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Kumarapperuma H, Wang R, Little PJ, Kamato D. Mechanistic insight: Linking cardiovascular complications of inflammatory bowel disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2024; 34:203-211. [PMID: 36702388 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of mortality worldwide despite an aggressive reduction of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Underlying inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) increase the risk of developing CVD. A broad understanding of the underlying pathophysiological processes between IBD and CVD is required to treat and prevent cardiovascular events in patients with IBD. This review highlights the commonality between IBD and CVD, including dysregulated immune response, genetics, environmental risk factors, altered gut microbiome, stress, endothelial dysfunction and abnormalities, to shed light on an essential area of modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirushi Kumarapperuma
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Ran Wang
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia; School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
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Masud R, Khan AUH, Baqai HZ, Iqbal A. The Correlation of MTHFR SNPs, Homocysteine, and Conventional Risk Predictors with Coronary Artery Disease. RUSS J GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795421110077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Polymorphism of CD14 Gene Is Associated with Adverse Outcome among Patients Suffering from Cardiovascular Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:3002439. [PMID: 34305452 PMCID: PMC8282382 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3002439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The biological link between severe periodontitis and cardiovascular disease is well established. Both complex inflammatory diseases are influenced by genetic background. Therefore, the impact of genetic variations of receptors of the innate immune system-(Toll-like receptors (TLRs)) TLR2, TLR4, cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14), and the transcription factor nuclear factor-κΒ (NF-κB)-was investigated. Materials and Methods In this study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01045070), 1002 cardiovascular (CV) patients were included. In a 3-year follow-up period, new vascular events were assessed. SNPs in CD14 (rs2569190), NF-κΒ (rs28362491), TLR2 (rs5743708), and TLR4 (rs4986790) were genotyped. The impact of these genetic variants on severe periodontitis as well as on CV outcome was assessed. Results All investigated genetic variants were not associated with preexisting CV events or severe periodontitis in CV patients. In Kaplan-Meier survival analyses, the CT genotype of CD14 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2569190 was shown to be an independent predictor for combined CV endpoint (log rank: p = 0.035; cox regression; hazard ratio: 1.572; p = 0.044) as well as cardiovascular death (log rank: p = 0.019; cox regression; hazard ratio: 1.585; p = 0.040) after three years of follow-up. Conclusions SNPs in CD14, NF-κΒ, TLR2, and TLR4 are no risk modulators for preexisting CV events or severe periodontitis in CV patients. The CT genotype of CD14 SNP rs2569190 provides prognostic value for further CV events within 3 years of follow-up.
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Li T, Jing J, Dong N, Liu X, Ma C, Yang J. TLR4 rs1927914 polymorphism contributes to serum TLR4 levels in patients with aortic aneurysm. Exp Mol Pathol 2021; 119:104609. [PMID: 33516663 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2021.104609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a crucial regulator of inflammatory reactions and vascular remodeling. Elevated TLR4 expression has been proved to be correlated with an increased risk of aortic aneurysm (AA). This study aimed to explore the influence of TLR4 gene polymorphisms on TLR4 expression levels and its probable functional significance in AA disease. A total of 294 AA patients and 285 controls were enrolled in the study and serum TLR4 levels were detected by ELISA. All the participants were genotyped for two tag-SNPs in TLR4 (rs1927914 in the promoter region and rs11536889 in the 3'-untranslated region) using the KASP method. Relative luciferase activity was measured by the dual-luciferase reporter assay system. The rs1927914 TC, TC/CC genotypes and C allele showed associations with increased serum TLR4 levels in the total population and AA patients (all P<0.05). Further stratified analysis demonstrated that AA subjects with TC or TC/CC genotype of rs1927914 had significantly higher serum levels of TLR4 than those with TT genotype in male, age>60y, hypertension, diabetes, TAA type and size>5.0 cm subgroups (all P<0.05). In binary logistic analysis, rs1927914 TC genotype and dominant model presented significant associations with high TLR4 levels (OR = 1.579 and 1.431, P = 0.020 and 0.049, respectively) after adjusting age, hypertension and diabetes. However, rs11536889 polymorphism had no significant influence on serum TLR4 levels. Regarding rs1927914, luciferase activity of the C allele construct was significantly increased in comparison with the T allele construct (0.589 ± 0.004 vs. 0.340 ± 0.014, P<0.001). Our results provided evidence that rs1927914 polymorphism contributed to serum TLR4 levels, possibly by influencing promoter activity of TLR4, and could be a novel genetic factor in the formation of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Jingjing Jing
