CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and macrophages were more key-related immune cells, indicating that SENP1 might be introduced as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. We further showed that dysregulation of SENP1 is powerfully associated with decreased patient survival and clinical stage. Total SENP1 protein also increases in cancer. SENP1 is also controlled by transcription factors (TFs) CREB1, KDM5A, REST, and YY1 that regulates apoptosis, cell cycle, cell proliferation, invasion, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. These TFs were in a positive correlation with SENP1. MiR-138-5p, miR-129-1-3p, and miR-129-2-3p also inhibit tumorigenesis through targeting of SENP1. The SENP1 expression level positively correlated with the expression levels of UBN1, SP3, SAP130, NUP98, NUP153 in 32 tumor types. SENP1 and correlated and binding genes: SAP130, NUP98, and NUP153 activated cell cycle. Consistent with this finding, drug analysis was indicated SENP1 is sensitive to cell cycle, apoptosis, and RTK signaling regulators. In the end, SENP1 and its expression-correlated and functional binding genes were enriched in cell cycle, apoptosis, cellular response to DNA damage stimulus. We found that the cell cycle is the main way for tumorigenesis by SENP1. SENP1 attenuates the effect of inhibitory drugs on the cell cycle. We also introduced effective FDA-Approved drugs that can inhibit SENP1. Therefore in the treatments in which these drugs are used, SENP1 inhibition is a suitable approach. This study supplies a wide analysis of the SENP1 across The Cancer Genome Atlas (CGA) cancer types. These results suggest the potential roles of SENP1 as a biomarker for cancer. Since these drugs and the drugs that cause to resistance are applied to cancer treatment, then these two class drugs can use to inhibition of SENP1.

Rutin restrains the growth and metastasis of mouse breast cancer cells by regulating the microRNA-129-1-3p-mediated calcium signaling pathway

Breast cancer is a common malignancy that is highly lethal. Due to the poor prognosis, more effective and efficient treatment methods are urgently needed. Rutin (RUT) is a traditional Chinese medicine reported to have a variety of pharmacological properties, including anticancer properties. However, the effects of RUT on breast cancer and its underlying molecular mechanism of action remain unclear. In the present study, we observed a significant downregulation of microRNA (miR)-129-1-3p in mouse breast cancer cells (4T1) compared with the expression in mouse normal breast epithelial cells (HC11). We also found that RUT could increase the expression of miR-129-1-3p in 4T1 cells and suppress cell proliferation. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of action of RUT, miR-129-1-3p mimics and its inhibitor were transfected into 4T1 cells. miR-129-1-3p overexpression could inhibit the proliferation, invasion, migration, and calcium overload of mouse breast cancer cells and also enhance apoptosis, whereas miR-129-1-3p knockdown had the opposite effects. Taken together, cell-based experiments indicated that RUT restrains the growth of mouse breast cancer cells by regulating the miR-129-1-3p/Ca²⁺ signaling pathway. This study also revealed the inhibitory effect of RUT on breast cancer cells at the noncoding RNA level and provided a theoretical foundation for the application of RUT as a drug to inhibit tumor growth.

MicroRNAs in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: A State of the Art Review of the Regulatory Mechanisms and Future Perspectives

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare malignant neoplasia with a variable clinical course, with complete remission often difficult to achieve. Genetic alterations lead to fundamental changes not only in hereditary MTC but also in the sporadic form, with close correlations between mutational status and prognosis. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have become highly relevant as crucial players in MTC etiology. Current research has focused on their roles in disease carcinogenesis and development, but recent studies have expounded their potential as biomarkers and response predictors to novel biological drugs for advanced MTC. One such element which requires greater investigation is their mechanism of action and the molecular pathways involved in the regulation of gene expression. A more thorough understanding of these mechanisms will help realize the promising potential of miRNAs for MTC therapy and management.

MicroRNA-129-5p inhibits C2C12 myogenesis and represses slow fiber gene expression in vitro

The miR-129 family is widely reported as tumor repressors, although their roles in skeletal muscle have not been fully investigated. Here, the function and mechanism of miR-129-5p in skeletal muscle, a member of the miR-129 family, were explored using C2C12 cell line. Our study showed that miR-129-5p was widely detected in mouse tissues, with the highest expression in skeletal muscle. Gain- and loss-of-function study showed that miR-129-5p could negatively regulate myogenic differentiation, indicated by reduced ratio of MyHC-positive myofibers and repressed expression of myogenic genes, such as MyoD, MyoG, and MyHC. Furthermore, miR-129-5p was more enriched in fast extensor digitorum longus (EDL) than in slow soleus (SOL). Enhanced miR-129-5p could significantly reduce the expression of mitochondrial cox family, together with that of MyHC I, and knockdown of miR-129-5p conversely increased the expression of cox genes and MyHC I. Mechanistically, miR-129-5p directly targeted the 3'-UTR of Mef2a, which was suppressed by miR-129-5p agomir at both mRNA and protein levels in C2C12 cells. Moreover, overexpression of Mef2a could rescue the inhibitory effects of miR-129-5p on the expression of myogenic factors and MyHC I. Collectively, our data revealed that miR-129-5p is a negative regulator of myogenic differentiation and slow fiber gene expression, thus affecting body metabolic homeostasis.

CDC37L1 acts as a suppressor of migration and proliferation in gastric cancer by down-regulating CDK6

The co-chaperone protein CDC37 (Cell division cycle 37) is well known to regulate multiple protein kinases and involved in tumor progression. However to date, little is known about its analogue CDC37L1 (Cell division cycle 37 like 1) in tumorigenesis. This study aimed to explore the expression and function of CDC37L1 in gastric cancer (GC). The immunohistochemical staining in a tissue microarray showed a weak expression of CDC37L1 in high grade GC tissues compared with low grade tissues. Consistently, data from online database analysis demonstrated that CDC37L1 level was decreased in stage 4 patients and low expression of CDC37L1 indicated a poor prognosis. Functional studies revealed that CDC37L1 could inhibit GC cell proliferation and migration in CCK8, EdU incorporation, colony formation and transwell assays. In the meantime, CDC37L1 also inhibited the tumorigenicity of GC cells in nude mice. Mechanistically, we found that CDC37L1 had an impact on CDK6 protein expression by western blotting. Palbociclib, a specific CDK4/6 inhibitor, was discovered to block the rapid growth phenotype of GC cells induced by CDC37L1 silencing. Taken together, these findings unveiled a tumor-suppressive role of CDC37L1 in GC, and CDK6 may act as a downstream effector in this process.

