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Xiao F, He Z, Wang S, Li J, Fan X, Yan T, Yang M, Yang D. Regulatory mechanism of circular RNAs in neurodegenerative diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14499. [PMID: 37864389 PMCID: PMC11017410 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative disease is a collective term for a category of diseases that are caused by neuronal dysfunction, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs without the 3' cap and 5' poly(A) and are linked by covalent bonds. CircRNAs are highly expressed in brain neurons and can regulate the pathological process of neurodegenerative diseases by affecting the levels of various deposition proteins. AIMS This review is aiming to suggest that the majority of circRNAs influence neurodegenerative pathologies mainly by affecting the abnormal deposition of proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS We systematically summarized the pathological features of neurodegenerative diseases and the regulatory mechanisms of circRNAs in various types of neurodegenerative diseases. RESULTS Neurodegenerative disease main features include intercellular ubiquitin-proteasome system abnormalities, changes in cytoskeletal proteins, and the continuous deposition of insoluble protein fragments and inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm or nucleus, resulting in impairment of the normal physiological processes of the neuronal system. CircRNAs have multiple mechanisms, such as acting as microRNA sponges, binding to proteins, and regulating transcription. CircRNAs, which are highly stable molecules, are expected to be potential biomarkers for the pathological detection of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD and PD. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we describe the regulatory roles and mechanisms of circRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases and aim to employ circRNAs as biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiao
- College of Animal Science and TechnologySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhi He
- College of Animal Science and TechnologySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Siqi Wang
- College of Animal Science and TechnologySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jiamei Li
- College of Animal Science and TechnologySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiaolan Fan
- College of Animal Science and TechnologySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Taiming Yan
- College of Animal Science and TechnologySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Mingyao Yang
- College of Animal Science and TechnologySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Deying Yang
- College of Animal Science and TechnologySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
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Mora-Martinez S, Castaño-Giraldo N, Nati-Castillo HA, Barahona Machado L, Mora Arbeláez T, Gordillo-Gonzalez G, Izquierdo-Condoy JS. Case Report: Expanding the phenotypic spectrum of PURA syndrome in South America with the first presentation of concurrent vitiligo. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1323014. [PMID: 38606370 PMCID: PMC11007168 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1323014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Purine-rich element-binding protein A (PURα) regulates multiple cellular processes. Rare de novo mutations can lead to PURA syndrome, which manifests as a range of multisystem disturbances, including hypotonia, global developmental delay, swallowing disorders, apnea, seizures, visual impairments, and congenital heart defects. We report the case of a Colombian girl with no relevant medical history who was diagnosed with PURA syndrome at the age of 7, due to a heterozygous mutation located at 5q31.2, specifically the variant c.697_699del (p.Phe233del), in exon 1 of the PURA gene. This represents the first documented case of PURA syndrome in South America and the first association of the syndrome with vitiligo, thereby expanding the known phenotypic spectrum. In addition to enriching the literature concerning the phenotypic diversity of PURA syndrome, this report highlights, for the first time, the diagnostic challenges faced by developing countries like Colombia in diagnosing high-burden rare diseases such as PURA syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Mora-Martinez
- Corporación Universitaria Empresarial Alexander von Humboldt, Armenia, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | - G. Gordillo-Gonzalez
- Clinical Genetics Department, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Santa Marta, Colombia