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Nannan Dong
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Xiaozheng Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Chunyan Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
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Hassan MO, Dix-Peek T, Duarte R, Dickens C, Naidoo S, Vachiat A, Grinter S, Manga P, Naicker S. Association of chronic inflammation and accelerated atherosclerosis among an indigenous black population with chronic kidney disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232741. [PMID: 32649699 PMCID: PMC7351182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inflammation plays a major role in the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) is a major receptor for lipopolysaccharides (endotoxin) and other ligands involved in the pathogenesis of inflammation. We determined whether endotoxin levels and the presence of TLR4 polymorphisms are associated with markers of inflammation and atherosclerosis among South African CKD patients. Materials and methods Endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), serum CD14 (sCD14), interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) were measured in 160 participants (120 CKD patients and 40 controls). Associations between endotoxins and CIMT in the presence of sCD14, IL-8 and MCP-1, were assessed using odds ratios. Participants were screened for the presence of Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile TLR4 polymorphisms, and CIMT and inflammatory markers were compared between subjects with and without TLR4 polymorphisms. Results Endotoxin levels correlated with sCD14 (r = 0.441, p<0.001) and MCP-1 (r = 0.388, p<0.001) levels while increased CIMT was associated with MCP-1 (r = 0.448, p<0.001), sCD14 levels (r = 0.476, p<0.001), LBP (r = 0.340, p<0.001), and IL-8 (r = 0.395, p<0.001). Atherosclerosis was associated with endotoxin levels (odds ratio: 4.95; 95% confidence interval: 2.52–9.73; p<0.001), and was predicted by higher serum levels of inflammatory markers. Analysis of patients with TLR4 polymorphisms showed reduced serum levels of inflammatory markers and CIMT values compared with the patients carrying the wild type TLR4 alleles. Conclusion The study demonstrated associations between circulating endotoxaemia, systemic inflammation and accelerated atherosclerosis among South African CKD patients, and showed that the atherogenic predictive power of endotoxaemia was significantly increased by the presence of elevated levels of inflammatory markers. Additional findings, which must be confirmed, suggest that TLR4 polymorphisms are associated with low levels of inflammatory markers and CIMT values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzamil Olamide Hassan
- Divisions of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Therese Dix-Peek
- Internal Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Raquel Duarte
- Internal Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Caroline Dickens
- Internal Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sagren Naidoo
- Divisions of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ahmed Vachiat
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sacha Grinter
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Pravin Manga
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Saraladevi Naicker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Zheng H, Zeng Z, Wen H, Wang P, Huang C, Huang P, Chen Q, Gong D, Qiu X. Application of Genome-Wide Association Studies in Coronary Artery Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4274-4286. [PMID: 31692429 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191105125148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a complex disease caused by the combination of environmental and genetic factors. It is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the world. Much research has been focussed on CAD genetic mechanism. In recent years, genome-wide association study (GWAS) has developed rapidly around the world. Medical researchers around the world have successfully discovered a series of CAD genetic susceptibility genes or susceptible loci using medical research strategies, leading CAD research toward a new stage. This paper briefly summarizes the important progress made by GWAS for CAD in the world in recent years, and then analyzes the challenges faced by GWAS at this stage and the development trend of future research, to promote the transformation of genetic research results into clinical practice and provide guidance for further exploration of the genetic mechanism of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilei Zheng
- Department of Medical Examination & Health Management, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiyu Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Elderly Cardiology Ward, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hong Wen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Elderly Comprehensive Ward, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Medical Examination & Health Management, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Chunxia Huang