Identification and validation of methylated differentially expressed miRNAs and immune infiltrate profile in EBV-associated gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

The recent discovery of cancer/tissue specificity of miRNA has indicated its great potential as a therapeutic target. In Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC), host genes are affected by extensive DNA methylation, including miRNAs. However, the role of methylated miRNA in the development of EBVaGC and immune cell infiltration has largely remained elusive.

RESULTS

After crossmatching the DNA methylation and expression profile of miRNA and mRNA in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (TCGA), we discovered that miR-129-2-3p was significantly suppressed due to hypermethylation on its enhancer in EBVaGC. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) added up to 30, among which AKAP12 and LARP6 were predicted to be the target genes of miR-129-2-3p and negatively correlated with patients' survival. Accordingly, miR-129-2-3p was significantly down-regulated in tumor samples in 26 (65%) out of 40 cases in our cohort (P < 0.0001). The proliferation, migration and invasion functions of GC cells were significantly promoted when transfected with miR-129-2-3p inhibitor and suppressed when transfected with mimics or treated with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Moreover, a comprehensive regulation network was established by combining the putative transcription factors, miRNA-mRNA and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that cytokine activity, especially CCL20, was the most prominent biological process in EBVaGC development. Immune cell infiltration analysis demonstrated CD4+ T cell, macrophage and dendritic cell infiltrates were significantly enriched for the prognostic-indicated hub genes.

CONCLUSION

This study has provided a comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs associated with genome-wide DNA methylation by integrating multi-source data including transcriptome, methylome and clinical data from GEO and TCGA, QPCR of tumor samples and cell function assays. It also gives a hint on the relationships between methylated miRNA, DEGs and the immune infiltration. Further experimental and clinical investigations are warranted to explore the underlying mechanism and validate our findings.

Long non-coding RNA XIST promotes the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through sponging miR-129-5p and upregulating CCND1 expression

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) X inactive specific transcript (XIST) has been identified as an oncogenic lncRNA in a series of human cancers, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In this study, we aimed to further explore the underlying mechanism of XIST on ESCC progression. qRT-PCR assay was used to determine the levels of XIST and miR-129-5p. Western blot analysis was performed to assess cyclin D1 (CCND1) expression. Bioinformatic analysis was performed using starBase v2.0 software. Dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were employed to confirm the interaction between XIST and miR-129-5p or miR-129-5p and CCND1. Cell cycle progression and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometric analysis, and cell migration and invasion were detected by transwell assay. Mouse studies were used to observe the effect of XIST silencing on tumor growth in vivo. Our results indicated that XIST was upregulated and miR-129-5p was downregulated in ESCC. XIST silencing or miR-129-5p overexpression repressed cell cycle progression, proliferation, migration, invasion, and promoted the apoptosis in ESCC cells. Moreover, XIST directly interacted with miR-129-5p and repressed miR-129-5p expression. MiR-129-5p mediated the regulatory effect of XIST on ESCC cell progression in vitro, and XIST promoted CCND1 expression by sponging miR-129-5p. Additionally, XIST silencing inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Our findings suggested that XIST silencing repressed the progression of ESCC at least partly through regulating the miR-129-5p/CCND1 axis. Targeting XIST might be a potential therapeutic strategy for ESCC treatment.

miR129-1 regulates protein phosphatase 1D protein expression under hypoxic conditions in non-small cell lung cancer cells harboring a TP53 mutation

Protein phosphatase 1D (PPM1D), which functions as an oncogene, is a known target of the tumor suppressor p53 and is involved in p53-regulated genomic surveillance mechanisms. PPM1D dephosphorylates both p53 and its ubiquitin ligase mouse double minute 2 homolog, as well as the RNA-binding protein (RBM)38, which turns RBM38 from an inducer to inhibitor of TP53 translation. In addition, RBM38 induces PPM1D translation. Hence, the PPM1D-RBM38-p53 axis is important in maintaining genomic integrity and is often altered during tumorigenesis. TP53, which encodes p53, is deleted or mutated in >50% of cancer types, including lung cancer. Mutant p53 has been revealed to complex with hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) and upregulate transcription of pro-metastatic genes. However, the mechanism underlying the action of the PPM1D-RBM38-p53 axis in the context of mutant p53 under normoxic and hypoxic conditions is yet to be elucidated. In the present study, using non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines harboring wild-type (A549 cells) or hot-spot mutant (NCI-H1770 and R249WΔ-TP53-A549 cells) TP53, it was demonstrated that in cells harboring mutant p53, RBM38 was not the primary regulator of PPM1D translation under hypoxic conditions. Knockdown of RBM38 in TP53 mutant cells did not affect the PPM1D protein expression under hypoxic conditions. Instead, in NCI-H1770 cells maintained under normoxic conditions, PPM1D was revealed as a target of micro RNA (miR)-129-1-3p, a known tumor suppressor in lung cancer. Hypoxia resulted in the downregulation of miR-129-1-3p expression, and thus, in the downregulation of PPM1D messenger RNA (mRNA) translation. In NCI-H1770 cells grown under hypoxic conditions, the transient transfection of miR-129-1-3p mimic, and not control mimic, repressed the expression of a reporter containing wild-type, but not miR-129-1-3p binding mutant, of the PPM1D 3'-untranslated region (UTR). Analysis of NSCLC cell lines from the Broad Institute Cancer Cell Encyclopedia and patients with NSCLC from The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset revealed significant co-occurrence of PPM1D/RBM38 and PPM1D/HIF1A mutations. However, there was no significant difference in the overall survival of patients with NSCLC with or without genomic alterations in TP53, RBM38, PPM1D and HIF1A. In summary, the current study demonstrated hypoxia-dependent miR-129-1-3p-mediated regulation of PPM1D protein expression in NSCLC cell line harboring mutant TP53.

MiR-129-5p induces cell cycle arrest through modulating HOXC10/Cyclin D1 to inhibit gastric cancer progression

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in posttranscriptional regulation and may serve as targets for the diagnosis and treatment of cancers. Nevertheless, a comprehensive understanding of miRNAs profiles in gastric cancer progression is still lacking. Here, we report that miR-129-5p is downregulated in gastric cancer by analyzing TCGA database (n = 41) and clinical tumor samples (n = 60). MiR-129-5p transfection suppressed gastric cancer cell proliferation through inducing G1 phase arrest in vitro and inhibit xenograft tumor growth in vivo. MiR-129-5p directly targeted the 3' untranslated regions (3' UTR) of HOXC10 mRNA and downregulated its expression. Importantly, miR-129-5p could reverse the oncogenic effect induced by HOXC10. We systemically screened the downstream target of HOXC10 by ChIP sequencing, and found that HOXC10 could transcriptionally regulate the expression of Cyclin D1 and facilitate G1/S cell cycle transition. Notably, high levels of HOXC10 and Cyclin D1 were related with poor prognosis of gastric cancer patients (n = 90). These findings reveal a novel role of miR-129-5p/HOXC10/Cyclin D1 axis in modulating cell cycle and gastric tumorigenesis, which might provide potential prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for gastric cancer patients.

