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Clemente M, Cobo P, Antolín M, Campos A, Yeste D, Tomasini R, Caimari M, Masas M, García-Arumí E, Fernández-Cancio M, Baz-Redón N, Camats-Tarruella N. Genetics and Natural History of Non-pancreatectomized Patients With Congenital Hyperinsulinism Due to Variants in ABCC8. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e1316-e1328. [PMID: 37216904 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Patients with congenital hyperinsulinism due to ABCC8 variants generally present severe hypoglycemia and those who do not respond to medical treatment typically undergo pancreatectomy. Few data exist on the natural history of non-pancreatectomized patients. OBJECTIVE This work aims to describe the genetic characteristics and natural history in a cohort of non-pancreatectomized patients with congenital hyperinsulinism due to variants in the ABCC8 gene. METHODS Ambispective study of patients with congenital hyperinsulinism with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in ABCC8 treated in the last 48 years and who were not pancreatectomized. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has been periodically performed in all patients since 2003. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed if hyperglycemia was detected in the CGM. RESULTS Eighteen non-pancreatectomized patients with ABCC8 variants were included. Seven (38.9%) patients were heterozygous, 8 (44.4%) compound heterozygous, 2 (11.1%) homozygous, and 1 patient carried 2 variants with incomplete familial segregation studies. Seventeen patients were followed up and 12 (70.6%) of them evolved to spontaneous resolution (median age 6.0 ± 4 years; range, 1-14). Five of these 12 patients (41.7%) subsequently progressed to diabetes with insufficient insulin secretion. Evolution to diabetes was more frequent in patients with biallelic variants in the ABCC8 gene. CONCLUSION The high remission rate observed in our cohort makes conservative medical treatment a reliable strategy for the management of patients with congenital hyperinsulinism due to ABCC8 variants. In addition, a periodic follow-up of glucose metabolism after remission is recommended, as a significant proportion of patients evolved to impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes (biphasic phenotype).
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Affiliation(s)
- María Clemente
- Paediatric Endocrinology Section, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Growth and Development Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Preventive Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Cobo
- Paediatric Endocrinology Section, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Antolín
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics and Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Medicine Genetics Group, VHIR, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Campos
- Paediatric Endocrinology Section, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Growth and Development Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Preventive Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Yeste
- Paediatric Endocrinology Section, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Growth and Development Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Preventive Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosangela Tomasini
- Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, 08021 Terrassa, Spain
| | - María Caimari
- Paediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Miriam Masas
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics and Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Medicine Genetics Group, VHIR, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena García-Arumí
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics and Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Medicine Genetics Group, VHIR, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders, VHIR, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Fernández-Cancio
- Growth and Development Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noelia Baz-Redón
- Growth and Development Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Camats-Tarruella
- Growth and Development Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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Giri D, Hawton K, Senniappan S. Congenital hyperinsulinism: recent updates on molecular mechanisms, diagnosis and management. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2022; 35:279-296. [PMID: 34547194 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2021-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a rare disease characterized by an unregulated insulin release, leading to hypoglycaemia. It is the most frequent cause of persistent and severe hypoglycaemia in the neonatal period and early childhood. Mutations in 16 different key genes (ABCC8, KCNJ11, GLUD1, GCK, HADH, SLC16A1, UCP2, HNF4A, HNF1A, HK1, KCNQ1, CACNA1D, FOXA2, EIF2S3, PGM1 and PMM2) that are involved in regulating the insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells have been described to be responsible for the underlying molecular mechanisms of CHI. CHI can also be associated with specific syndromes and can be secondary to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), maternal diabetes, birth asphyxia, etc. It is important to diagnose and promptly initiate appropriate management as untreated hypoglycaemia can be associated with significant neurodisability. CHI can be histopathologically classified into diffuse, focal and atypical forms. Advances in molecular genetics, imaging techniques (18F-fluoro-l-dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography/computed tomography scanning), novel medical therapies and surgical advances (laparoscopic pancreatectomy) have changed the management and improved the outcome of patients with CHI. This review article provides an overview of the background, clinical presentation, diagnosis, molecular genetics and therapy for children with different forms of CHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Giri
- Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK.,University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Katherine Hawton
- Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