- Department of Medical Examination & Health Management, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Medical Examination & Health Management, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qingyun Chen
- Department of Medical Examination & Health Management, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Danping Gong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Elderly Cardiology Ward, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoling Qiu
- Department of Population Health Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, NC27708, United States.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Jabłońska A, Zagrapan B, Neumayer C, Klinger M, Eilenberg W, Nanobachvili J, Paradowska E, Brostjan C, Huk I. TLR2 2029C/T and TLR3 1377C/T and −7C/A Polymorphisms Are Associated with the Occurrence of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2900-2909. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Huang Z, Liu Y, Liang L, Liu W, Sooranna SR, Mo J, Liu L, Li Z, Li K, Guo J. Correlation between coronary stenosis and Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 levels in Chinese Zhuang patients with coronary heart disease. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:2346-2352. [PMID: 31452718 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study attempted to determine the correlation of the degree of coronary artery stenosis and Tolllike receptor 2/4 (TLR2/4) levels in Chinese Zhuang patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). A total of 466 Chinese patients from the Zhuang Ethnic population diagnosed with CHD at the Department of Cardiology the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University between January 2016 and August 2017, together with 102 control patients, were recruited for the present study. The patients with CHD were divided into three groups depending on the number of diseased arteries. The patients with CHD were also classified according to their Gensini scores. Blood liver and renal function parameters, as well as blood sugar and lipid levels were measured. ELISA was used for TLR2/4 measurements. There were no significant differences with gender, age and body mass index between the CHD and control groups. The levels of TLR2/4 in the peripheral blood of the control and CHD groups were 2.34±0.85/5.08±2.41 and 5.22±3.16/9.33±4.92 ng/ml, respectively, and the differences were significant (P<0.001). Analysis of the three subgroups of vessel disease indicated that the expression of TLR2/4 was progressively higher with the increase in the number of affected vessels (P<0.01). There were also significant differences between the mild, moderate and severe stenosis groups (P<0.01). A positive linear correlation between TLR2/4 and the Gensini coronary artery score was identified (r=0.508 and 0.346, respectively; P<0.0001). In conclusion, the present study determined a positive correlation between the degree of coronary artery stenosis and the expression level of TLR2/4 in the serum of Chinese Zhuang patients with CHD. Serum TLR2/4 may be used to predict the severity of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohe Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China.,Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China.,Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, P.R. China
| | - Limei Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, P.R. China
| | - Suren R Sooranna
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Jianjiao Mo
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, P.R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, P.R. China
| | - Zhile Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, P.R. China
| | - Kela Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
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Semlali A, Al Mutairi M, Oqla Alanazi I, Awad Aljohi H, Reddy Parine N, Alhadheq A, Al-Jafari AA, Mobeirek AF, Al Amri A, Shaik JP, Filali FZ, Alanazi M. Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms in Saudi population with cardiovascular diseases. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e852. [PMID: 31328431 PMCID: PMC7650605 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors play a substantial role in innate immunity and the effects of TLR4 genetic variants on cardiovascular diseases are still largely unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of TLR4 polymorphisms on cardiovascular diseases risk in the Saudi population. METHODS Three tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs2770150, rs10759931, and rs4986790) in TLR4 were studied on 222 unrelated patients with cardiovascular diseases and 190 healthy volunteers. RESULTS We found that, in patients over 60 years old, the frequency of the TT genotype in rs2770150 and the variant allele G in rs10759931 were higher compared to the control group. Based on gender, the genotype frequency of rs2770150 increases the risk for cardiovascular diseases in female patients by 3.6-fold. The allele frequency for the G allele of rs10759931 increased the risk for CVDs in male patients by more than 1.5-fold. Furthermore, the genotype frequency of rs2770150 had a significant association with cardiovascular diseases in patients without hypertension and G allele of rs10759931 significantly increased the risk of cardiovascular diseases in patients that smoked. After Bonferroni correction only patients without hypertension showed significant risk of CVD with rs2770150. CONCLUSION A deeper understanding of the genetic variability of TLR4 will enable us to better identification of biomarkers for early detection and prognosis, and also enhance the decision-making process of treatments for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhabib Semlali