MicroRNA-129-2-3p directly targets Wip1 to suppress the proliferation and invasion of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Accumulated studies showed that numerous microRNAs (miRNAs) were aberrantly expressed in human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and contributed to the tumorigenic processes. However, whether miR-129-2-3p is implicated in the ICC initiation and progression is still limited. Here, the results revealed that miR-129-2-3p expression was notably decreased in ICC tissues and cell lines, and that a low miR-129-2-3p expression was obviously associated with distant metastasis and clinical stage. Exogenous miR-129-2-3p expression evidently repressed the proliferative and invasive abilities of ICC cells. Mechanistic studies indicated that Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1) was a direct target gene for miR-129-2-3p in ICC cells. Furthermore, silencing Wip1 expression mimicked the suppressive effects of miR-129-2-3p upregulation on ICC cells. Interestingly, reintroduction of Wip1 expression partially abolished the miR-129-2-3p -reduced cell proliferation and invasion in ICC. Moreover, ectopic miR-129-2-3p expression hindered the ICC tumor growth in vivo. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time to reveal that miR-129-2-3p plays a crucial role in tumor suppression in ICC pathogenesis through directly targeting Wip1. These results will aid in elucidating the roles of miR-129-2-3p in ICC, and suggest that this miRNA may provide a potential target for the treatment of ICC

miR-129-5p inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion in rectal adenocarcinoma cells through targeting E2F7

microRNAs (miRNAs), a kind of small noncoding RNAs, are considered able to regulate expression of genes and mediate RNA silencing. miR-129-5p was shown to be a cancer-related miRNA. However, the influence of miR-129-5p in rectal adenocarcinoma (READ) development remains to be determined. Based on the TCGA data, downregulation of miR-129-5p in READ samples was observed. Manual restoration of the miR-129-5p in SW1463 and SW480 cell lines significantly inhibited invasion, migration, and proliferation of READ cell lines, while the apoptosis ability was enhanced. Meanwhile, we found E2F7 acted as a potential target of miR-129-5p and was upregulated in READ samples. E2F7 upregulation reversed the repression of miR-129-5p on READ development. Finally, in vivo experiments showed that inhibition of tumor growth in nude mice was achieved through upregulating miR-129-5p. Overall, our findings suggest increasing of miR-129-5p leads to the suppression of READ progression through regulating the expression of E2F7, which may provide novel insights into the treatment of READ.

c-Src promotes tumor progression through downregulation of microRNA-129-1-3p

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) fine‐tune cellular signaling by regulating expression of signaling proteins, and aberrant expression of miRNAs is observed in many cancers. The tyrosine kinase c‐Src is upregulated in various human cancers, but the molecular mechanisms underlying c‐Src‐mediated tumor progression remain unclear. In previous investigations of miRNA‐mediated control of c‐Src‐related oncogenic pathways, we identified miRNAs that were downregulated in association with c‐Src transformation and uncovered the signaling networks by predicting their target genes, which might act cooperatively to control tumor progression. Here, to further elucidate the process of cell transformation driven by c‐Src, we analyzed the expression profiles of miRNAs in a doxycycline‐inducible Src expression system. We found that miRNA (miR)‐129‐1‐3p was downregulated in the early phase of c‐Src‐induced cell transformation, and that reexpression of miR‐129‐1‐3p disrupted c‐Src‐induced cell transformation. In addition, miR‐129‐1‐3p downregulation was tightly associated with tumor progression in human colon cancer cells/tissues. Expression of miR‐129‐1‐3p in human colon cancer cells caused morphological changes and suppressed tumor growth, cell adhesion, and invasion. We also identified c‐Src and its critical substrate Fer, and c‐Yes, a member of the Src family of kinases, as novel targets of miR‐129‐1‐3p. Furthermore, we found that miR‐129‐1‐3p‐mediated regulation of c‐Src/Fer and c‐Yes is important for controlling cell adhesion and invasion. Downregulation of miR‐129‐1‐3p by early activation of c‐Src increases expression of these target genes and synergistically promotes c‐Src‐related oncogenic signaling. Thus, c‐Src‐miR‐129‐1‐3p circuits serve as critical triggers for tumor progression in many human cancers that harbor upregulation of c‐Src.

MiR-129-5p sensitization of lung cancer cells to etoposide-induced apoptosis by reducing YWHAB

Background: Lung cancer is the most common cause of death from cancer worldwide and recent studies have revealed that microRNAs play critical roles to regulate lung carcinogenesis. microRNA-129-5p (miR-129-5p) has been reported to regulate cell proliferation and invasion in lung cancer, but its role in lung cancer apoptosis remains unknown.

Methods: The expression of miR-129-5p and YWHAB in lung cancer tissues were analyzed from data downloaded from the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Luciferase reporter assay, Western blot and qRT-PCR were used to determine the regulatory effect of miR-129-5p on YWHAB. Cell apoptosis was detected by using the PI/Annexin V Cell Apoptosis Kit. The effect of miR-129-5p and YWHAB on the survival of lung cancer patients was also explored.

Results: In this study, by combining the data derived from six GEO database, our results showed that miR-129-5p was downregulated in lung cancer tissues and YWHAB was upregulated in lung cancer patient' serum. A significant negative correlation between miR-129-5p and YWHAB was found in lung cancer tissues. Both the expression of YWHAB and miR-129-5p were associated significantly with prognosis (overall survival) in patients with lung cancer. Overexpression of miR-129-5p promotes VP16-induced lung cancer cell apoptosis and YWHAB was shown to be a direct downstream target of miR-129-5p.

Conclusion: Overexpression of expression miR-129-5p contributes to etoposide-induced lung cancer apoptosis by modulating YWHAB.