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Xu A, Cheng J, Sheng H, Wen Z, Lin Y, Zhou Z, Zeng C, Shao Y, Li C, Liu L, Li X. Clinical Management and Gene Mutation Analysis of Children with Congenital Hyperinsulinism in South China. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2019; 11:400-409. [PMID: 31208162 PMCID: PMC6878346 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2019.2019.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the clinical presentation and molecular genetic characteristics of a cohort of congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) patients from southern China and also to explore the most appropriate therapeutic approaches. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed a cohort of 65 children with CHI. Mutational analysis was performed for KCNJ11 and ABCC8 genes. The GLUD1 gene was sequenced in patients with hyperammonaemia. GCK gene sequencing was performed in those patients with no mutation identified in the ABCC8, KCNJ11 or GLUD1 genes. RESULTS ABCC8 mutations were identified in 16 (25%) of the cohort, GLUD1 mutations were identified in five children, and no KCNJ11 or GCK mutations were identified. Moreover, some unique features of ABCC8 gene mutations in southern Chinese CHI patients were found in this study. The most common mutation was a deletion/insertion mutation p.Thr1042GlnfsX75 was found in five unrelated patients, which possibly represents a relatively common mutation in southern China. Five novel ABCC8 mutations were detected. The mutations were p.Phe5SerfsX72, p.Gln273ArgfsX85, p.Leu724del, p.Asp1447Gly and IVS 25-1G>T. Five compound heterozygous mutations of ABCC8 gene were identified in this study, and three of these patients were diazoxide-responsive. Forty patients were diazoxide-responsive, 13 patients were diazoxide-unresponsive and 12 patients received dietary treatment only. A pancreatectomy was performed in 10 patients who were unresponsive to medical treatment. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of CHI in south China. Mutations in ABCC8 are the most common causes of CHI in this cohort. Diazoxide and dietary treatment were effective in most patients. Multicentre studies are necessary to obtain the long-term follow-up characteristics of such patients at a national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijing Xu
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Clinic of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou, China,Contributed equally to this work
| | - Jing Cheng
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Clinic of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou, China,Contributed equally to this work
| | - Huiying Sheng
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Clinic of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Wen
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Clinic of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunting Lin
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Clinic of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihong Zhou
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Clinic of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Zeng
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Clinic of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongxian Shao
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Clinic of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuiling Li
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Clinic of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Liu
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Clinic of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuzhen Li
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Clinic of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou, China,* Address for Correspondence: Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Clinic of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou, China Phone: +86020-38076127 E-mail:
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Zobel MJ, McFarland C, Ferrera-Cook CT, Padilla BE. Surgical management of medically-refractory hyperinsulinism. Am J Surg 2019; 219:947-951. [PMID: 31757439 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) and insulinomas are the most common causes of medically-refractory pediatric hyperinsulinism. METHODS Children with CHI or insulinoma treated from 1/1/2014-1/1/2019 at an academic center were retrospectively analyzed. Primary outcome was persistent intravenous dextrose requirement at discharge. RESULTS Eleven patients were identified: six with diffuse-type CHI, three with focal-type CHI, two with insulinoma. Median age at diagnosis was 20 days (1 day-16 years). Preoperative functional imaging (18F-Fluoro-l-DOPA PET-CT scan) accurately localized 66% of focal-type CHI lesions. All patients with focal-type CHI and insulinoma were cured by local resection. All patients with diffuse-type CHI underwent near-total pancreatectomy (NTP): four patients were cured of hyperinsulinism, of which 2 developed insulin-dependent diabetes, while two patients were palliated to home enteral glucose infusion. CONCLUSIONS Localized resection cures children with focal, insulin-secreting lesions. NTP may cure diffuse-type CHI; potential complications include diabetes, exocrine insufficiency, and persistent hypoglycemia from residual hypersecreting pancreatic tissue. SUMMARY Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) and insulinomas are the most common causes of medically-refractory pediatric hyperinsulinism, causing potential complications including permanent brain injury. 18F-Fluoro-l-DOPA PET-CT scan can be used to localize focal insulin-secretion lesions preoperatively. Focal-type CHI and insulinoma are cured by localized resection. Diffuse-type CHI requires near-total pancreatectomy for cure, but complications include diabetes, exocrine insufficiency, or persistent hypoglycemia from residual foci of hypersecreting pancreatic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Zobel
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Carrie McFarland
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Christine T Ferrera-Cook
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells are finely tuned to secrete insulin so that plasma glucose levels are maintained within a narrow physiological range (3.5-5.5 mmol/L). Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (HH) is the inappropriate secretion of insulin in the presence of low plasma glucose levels and leads to severe and persistent hypoglycaemia in neonates and children. Mutations in 12 different key genes (ABCC8, KCNJ11, GLUD1, GCK, HADH, SLC16A1, UCP2, HNF4A, HNF1A, HK1, PGM1 and PMM2) that are involved in the regulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells have been described to be responsible for the underlying molecular mechanisms leading to congenital HH. In HH due to the inhibitory effect of insulin on lipolysis and ketogenesis there is suppressed ketone body formation in the presence of hypoglycaemia thus leading to increased risk of hypoglycaemic brain injury. Therefore, a prompt diagnosis and immediate management of HH is essential to avoid hypoglycaemic brain injury and long-term neurological complications in children. Advances in molecular genetics, imaging techniques (18F-DOPA positron emission tomography/computed tomography scanning), medical therapy and surgical advances (laparoscopic and open pancreatectomy) have changed the management and improved the outcome of patients with HH. This review article provides an overview to the background, clinical presentation, diagnosis, molecular genetics and therapy in children with different forms of HH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Demirbilek
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Sidra Medical and Research Center, Clinic of Paediatric Medicine, Doha, Qatar
,* Address for Correspondence: Sidra Medical and Research Center, Clinic of Paediatric Medicine, Doha, Qatar Phone: +974-30322007 E-mail:
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