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mikhlid Al Mutairi
- Zoology Department, College of Science King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Oqla Alanazi
- National Center for Genomics Research (NCGR), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasan Awad Aljohi
- National Center for Genomics Research (NCGR), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Narasimha Reddy Parine
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alhadheq
- Zoology Department, College of Science King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A Al-Jafari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulelah F Mobeirek
- Cardiac Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Al Amri
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jilani P Shaik
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammad Alanazi
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Huang Z, Liu Y, Liang L, Liu W, Sooranna SR, Mo J, Liu L, Li Z, Guo J. Association of Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms with the risk of coronary artery disease in the ethnic Zhuang population of the Guangxi Province of China. Gene 2019; 708:1-9. [PMID: 31082501 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is known to be involved in the innate immunity and inflammatory responses that plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). This study aimed to examine the potential relationship of TLR4 polymorphisms and serum TLR4 protein levels and the risk of CAD in the ethnic Zhuang population of China. METHODS 1171 serum samples were collected from Zhuang patients, including 556 CAD cases (≥50% luminal stenosis of any coronary vessel) and 615 normal healthy controls (subjects with no luminal stenosis in coronary arteries). Detection of TLR4 polymorphisms was by single base extension polymerase chain reaction (Snapshot PCR) and DNA sequencing (rs11536879A/G and rs11536889G/C) gene sequence in all subjects. Serum TLR4 protein concentrations was measured by ELISA. RESULTS There are significant differences in the allele and genotype frequencies of TLR4 gene rs11536889 between Chinese Zhuang CAD patients and controls, especially in the males. Male carriers of rs11536879 andrs11536889 variant alleles show an increased risk of CAD compared to non-carriers. Serum TLR4 protein levels of CAD patients are higher than controls and the levels tended to increase with the number of coronary artery lesions. Serum TLR4 protein levels of CAD patients showed no correlation with rs11536879 and rs11536889 polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS The rs11536879 and rs11536889 polymorphisms of TLR4 gene and serum TLR4 protein levels may contribute to the occurrence and development of CAD. However, the rs11536879 and rs11536889 polymorphisms have no significant effects on the expression of serum TLR4 protein in Zhuang patients with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohe Huang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
| | - Limei Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
| | - Suren R Sooranna
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369, Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK.
| | - Jianjiao Mo
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
| | - Zhile Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China.
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Hussein A, Saad K, Askar E, Zahran AM, Farghaly H, Metwalley K, Elderwy AA. Functional variants in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and toll-like receptor-4 genes are more frequent in children with febrile urinary tract infection with renal parenchymal involvement. Acta Paediatr 2018; 107:339-346. [PMID: 29028278 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM We studied the functional polymorphisms of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) genes and risk of acute pyelonephritis (APN) in children attending Assiut University Children's Hospitals, Egypt, from 2011 to 2015. METHODS Urinary tract infections (UTIs) were diagnosed in 380 children: 98 had APN and 282 had lower UTIs. Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms in ICAM-1 and TLR-4 genes were genotyped in all subjects: ICAM-1 rs1799969 Gly241Arg, ICAM-1 rs5498 Glu469Lys, TLR-4 rs4896791 Thr399Ile and TLR-4 rs4896790 Asp299Gly. RESULTS Patients with APN were significantly more likely to have AA genotype of the ICAM-1 rs5498 (1462 A/G) polymorphism (p = 0.04) than children with lower UTIs and the TLR-4 Asp299Gly GG genotype (p = 0.002) and G allele (p = 0.006) than healthy controls. The association with the ICAM-1 Glu469Lys (1462A/G) was less evident. The GG genotype was associated with a modest relative risk of 1.4 (p = 0.1) of developing APN, but was not an independent odds ratio, at 1.2 (p = 0.48). CONCLUSION Functional variants in ICAM-1 and TLR-4 genes were increasingly common in children with febrile UTIs with renal parenchymal involvement, but the ICAM-1 Glu469Lys (1462A/G) association was less evident. TLR4 Asp299Gly might independently increase renal parenchymal infection rather than renal scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khaled Saad