Inhibition of UBE2N-dependent CDK6 protein degradation by miR-934 promotes human bladder cancer cell growth

Because bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignant cancers of the urinary system, identification of BC cell growth-associated effectors is of great significance. Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)6 is a member of the CDK family of cell cycle-related proteins and plays an important role in cancer cell growth. This is borne out by the fact that a CDK6 inhibitor had been approved to treat several types of cancers. Nevertheless, underlying molecular mechanisms concerning how to regulate CDK6 expression in BC remains unclear. In the present study, it was observed that miR-934 was much higher in human BCs and human BC cell lines as well. The results also revealed that miR-934 inhibition dramatically decreased human BC cell monolayer growth in vitro and xenograft tumor growth in vivo; the outcomes were accompanied by CDK6 protein down-regulation and G₀-G₁ cell cycle arrest. Moreover, overexpression of CDK6 reversed the inhibition of BC cell growth induced by miR-934. Further studies showed that miR-934 binds to a 3'-UTR of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2N (ube2n) mRNA, down-regulated UBE2N protein expression; this, in turn, attenuated CDK6 protein degradation and led to CDK6 protein accumulation as well as the promotion of BC tumor growth. Collectively, this study not only establishes a novel regulatory axis of miR-934/UBE2N of CDK6 but also provides data suggesting that miR-934 and UBE2N may be potentially promising targets for therapeutic strategies against BC.-Yan, H., Ren, S., Lin, Q., Yu, Y., Chen, C., Hua, X., Jin, H., Lu, Y., Zhang, H., Xie, Q., Huang, C., Huang, H. Inhibition of UBE2N-dependent CDK6 protein degradation by miR-934 promotes human bladder cancer cell growth.

The role of SOX family members in solid tumours and metastasis

Cancer is a heavy burden for humans across the world with high morbidity and mortality. Transcription factors including sex determining region Y (SRY)-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (SOX) proteins are thought to be involved in the regulation of specific biological processes. The deregulation of gene expression programs can lead to cancer development. Here, we review the role of the SOX family in breast cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, thyroid cancer, brain tumours, gastrointestinal and lung tumours as well as the entailing therapeutic implications. The SOX family consists of more than 20 members that mediate DNA binding by the HMG domain and have regulatory functions in development, cell-fate decision, and differentiation. SOX2, SOX4, SOX5, SOX8, SOX9, and SOX18 are up-regulated in different cancer types and have been found to be associated with poor prognosis, while the up-regulation of SOX11 and SOX30 appears to be favourable for the outcome in other cancer types. SOX2, SOX4, SOX5 and other SOX members are involved in tumorigenesis, e.g. SOX2 is markedly up-regulated in chemotherapy resistant cells. The SoxF family (SOX7, SOX17, SOX18) plays an important role in angio- and lymphangiogenesis, with SOX18 seemingly being an attractive target for anti-angiogenic therapy and the treatment of metastatic disease in cancer. In summary, SOX transcription factors play an important role in cancer progression, including tumorigenesis, changes in the tumour microenvironment, and metastasis. Certain SOX proteins are potential molecular markers for cancer prognosis and putative potential therapeutic targets, but further investigations are required to understand their physiological functions.

Analgesic effects of microRNA-129-5p against bone cancer pain through the EphB1/EphrinB2 signaling pathway in mice

The study aims to investigate the analgesic effects of microRNA-129-5p (miR-129-5p) on bone cancer pain (BCP) by targeting Eph receptor B1 (EphB1) through the EphB1/EphrinB2 signaling pathway. BCP mice models were established, and C3H/HeJ female mice were classified into the normal, blank, negative control (NC), miR-129-5p mimics, miR-129-5p inhibitors, EphB1 knockout (KO), and miR-129-5p inhibitors + EphB1 KO groups. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were used to evaluate the miR-129-5p expression, and messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expressions of EphB1, p-EphB1, EphrinB2, and p-EphrinB2. EphB1 and EphrinB2 were highly activated in the tibias of BCP mice 7 days after the operation. EphB1 is a target gene of miR-129-5p. The mechanical withdrawal threshold increased in the miR-129-5p mimics, EphB1 KO and miR-129-5p inhibitors + EphB1 KO groups, but decreased in the miR-129-5p inhibitors group. Compared with the blank and the NC groups, the expression of miR-129-5p was significantly increased in the miR-129-5p mimics group, and the mRNA and protein expressions of EphrinB2, p-EphrinB2, EphB1, and p-EphB1 were significantly decreased, while in the miR-129-5p inhibitors group, the results were opposite (all P < 0.05); the mRNA and protein expressions of EphrinB2, p-EphrinB2, EphB1, and p-EphB1 were significantly decreased in the EphB1 KO group (all P < 0.05); the expression of miR-129-5p was significantly decreased in the miR-129-5p inhibitors + EphB1 KO group ( P < 0.05), while the mRNA and protein expressions of EphrinB2 and p-EphrinB2 were not significantly different ( P > 0.05). The results indicated that upregulated miR-129-5p alleviate BCP via downregulation of the EphB1/EphrinB2 signaling pathway.

MicroRNA-129-1-3p regulates cyclic stretch-induced endothelial progenitor cell differentiation by targeting Runx2

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are vital to the recovery of endothelial function and maintenance of vascular homeostasis. EPCs mobilize to sites of vessel injury and differentiate into mature endothelial cells (ECs). Locally mobilized EPCs are exposed to cyclic stretch caused by blood flow, which is important for EPC differentiation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of several cellular processes. However, the role of miRNAs in cyclic stretch-induced EPC differentiation remains unclear. Here, we investigate the effects of microRNA-129-1-3p (miR-129-1-3p) and its novel target Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) on EPC differentiation induced by cyclic stretch. Bone marrow-derived EPCs were exposed to cyclic stretch with a magnitude of 5% (which mimics physiological mechanical stress) at a constant frequency of 1.25 Hz for 24 hours. The results from a miRNA array revealed that cyclic stretch significantly decreased miR-129-1-3p expression. Furthermore, we found that downregulation of miR-129-1-3p during cyclic stretch-induced EPC differentiation toward ECs. Meanwhile, expression of Runx2, a putative target gene of miR-129-1-3p, was increased as a result of cyclic stretch. A 3'UTR reporter assay validated Runx2 as a direct target of miR-129-1-3p. Furthermore, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of Runx2 inhibited EPC differentiation into ECs and attenuated EPC tube formation via modulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion from EPCs in vitro. Our findings demonstrated that cyclic stretch suppresses miR-129-1-3p expression, which in turn activates Runx2 and VEGF to promote endothelial differentiation of EPCs and angiogenesis. Therefore, targeting miR-129-1-3p and Runx2 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating vessel injury.