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Beylerli O, Beilerli A, Ilyasova T, Shumadalova A, Shi H, Sufianov A. CircRNAs in Alzheimer's disease: What are the prospects? Noncoding RNA Res 2024; 9:203-210. [PMID: 38125754 PMCID: PMC10730436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) is a fascinating covalently closed circular non-coding RNA that is abundantly present in the transcriptome of eukaryotic cells. Its versatile nature allows it to participate in a multitude of pathological and physiological processes within the organism. One of its crucial functions is acting as a microRNA sponge, modulating protein transcription levels, and forming interactions with essential RNA-binding proteins. Remarkably, circRNAs demonstrates a specific enrichment in various vital areas of the brain, including the cortex, hippocampus, white matter, and photoreceptor neurons, particularly in aging organisms. This intriguing characteristic has led scientists to explore its potential as a significant biological marker of neurodegeneration, offering promising insights into neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD, there has been an interesting observation of elevated levels of circRNAs in both peripheral blood and synaptic terminals of affected individuals. This intriguing finding raises the possibility that circRNAs may have a central role in the initiation and progression of AD. Notably, different categories of circRNAs, including HDAC9, HOMER1, Cwc27, Tulp4, and PTK2, have been implicated in driving the pathological changes associated with AD through diverse mechanisms. For instance, these circRNAs have been demonstrated to contribute to the accumulation of beta-amyloid, which is a hallmark characteristic of AD. Additionally, these circRNAs contribute to the excessive phosphorylation of tau protein, a phenomenon associated with neurofibrillary tangles, further exacerbating the disease. Moreover, they are involved in aggravating neuroinflammation, which is known to play a critical role in AD's pathogenesis. Lastly, these circRNAs can cause mitochondrial dysfunction, disrupting cellular energy production and leading to cognitive impairment. As researchers delve deeper into the intricate workings of circRNAs, they hope to unlock its full potential as a diagnostic tool and therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disorders, paving the way for innovative treatments and better management of such devastating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozal Beylerli
- Central Research Laboratory, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, 3 Lenin Street, 450008, Russia
| | - Aferin Beilerli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tyumen State Medical University, 54 Odesskaya Street, 625023, Tyumen, Russia
| | - Tatiana Ilyasova
- Department of Internal Diseases, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, 450008, Russia
| | - Alina Shumadalova
- Department of General Chemistry, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, 3 Lenin Street, 450008, Russia
| | - Huaizhang Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Albert Sufianov
- Educational and Scientific Institute of Neurosurgery, Рeoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
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Rao Y, Ahmed N, Pritchard J, O'Brien EP. Incorporating mutational heterogeneity to identify genes that are enriched for synonymous mutations in cancer. BMC Bioinformatics 2023; 24:462. [PMID: 38062391 PMCID: PMC10704839 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-023-05521-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synonymous mutations, which change the DNA sequence but not the encoded protein sequence, can affect protein structure and function, mRNA maturation, and mRNA half-lives. The possibility that synonymous mutations might be enriched in cancer has been explored in several recent studies. However, none of these studies control for all three types of mutational heterogeneity (patient, histology, and gene) that are known to affect the accurate identification of non-synonymous cancer-associated genes. Our goal is to adopt the current standard for non-synonymous mutations in an investigation of synonymous mutations. RESULTS Here, we create an algorithm, MutSigCVsyn, an adaptation of MutSigCV, to identify cancer-associated genes that are enriched for synonymous mutations based on a non-coding background model that takes into account the mutational heterogeneity across these levels. Using MutSigCVsyn, we first analyzed 2572 cancer whole-genome samples from the Pan-cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) to identify non-synonymous cancer drivers as a quality control. Indicative of the algorithm accuracy we find that 58.6% of these candidate genes were also found in Cancer Census Gene (CGC) list, and 66.2% were found within the PCAWG cancer driver list. We then applied it to identify 30 putative cancer-associated genes that are enriched for synonymous mutations within the same samples. One of the promising gene candidates is the B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) gene. BCL-2 regulates apoptosis by antagonizing the action of proapoptotic BCL-2 family member proteins. The synonymous mutations in BCL2 are enriched in its anti-apoptotic domain and likely play a role in cancer cell proliferation. CONCLUSION Our study introduces MutSigCVsyn, an algorithm that accounts for mutational heterogeneity at patient, histology, and gene levels, to identify cancer-associated genes that are enriched for synonymous mutations using whole genome sequencing data. We identified 30 putative candidate genes that will benefit from future experimental studies on the role of synonymous mutations in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Rao
- Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Nabeel Ahmed
- Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, 16802, USA
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, USA
| | - Justin Pritchard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Edward P O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, 16802, USA.
- Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, 16802, USA.