- Children Hospital, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Eman Askar
- Children Hospital, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Zahran
- Clinical Pathology, SECI, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Wu BW, Zhu J, Shi HM, Jin B, Wen ZC. Association between Toll-like receptor 4 Asp299Gly polymorphism and coronary heart disease susceptibility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 50:e6306. [PMID: 28793055 PMCID: PMC5572853 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20176306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Published data on the association between Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) Asp299Gly polymorphism and coronary heart disease (CHD) susceptibility are inconclusive. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship, a meta-analysis was performed. English-language studies were identified by searching PubMed and Embase databases (up to November 2016). All epidemiological studies were regarding Caucasians because no TLR4 Asp/Gly and Gly/Gly genotypes have been detected in Asians. A total of 20 case-control studies involving 14,416 cases and 10,764 controls were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, no significant associations were found between TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism and CHD susceptibility in the dominant model (OR=0.89; 95%CI=0.74 to 1.06; P=0.20) pooled in the meta-analysis. In the subgroup analysis by CHD, non-significant associations were found in cases compared to controls. When stratified by control source, no significantly decreased risk was found in the additive model or dominant model. The present meta-analysis suggests that the TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism was not associated with decreased CHD risk in Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - H M Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - B Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z C Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Rosenson RS, Koenig W. Mendelian Randomization Analyses for Selection of Therapeutic Targets for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: a Note of Circumspection. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2016; 30:65-74. [PMID: 26797681 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-016-6642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors identified from genome-wide association studies have been used to understand causative variants for complex diseases. Studies conducted on large populations of individuals from many geographical regions have provided insights into genetic pathways involved in the causal pathway for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. A single genetic trait may ineffectively evaluate the pathway of interest, and it may not account for other complementary genetic pathways that may be activated at various stages of the disease process or evidence-based therapies that alter the molecular and cellular milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Rosenson
- Cardiometabolics Unit, Mount Sinai Heart, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Klinik für Herz-& Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstr. 36, 80636, Munich, Germany
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14
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Kutikhin AG, Ponasenko AV, Khutornaya MV, Yuzhalin AE, Zhidkova II, Salakhov RR, Golovkin AS, Barbarash OL, Barbarash LS. Association of TLR and TREM-1 gene polymorphisms with atherosclerosis severity in a Russian population. Meta Gene 2016; 9:76-89. [PMID: 27200266 PMCID: PMC4864274 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Local vascular immune response is primarily initiated via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1). We previously showed that certain TLR and TREM-1 gene polymorphisms are associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). Therefore, we hypothesized that these gene polymorphisms are associated with atherosclerosis severity. This study included 292 consecutive patients with CAD who were admitted to the Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases (Kemerovo, Russian Federation) during 2011–2012. Sample genotyping was performed in 96-well format using the TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. We found that C/C genotype of the rs3804099 polymorphism within TLR2 gene and T/T genotype of the rs4711668 polymorphism within TREM-1 gene were significantly associated with severe coronary atherosclerosis while C allele of the rs5743551 polymorphism within TLR1 gene, A/G genotype of the rs4986790 polymorphism and C/T genotype of the rs4986791 polymorphism within TLR4 gene, and C allele of the rs3775073 polymorphism within TLR6 gene were significantly associated with severe noncoronary atherosclerosis. However, A/A genotype of the rs5743810 polymorphism within TLR6 gene was significantly associated with mild noncoronary atherosclerosis. We conclude that certain TLR and TREM-1 gene polymorphisms are significantly associated with atherosclerosis severity in a Russian population. Rs3804099 polymorphism of TLR2 gene is associated with severe coronary atherosclerosis. Rs4711668 polymorphism of TREM-1 gene is associated with severe coronary atherosclerosis. Rs5743551 polymorphism of TLR1 gene is associated with severe noncoronary atherosclerosis. Rs4986790 and rs4986791 polymorphisms of TLR4 gene are associated with severe noncoronary atherosclerosis. Rs3775073 polymorphism of TLR6 gene is associated with severe noncoronary atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton G Kutikhin