miR-129 targets CDK1 and iASPP to modulate Burkitt lymphoma cell proliferation in a TAp63-dependent manner

Burkitt lymphoma is one of the most common lymphatic system cancers with poor outcome in adult patients. p53-induced apoptosis is a critical signaling for preventing tumor development. Cyclin B/cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) phosphorylates inhibitor of apoptosis stimulating protein of P53 (iASPP) to promote iASPP nucleus localization and its inhibitory effect on p53. However, p53 is frequently mutated in Burkitt lymphoma, which gains novel oncogenic properties. Recently, the p53 family member, p63, became an attractive gene for the therapeutic strategies for patients with cancer. Therefore, we investigated the role of iASPP in the transactivation domain p63 (TAp63)-dependent cell proliferation inhibition in Burkitt lymphoma. We verified that the oncogenic effect of iASPP on Burkitt lymphoma is TAp63 dependent rather than p53 and confirmed that the interaction between CDK1 and iASPP enhanced the inhibitory effect of iASPP on p53 and TAp63. An online tool predicated that miR-129 might bind to 3'-untranslated region of iASPP and CDK1. We revealed that miR-129 acted as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and inhibiting CDK1 and iASPP via direct binding. An miR-129 inhibitor increased nucleus iASPP and decreased nucleus p53 and TAp63 levels, which could be reversed by the CDK1 knockdown, indicating that miR-129 might target CDK1 to inhibit iASPP phosphorylation, thus hindering iASPP nucleus localization and its inhibitory effect on p53 and TAp63 protein levels. Taken together, miR-129 could targetedly inhibit the expression of CDK1 and iASPP. CDK1 knockdown inhibits iASPP S84/S113 phosphorylation, thus blocking iASPP nucleus localization, suppressing the inhibitory effect of iASPP on p53 and TAp63, and restoring TAp63-induced proliferation inhibition in Burkitt lymphoma cells.

microRNA-129-5p suppresses Adriamycin resistance in breast cancer by targeting SOX2

Adriamycin resistance is closely related to therapeutic efficacy in breast cancer patients and their prognosis. Increasing evidence has suggested that miRNA functions in Adriamycin resistance in various types of cancer. microRNA-129-5p (miR-129-5p) has been considered a tumor-suppressive miRNA in several cancers, but its potential role in Adriamycin resistance in breast cancer has not been fully elucidate. By qRT-PCR assay, we revealed that the expression of miR-129-5p was significantly decreased in breast cancer tissues and Adriamycin-resistant breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231/ADR, MCF-7/ADR). CCK-8, colony formation, wound healing, Transwell invasion, and flow cytometric profiles were examined to determine the influence of miR-129-5p on Adriamycin-resistant breast cancer in vitro. The upregulation of miR-129-5p decreased the IC50 concentration of Adriamycin and invasion and promoted the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231/ADR cells in the presence of Adriamycin, whereas the upregulation of Sex-Determining Region Y-Box 2 (SOX2) reversed these effects. A luciferase reporter assay confirmed the binding of miR-129-5p to the 3'UTR of SOX2. Collectively, it was suggested that miR-129-5p suppresses Adriamycin resistance in breast cancer by directly targeting SOX2.

Epigenetic inactivation of tumour suppressor coding and non-coding genes in human cancer: an update

Cancer cells undergo many different alterations during their transformation, including genetic and epigenetic events. The controlled division of healthy cells can be impaired through the downregulation of tumour suppressor genes. Here, we provide an update of the mechanisms in which epigenetically altered coding and non-coding tumour suppressor genes are implicated. We will highlight the importance of epigenetics in the different molecular pathways that lead to enhanced and unlimited capacity of division, genomic instability, metabolic shift, acquisition of mesenchymal features that lead to metastasis, and tumour plasticity. We will briefly describe these pathways, focusing especially on genes whose epigenetic inactivation through DNA methylation has been recently described, as well as on those that are well established as being epigenetically silenced in cancer. A brief perspective of current clinical therapeutic approaches that can revert epigenetic inactivation of non-coding tumour suppressor genes will also be given.

UCA1 promotes cell proliferation and invasion and inhibits apoptosis through regulation of the miR129-SOX4 pathway in renal cell carcinoma

Background

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common cancer in kidney malignancies. UCA1 has been identified as an oncogenic lncRNA in multiple cancers, including RCC. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of UCA1 involved in RCC progression is far from being addressed.

Methods

Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays were used to measure expressions of UCA1, miR129, and SOX4 mRNA. Western blot assays were employed to detect SOX4 protein expression. Cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis were assessed by CCK-8, Matrigel invasion, and annexin–fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) apoptosis-detection assays, respectively. The interaction between UCA1 and miR129 was demonstrated by luciferase, RNA pull-down, and RNA-immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. Luciferase assays were also used to explore whether UCA1 was able to act as a molecular sponge of miR129 to affect the interplay of miR129 and SOX4.

Results

UCA1 expression was upregulated in RCC tissue and cells, and higher UCA1 expression was associated with advanced pathogenic status and poor prognosis of RCC patients. UCA1 knockdown suppressed proliferation and invasion and induced apoptosis in RCC cells. UCA1 inhibited miR129 expression by direct interaction in RCC cells. miR129 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation and invasion and promoted apoptosis. Moreover, miR129 downregulation abrogated UCA1 knockdown-mediated antiproliferation, anti-invasion, and proapoptosis effects in RCC cells. Furthermore, UCA1 acted as a ceRNA of miR129 to enhance target-gene SOX4 expression in RCC cells.

Conclusion

UCA1 promoted cell proliferation and invasion and inhibited apoptosis by regulating SOX4 via miR129 in RCC, offering a promising therapeutic target and prognosis marker for RCC patients.

Methylation-associated silencing of microRNA-129-3p promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and metastasis of hepatocelluar cancer by targeting Aurora-A

Metastasis and recurrence has become one major obstacle for further improving the survival of hepatocelluar cancer (HCC) patients. Therefore, it is critical to elucidate the mechanisms involved in HCC metastasis. This study aimed to investigate the roles of microRNA (miR)-129-3p in HCC metastasis and its possible molecular mechanisms. By using microarray analysis to compare levels of different miRNAs in HCC tissues with or without lymph node metastasis (LNM), we showed that HCC tissues with LNM had reduced levels of miR-129-3p, which was related to its promoter hypermethylation and correlated with tumor metastasis, recurrence and poor prognosis. Gain - and loss - of - function assays indicated that re-expression of miR-129-3p could reverse epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and reduce in vitro invasion and in vivo metastasis of HCC cells. Aurora-A, a serine/threonine protein kinase, was identified as a direct target of miR-129-3p. Knockdown of Aurora-A phenocopied the effect of miR-129-3p overexpression on HCC metastasis. In addition, Aurora-A upregulation could partially rescue the effect of miR-129-3p. We further demonstrated that activation of PI3K/Akt and p38-MAPK signalings were involved in miR-129-3p-mediated HCC metastasis. These findings suggest that methylation-mediated miR-129-3p downregulation promotes EMT, in vitro invasion and in vivo metastasis of HCC cells via activation of PI3K/Akt and p38-MAPK signalings partially by targeting Aurora-A. Therefore, miR-129-3p may be a novel prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for HCC.

Novel long noncoding RNA GACAT3 promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration through miR-149

Aim

To explore the expression and clinical significance of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) gastric cancer-associated transcript 3 (GACAT3) in human colorectal cancer (CRC).

Methods

Expression of GACAT3 in CRC tissues and cell lines was measured using quantitative real-time PCR. CCK-8 and colony formation assays were used to assess the effect of GACAT3 on CRC cell line proliferation. Transwell invasion and migration assays were performed to detect the effect of GACAT3 on CRC cell line invasion and migration. Bioinformatics prediction, luciferase reporter assay, and pull-down assay were used to determine if miR-149 was a target of GACAT3. In addition, we also conducted colony formation assays and invasion assays to verify that GACAT3 promotes tumor progression through miR-149. Finally, in vivo tumorigenesis studies were used to demonstrate subcutaneous tumor growth.

Results

In the present study, we found that GACAT3 was highly expressed in CRC tissues and cell lines. Si-GACAT3 significantly decreased cell proliferation, motility, and invasiveness both in vitro and in vivo. We confirmed that downregulated GACAT3 significantly increased the expression of miR-149, and miR-149 binds to GACAT3 in a sequence-specific manner using luciferase reporter assays and pull-down assay. Further functional experiments indicated that GACAT3 could directly upregulate SP1 and STAT3 expressions by functioning as a competing endogenous RNA for miR-149, and consequentially, promoting CRC cell proliferation and invasion in vitro.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that GACAT3 promotes tumor progression through competitive binding to miR-149 and suggests a promising new strategy for anti-CRC therapy.

LncRNA NEAT1 Regulates Cell Viability and Invasion in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma through the miR-129/CTBP2 Axis

Background

Long noncoding RNA nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) was reported to be aberrantly upregulated and promote esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell progression. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of NEAT1 involved in the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network in ESCC progression remains poorly defined.

Methods

The expressions of NEAT1, miR-129, and C-terminal-binding protein 2 (CTBP2) in ESCC cells were examined by qRT-PCR. The effects of NEAT1 knockdown and miR-129 overexpression, or along with CTBP2 upregulation, on ESCC cell viability and invasion were explored by CCK-8 and transwell invasion assays, respectively. Luciferase reporter assay in combination with RIP was performed to confirm the interaction between NEAT1, miR-129, and CTBP2.

Results

NEAT1 and CTBP2 were upregulated and miR-129 was downregulated in ESCC cells. Either NEAT1 knockdown or miR-129 overexpression suppressed ESCC cell viability and invasion. Moreover, NEAT1 functioned as an endogenous sponge to downregulate miR-129 by competitively binding to miR-129, thereby leading to the derepression of CTBP2, a target of miR-129. CTBP2 restoration overturned cell viability and invasion suppression mediated by NEAT1 knockdown or miR-129 overexpression.

Conclusion

LncRNA NEAT1 regulated ESCC cell viability and invasion via the miR-129/CTBP2 axis, contributing to the better understanding of the molecular mechanism of ESCC pathogenesis and progression.

MiR-129-5p influences the progression of gastric cancer cells through interacting with SPOCK1

The purpose of our study is to clarify the effect of microRNA-129-5p in the progression of human gastric cancer cells by regulating SPOCK1. The expression of microRNA-129-5p and SPOCK1 was tested by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in tissues and cell lines. We validated the targeted relationship between microRNA-129-5p and SPOCK1 by dual luciferase reporter gene assay. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, colony formation, flow cytometry, transwell, and wound scratch assays were used to analyze the effects of microRNA-129-5p on SGC-7901 cell viability, proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis, invasiveness, and migration. MicroRNA-129-5p was downregulated while SPOCK1 was upregulated in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines. The result of luciferase reporter gene assay demonstrated that microRNA-129-5p can target SPOCK1 by binding to the 3'untranslated region. The overexpression of microRNA-129-5p or the inhibition of SPOCK1 inhibited SGC-7901 viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion while promoted cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 stage and cell apoptosis. Our results suggested that microRNA-129-5p could directly specifically suppress SPOCK1, which might be one of the potential mechanisms in inhibiting cell processes including viability, proliferation, cell mitosis, migration, and invasiveness of gastric cancer cells.

MicroRNA-129-5p inhibits 3T3-L1 preadipocyte proliferation by targeting G3BP1

MicroRNAs have been regarded to play a crucial role in the proliferation of different cell types including preadipocytes. In our study, we observed that miR-129-5p was down-regulated during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte proliferation, while the expression of G3BP1 showed a contrary tendency. 5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay and flow cytometry showed that overexpression of miR-129-5p could bring about a reduction in S-phase cells and G2-phase arrest. Additional study indicated that miR-129-5p impaired cell cycle-related genes in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Importantly, it showed that miR-129-5p directly targeted the 3′UTR of G3BP1 and the expression of G3BP1 was inhibited by miR-129-5p mimic. Moreover, miR-129-5p mimic activated the p38 signaling pathway through up-regulating p38 and the phosphorylation level of p38. In a word, results in our study revealed that miR-129-5p suppressed preadipocyte proliferation via targeting G3BP1 and activating the p38 signaling pathway.