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sosnovy Boulevard 6, 650002, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasia V Ponasenko
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sosnovy Boulevard 6, 650002, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Maria V Khutornaya
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sosnovy Boulevard 6, 650002, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Arseniy E Yuzhalin
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7DQ, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Irina I Zhidkova
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sosnovy Boulevard 6, 650002, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Ramil R Salakhov
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sosnovy Boulevard 6, 650002, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey S Golovkin
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sosnovy Boulevard 6, 650002, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Olga L Barbarash
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sosnovy Boulevard 6, 650002, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid S Barbarash
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sosnovy Boulevard 6, 650002, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
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15
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Konstantinidou MK, Goutas N, Vlachodimitropoulos D, Chaidaroglou A, Stefanou D, Poumpouridou N, Mastorakou R, Gazouli M, Kyparissopoulos D, Spiliopoulou C. TLR-4 and CD14 Genotypes and Soluble CD14: Could They Predispose to Coronary Atherosclerosis? J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2016; 3:jcdd3010009. [PMID: 29367560 PMCID: PMC5715697 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd3010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Inflammatory mechanisms are key to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Functional polymorphisms of TLR-4, Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile, CD14 promoter area C260T polymorphism and plasma levels of soluble CD14 are studied in subjects with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Methods: DNA was obtained from 100 human paraffin-embedded aortic specimens, from cadavers with known coronary atheromatosis (Group A) and 100 blood samples from patients with CAD, as detected by cardiac Multi-Detector-row-Computed-Tomography (MDCT) (Group B). Our control group consisted of 100 healthy individuals (Group C). Genotyping was performed by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RFLP-PCR). Plasma levels of sCD14 were measured with ELISA. Results: For TLR-4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms, no statistically significant differences were observed. Regarding the C260T polymorphism, frequencies of T allele were significantly higher in the control group compared to the case group (p = 0.05). The Odds Ratio (OR) showed statistically significant association of TT genotype with healthy individuals (OR 0.25, 95% Confidence Interval CI 0.10–0.62, p = 0.0017). Plasma levels of sCD14 in patients with CAD (mean value = 1.35 μg/mL) were reduced when compared to reference value. Conclusions: The studied polymorphisms ofTLR-4 showed no association with CAD. Conversely, the functional polymorphism of CD14 has a statistically significant difference in expression between healthy and affected by CAD individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kalliopi Konstantinidou
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Brompton and Harefield Trust, 156 Montreal House, Surrey Quays Road, London SE16 7AQ, UK.
| | - Nikos Goutas
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Athens Medical School, Athens 115 27, Greece.
| | | | | | - Demetrios Stefanou
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Brompton and Harefield Trust, 156 Montreal House, Surrey Quays Road, London SE16 7AQ, UK.
| | - Nikoleta Poumpouridou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Athens Medical School, Athens 115 27, Greece.
| | - Renata Mastorakou
- Department of Radiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens 176 74, Greece.
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Department of Biology, Athens Medical School, Athens115 27, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Kyparissopoulos
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Brompton and Harefield Trust, 156 Montreal House, Surrey Quays Road, London SE16 7AQ, UK.
| | - Chara Spiliopoulou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Athens Medical School, Athens 115 27, Greece.