MiR-129-5p suppresses gastric cancer cell invasion and proliferation by inhibiting COL1A1

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of miR-129-5p, a newly identified miR-129 member, in GC cells as well as the potential mechanism of action. The results of reverse transcription - qualitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western Blot showed that miR-129 was downregulated in GC cells compared with normal ones. Using MTT, colony formation, wound healing assay, and a Transwell assay, we evaluated the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of transfected cells, and confirmed miR-129-5p as a tumor suppressor in GC. After a microarray analysis comparing different gene expressions in miR-129-5p transfected SGC-7901 cells, COL1A1 was selected for biggest fold-change and potential target of miR-129-5p predicted by TargetScan. Measured by RT-qPCR and Western blot, COL1A1 turned out to be upregulated in GC tissues and cells. We further confirmed the targeting relationship between miR-129-5p and COL1A1 by dual luciferase assay. By manipulating the expression of COL1A1 in SGC-7901 cells, cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were examined and the tumor-promoting function of COL1A1 was validated. Moreover, co-transfection of miR-129-5p mimics and COL1A1 attenuated the tumor-promoting effects induced by a single-transfection of COL1A1, and miR-129-5p inhibitor counteracted the tumor-suppressing effects of COL1A1 siRNA. Collectively, the data demonstrate the important functions of the miR-129-5p-COL1A1 axis in GC: miR-129-5p suppresses GC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, by selectively inhibiting COL1A1. This study provides new therapeutic targets for the clinical treatment of GC.

Specific and Novel microRNAs Are Regulated as Response to Fungal Infection in Human Dendritic Cells

Within the last two decades, the incidence of invasive fungal infections has been significantly increased. They are characterized by high mortality rates and are often caused by Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. The increasing number of infections underlines the necessity for additional anti-fungal therapies, which require extended knowledge of gene regulations during fungal infection. MicroRNAs are regulators of important cellular processes, including the immune response. By analyzing their regulation and impact on target genes, novel therapeutic and diagnostic approaches may be developed. Here, we examine the role of microRNAs in human dendritic cells during fungal infection. Dendritic cells represent the bridge between the innate and the adaptive immune systems. Therefore, analysis of gene regulation of dendritic cells is of particular significance. By applying next-generation sequencing of small RNAs, we quantify microRNA expression in monocyte-derived dendritic cells after 6 and 12 h of infection with C. albicans and A. fumigatus as well as treatment with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). We identified 26 microRNAs that are differentially regulated after infection by the fungi or LPS. Three and five of them are specific for fungal infections after 6 and 12 h, respectively. We further validated interactions of miR-132-5p and miR-212-5p with immunological relevant target genes, such as FKBP1B, KLF4, and SPN, on both RNA and protein level. Our results indicate that these microRNAs fine-tune the expression of immune-related target genes during fungal infection. Beyond that, we identified previously undiscovered microRNAs. We validated three novel microRNAs via qRT-PCR. A comparison with known microRNAs revealed possible relations with the miR-378 family and miR-1260a/b for two of them, while the third one features a unique sequence with no resemblance to known microRNAs. In summary, this study analyzes the effect of known microRNAs in dendritic cells during fungal infections and proposes novel microRNAs that could be experimentally verified.

miRNA-129-5p suppresses cell proliferation and invasion in lung cancer by targeting microspherule protein 1, E-cadherin and vimentin

Downregulation of microRNA-129 (miR-129) has been described in various types of cancer, however, the significance of miR-129 in lung cancer has not been investigated. The present study, for the first time, determined miR-129-5p expression levels in both lung cancer cell lines and primary lung cancer tissues and also studied the effect of miR-129-5p on the proliferation and invasiveness of lung cancer cells. The results showed that miR-129-5p expression was significantly reduced in both lung cancer cell lines and primary lung cancer tissues (P<0.05). Further research revealed that miR-129-5p could suppress the proliferation and invasion capability of lung cancer cells. Bioinformatics analysis suggested three cancer-related miR-129-5p target genes: Microspherule protein 1 (MCRS1), E-cadherin and vimentin. Further investigation via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis showed that miR-129-5p was able to reduce the expression levels of MCRS1 and vimentin and enhance the expression of E-cadherin at both the messenger RNA and protein levels. The present results indicate that miR-129-5p is able to suppress lung cancer cell viability and invasion, which may occur via the modulating of MCRS1, E-cadherin and vimentin expression. These findings suggest that miR-129-5p may be a potential biomarker and/or treatment strategy for lung cancer.

Role of microRNA-4458 in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer

Incidence and progression of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a multi-factor, multi-step process. The present study investigated the association between the expression level of microRNA (miR)-4458 in NSCLC and paracarcinoma liver tissues and survival rates, and studied the biological functions of miR-4458 at the cellular and protein level. NSCLC and paracarcinoma tissues were sequenced using a miR expression chip. The association between miR-4458 expression and tumor-node-metastasis staging, total survival rate and relapse-free survival rate was analyzed. miR-4458 was subjected to target gene prediction. The target protein of cyclin D1 (CCND1) was verified with western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and a luciferase reporter assay. The relative level of miR-4458 in paracarcinoma tissues of 9 NSCLC patients decreased from 2.38 to 0.65 (P<0.001). Total five-year survival rates of the high-expression miR-4458 group (29.21%) significantly exceeded that of the low-expression group (14.37%) (P=0.025). The viability of human lung carcinoma A549 and H460 cells transfected with miR-4458 decreased significantly compared with cells transfected with a normal control (blank control plasmid) within 72 h (P<0.001). The percentage of A549 and H460 cells transfected with a miR-4458 mimic at the cell cycle stage G0/G1 was 69.94±8.05 and 68.15±7.75%, respectively. The percentages increased significantly compared with the control group (46.06±6.93 for A549 cells; 45.22±7.24 for H640 cells; P<0.001). CCND1 mRNA was downregulated significantly in H460 cells 72 h subsequent to the addition of miR-4458 mimics (P<0.001). The activity of mutant-CCND1 altered slightly, while the fluorescence intensity of the wild-type-CCND1 group decreased significantly following the addition of miR-4458 mimics. In conclusion, miR-4458 was expressed at low levels in lung cancer tissues, and it arrested cells in vitro at stage G0/G1 and inhibited cell proliferation. Therefore, miR-4458 may participate in the onset of lung cancer as a suppressor gene by inhibiting CCND1.

Novel long non-coding RNA GACAT3 promotes gastric cancer cell proliferation through the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in cancer occurrence and development. We previously demonstrated that lncRNA gastric cancer-associated transcript 3 (GACAT3) was positively correlated with TNM stages, tumor size, and distant metastasis of patients with gastric cancer. However, the role of GACAT3 in gastric cancer remains unclear. In this study, to investigate its function, we synthesized small interference RNAs (siRNAs) against GACTA3 and developed a GACAT3 overexpression vector (pcDNA3-GACAT3), respectively. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of GACAT3 significantly decreased cell proliferation of the gastric cancer HGC-27 cells, in which GACAT3 is overexpressed. Furthermore, GACAT3 overexpression in gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells promoted cell growth. Moreover, GACAT3 expression in HGC-27 cells was greatly upregulated by IL-6 treatment in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, siRNA-mediated knockdown of STAT3 decreased GACAT3 expression even in the presence of IL-6. These results demonstrated that as a downstream target of the IL6/STAT3 signaling, lncRNA GACAT3 promotes gastric cancer cell growth suggesting that GACAT3 is an inflammatory response gene and may be served as a valuable potential target for the treatment of gastric cancer.

Down-regulation of miR-129-5p via the Twist1-Snail feedback loop stimulates the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer

The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a pivotal role in breast cancer progression. We found that overexpression of miR-129-5p reversed EMT, whereas depletion of miR-129-5p induced EMT in breast cancer cells. We demonstrated that Twist1 is a direct target of miR-129-5p. Both Twist1 and Snail transcriptionally suppressed miR-129-5p expression. Levels of miR-129-5p were low in breast cancer tissues. miR-129-5p down-regulation correlated with advanced clinical stage and poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. miR-129-5p expression negatively correlated with Twist1 and Snail expression. Thus, miR-129-5p down-regulation fosters EMT in breast cancer by increasing Twist1-Snail and activating a negative feedback loop.

Claudin 1 Expression Levels Affect miRNA Dynamics in Human Basal-Like Breast Cancer Cells

Deemed a putative tumor suppressor in breast cancer, the tight junction protein claudin 1 has now been shown to be highly expressed in the basal-like molecular subtype. Moreover, recent in vitro studies show that claudin 1 can regulate breast cancer cell motility and proliferation. Herein, we investigated whether microRNA (miRNA) dysregulation is associated with alterations in the level of claudin 1. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS), we identified seven miRNAs (miR-9-5p, miR-9-3p, let-7c, miR-127-3p, miR-99a-5p, miR-129-5p, and miR-146a-5p) that were deregulated as a consequence of claudin 1 overexpression in the MDA-MB231 human breast cancer (HBC) cell line. Most of these miRNAs have been associated with tumor suppression in a variety of cancers, including breast cancer. Moreover, through gene expression profiling analysis, we identified epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related genes, including platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFRB) and cadherin 1 (CDH1, E cadherin), whose downregulation correlated with claudin 1 overexpression. Collectively, we show for the first time that in HBC, claudin 1 can alter the dynamics of a number of miRNAs involved in tumor progression. Our data suggest that the dysregulated expression of these miRNAs, in conjunction with the high claudin 1 levels, could serve as a useful biomarker that identifies a subset of tumors within the poorly characterized basal-like subtype of breast cancer. Further studies are warranted to determine the role of these miRNAs in facilitating the function of claudin 1 in breast cancer.

MicroRNA-129-1 acts as tumour suppressor and induces cell cycle arrest of GBM cancer cells through targeting IGF2BP3 and MAPK1

BACKGROUND

MicroRNA-129-1 (miR-129-1) seems to behave as a tumour suppressor since its decreased expression is associated with different tumours such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). GBM is the most common form of brain tumours originating from glial cells. The impact of miR-129-1 downregulation on GBM pathogenesis has yet to be elucidated.

METHODS

MiR-129-1 was overexpressed in GBM cells, and its effect on proliferation was investigated by cell cycle assay. MiR-129-1 predicted targets (CDK6, IGF1, HDAC2, IGF2BP3 and MAPK1) were also evaluated by western blot and luciferase assay.

RESULTS

Restoration of miR-129-1 reduced cell proliferation and induced G1 accumulation, significantly. Several functional assays confirmed IGF2BP3, MAPK1 and CDK6 as targets of miR-129-1. Despite the fact that IGF1 expression can be suppressed by miR-129-1, through 3'-untranslated region complementary sequence, we could not find any association between IGF1 expression and GBM. MiR-129-1 expression inversely correlates with CDK6, IGF2BP3 and MAPK1 in primary clinical samples.

CONCLUSION

This is the first study to propose miR129-1 as a negative regulator of IGF2BP3 and MAPK1 and also a cell cycle arrest inducer in GBM cells. Our data suggests miR-129-1 as a potential tumour suppressor and presents a rationale for the use of miR-129-1 as a novel strategy to improve treatment response in GBM.

Expression and DNA methylation alterations of seven cancer-associated 3p genes and their predicted regulator miRNAs (miR-129-2, miR-9-1) in breast and ovarian cancers

The methylation of promoter CpG islands and interactions between microRNAs (miRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of target genes are considered two crucial epigenetic mechanisms for inducing gene and pathway deregulation in tumors. Here, the expression levels of seven cancer-associated 3p genes (RASSF1(isoform A), RARB(isoform 2), SEMA3B, RHOA, GPX1, NKIRAS1, and CHL1) and their predicted regulator miRNAs (miR-129-2, miR-9-1) were analyzed in breast (BC, 40 samples) and ovarian (OC, 14 samples) cancers using RT-PCR and qPCR. We first revealed a negative correlation between the level of the miR-129-2 precursor and RASSF1(A) and GPX1 mRNA levels in BC (Spearman's correlation coefficient (rs) was − 0.26 in both cases). Similar results were observed for the miR-129-2 precursor and the RASSF1(A), GPX1, RARB(2), and CHL1 genes in OC (rs was in the range − 0.48 to − 0.54). Using methylation-specific PCR, a significant correlation was shown between promoter hypermethylation and the down-regulation of the RASSF1(A), GPX1, RARB(2), SEMA3B, MIR-129-2, and MIR-9-1 genes in BC (rs = 0.41 to 0.75) and of the RASSF1(A) gene in OC (rs = 0.67). We first demonstrated a high hypermethylation frequency of MIR-129-2 and SEMA3B (up to 45 to 48%) in both BC (69 samples) and OC (41 samples). Moreover, we observed a positive correlation between the hypermethylation of MIR-129-2 and the up-regulation of the RASSF1(A) and GPX1 genes in BC (rs = 0.38 and 0.42, respectively). QPCR analysis of the expression of RASSF1(A) and mature miR-129-2 in additional BC sample set (24 samples) revealed a negative correlation between them (rs = − 0.41) that strengthened the results obtained during the analysis of miR-129-2 precursor level. In summary, the obtained data indicate the involvement of methylation in the down-regulation of the studied coding and miRNA genes and suggest the involvement of miR-129-2 in the deregulation of RASSF1(A) via a direct interaction or/and mediators in common pathways (according to KEGG, Gene Ontology (FDR < 0.01), and GeneCards data) in the examined gynecological tumors.