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Wang Y, Song E, Bai B, Vanhoutte PM. Toll-like receptors mediating vascular malfunction: Lessons from receptor subtypes. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 158:91-100. [PMID: 26702901 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are a subfamily of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) implicated in a variety of vascular abnormalities. However, the pathophysiological role and the interplay between different TLR-mediated innate and adaptive immune responses during the development of vascular diseases remain largely unspecified. TLR are widely distributed in both immune and nonimmune cells in the blood vessel wall. The expressions and locations of TLR are dynamically regulated in response to distinct molecular patterns derived from pathogens or damaged host cells. As a result, the outcome of TLR signaling is agonist- and cell type-dependent. A better understanding of discrete TLR signaling pathways in the vasculature will provide unprecedented opportunities for the discovery of novel therapies in many inflammatory vascular diseases. The present brief review discusses the role of individual TLR in controlling cellular functions of the vascular system, by focusing on the inflammatory responses within the blood vessel wall which contribute to the development of hypertension and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Erfei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bo Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul M Vanhoutte
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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17
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Chen R, Gu N, Gao Y, Cen W. TLR4 Asp299Gly (rs4986790) polymorphism and coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1412. [PMID: 26644971 PMCID: PMC4671173 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background. Previous studies have shown conflicting results on the association between toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) Asp299Gly (rs4986790) polymorphism and coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism on CAD risk, CRP level and the number of stenotic coronary arteries, as well as to investigate whether G allele carriers would benefit more from statin treatment. Methods. PubMed, EMBASE, and CNKI databases were searched until May 2015. All the statistical tests were performed using R version 3.1.2. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to assess the association between TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism and CAD risk, the number of stenotic vessels, and the incidence of cardiovascular events according to statin-treated patients. Weighted mean difference (WMD) was calculated for the association between Asp299Gly and CRP level. Results. Overall, 12 case-control studies with 10,258 cases and 5,891 controls were included, and no association of TLR4Asp299Gly polymorphism with CAD was found (G allele vs. A allele: OR = 0.97, 95% CI [0.81-1.17], P = 0.75; AA vs. GG + AG: OR = 0.97, 95% CI [0.80-1.18], P = 0.76; GG vs. AG + AA: OR = 1.08, 95% CI [0.57-2.02], P = 0.82; AG vs. AA + GG: OR = 1.03, 95% CI [0.85-1.25], P = 0.74). Also, no association was noted between Asp299Gly and CRP level (WMD = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.41], P = 0.69). Furthermore, no synergistic effect of statin and 299Gly was reported (Statin_AA vs. Statin_ AG/GG OR = 1.12, 95% CI [0.41-3.09], P = 0.82). Discussion. This meta-analysis suggests no association of TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism with CAD and CRP level. It is further indicated that the G allele carriers may not benefit more from statin treatment. Further studies should include large sample size and high-quality literature to understand this issue in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- The First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China
| | - Ning Gu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China
| | - Ying Gao
- The First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China
| | - Wei Cen
- The First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China
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Diamond CE, Khameneh HJ, Brough D, Mortellaro A. Novel perspectives on non-canonical inflammasome activation. Immunotargets Ther 2015; 4:131-41. [PMID: 27471719 PMCID: PMC4918253 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s57976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytosolic multi-protein complexes that regulate the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-18, and induce pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of cell death. The NLRP3 inflammasome is the most well-characterized member of this family and functions by sensing intracellular pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns and activating caspase-1, which processes the biologically inactive IL-1β and IL-18 precursors into active cytokines. Recent studies have identified an alternative mechanism of inflammasome activation, termed the non-canonical inflammasome, which is triggered by cytosolic sensing of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from bacteria that have escaped phagolysosomes. This pathway is independent of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), the well-known extracellular receptor for LPS, but instead depends on the inflammatory protease, caspase-11. Although our understanding of caspase-11 activation is still in its infancy, it appears to be an essential mediator of septic shock and attenuates intestinal inflammation. In this review, we bring together the latest data on the roles of caspase-11 and the mechanisms underlying caspase-11-mediated activation of the non-canonical inflammasome, and consider the implications of this pathway on TLR4-independent immune responses to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Emma Diamond
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore; Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hanif Javanmard Khameneh
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore
| | - David Brough
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alessandra Mortellaro
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore
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19
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Association of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, and TIRAP polymorphisms with disease susceptibility. Immunol Res 2015; 62:234-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8640-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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