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Foote AT, Kelm RJ. Aromatic Residues Dictate the Transcriptional Repressor and Single-Stranded DNA Binding Activities of Purine-Rich Element Binding Protein B. Biochemistry 2023; 62:2597-2610. [PMID: 37556352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Purine-rich element binding protein B (Purβ) is a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and RNA-binding protein that functions as a transcriptional repressor of genes encoding certain muscle-restricted contractile proteins in the setting of cellular stress or tissue injury. A prior report from our laboratory implicated specific basic amino acid residues in the physical and functional interaction of Purβ with the smooth muscle-α actin gene (Acta2) promoter. Independent structural analysis of fruit fly Purα uncovered a role for several aromatic residues in the binding of this related protein to ssDNA. Herein, we examine the functional importance of a comparable set of hydrophobic residues that are positionally conserved in the repeat I (Y59), II (F155), and III (F256) domains of murine Purβ. Site-directed Y/F to alanine substitutions were engineered, and the resultant Purβ point mutants were tested in various biochemical and cell-based assays. None of the mutations affected the cellular expression, structural stability, or dimerization capacity of Purβ. However, the Y59A and F155A mutants demonstrated weaker Acta2 repressor activity in transfected fibroblasts and reduced binding affinity for the purine-rich strand of an Acta2 cis-regulatory element in vitro. Mutation of Y59 and F155 also altered the multisite binding properties of Purβ for ssDNA and diminished the interaction of Purβ with Y-box binding protein 1, a co-repressor of Acta2. Collectively, these findings suggest that some of the same aromatic residues, which govern the specific and high-affinity binding of Purβ to ssDNA, also mediate certain heterotypic protein interactions underlying the Acta2 repressor function of Purβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Foote
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Robert J Kelm
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
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Chen F, Zhang W, Xu S, Zhang H, Chen L, Chen C, Zhu Z, Zhao Y. Discovery and validation of PURA as a transcription target of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol: Implications for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:662-671. [PMID: 37720572 PMCID: PMC10499581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD), a ginsenoside metabolite, has prominent benefits for the central nervous system, especially in improving learning and memory. However, its transcriptional targets in brain tissue remain unknown. Methods In this study, we first used mass spectrometry-based drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) to identify the potential proteins of ginsenosides and intersected them with the transcription factor library. Second, the transcription factor PURA was confirmed as a target of PPD by biolayer interferometry (BLI) and molecular docking. Next, the effect of PPD on the transcriptional levels of target genes of PURA in brain tissues was determined by qRT-PCR. Finally, bioinformatics analysis was used to analyze the potential biological features of these target proteins. Results The results showed three overlapping transcription factors between the proteomics of DARTS and transcription factor library. BLI analysis further showed that PPD had a higher direct interaction with PURA than parent ginsenosides. Subsequently, BLI kinetic analysis, molecular docking, and mutations in key amino acids of PURA indicated that PPD specifically bound to PURA. The results of qRT-PCR showed that PPD could increase the transcription levels of PURA target genes in brain. Finally, bioinformatics analysis showed that these target proteins were involved in learning and memory function. Conclusion The above-mentioned findings indicate that PURA is a transcription target of PPD in brain, and PPD upregulate the transcription levels of target genes related to cognitive dysfunction by binding PURA, which could provide a chemical and biological basis for the study of treating cognitive impairment by targeting PURA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Chen
- Research and Innovation Center, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine·Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuyi Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hantao Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Cuihua Chen
- Research and Innovation Center, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine·Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunan Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Liu X, Zhao X, He J, Wang S, Shen X, Liu Q, Wang S. Advances in the Structure of GGGGCC Repeat RNA Sequence and Its Interaction with Small Molecules and Protein Partners. Molecules 2023; 28:5801. [PMID: 37570771 PMCID: PMC10420822 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aberrant expansion of GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeats within the first intron of the C9orf72 gene represent the predominant genetic etiology underlying amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontal temporal dementia (FTD). The transcribed r(GGGGCC)n RNA repeats form RNA foci, which recruit RNA binding proteins and impede their normal cellular functions, ultimately resulting in fatal neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, the non-canonical translation of the r(GGGGCC)n sequence can generate dipeptide repeats, which have been postulated as pathological causes. Comprehensive structural analyses of r(GGGGCC)n have unveiled its polymorphic nature, exhibiting the propensity to adopt dimeric, hairpin, or G-quadruplex conformations, all of which possess the capacity to interact with RNA binding proteins. Small molecules capable of binding to r(GGGGCC)n have been discovered and proposed as potential lead compounds for the treatment of ALS and FTD. Some of these molecules function in preventing RNA-protein interactions or impeding the phase transition of r(GGGGCC)n. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of the recent advancements in the structural characterization of r(GGGGCC)n, its propensity to form RNA foci, and its interactions with small molecules and proteins. Specifically, we emphasize the structural diversity of r(GGGGCC)n and its influence on partner binding. Given the crucial role of r(GGGGCC)n in the pathogenesis of ALS and FTD, the primary objective of this review is to facilitate the development of therapeutic interventions targeting r(GGGGCC)n RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (X.S.); (Q.L.)
| | - Xinyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (X.S.); (Q.L.)
| | - Jinhan He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (X.S.); (Q.L.)
| | - Sishi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (X.S.); (Q.L.)
| | - Xinfei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (X.S.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qingfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (X.S.); (Q.L.)
| | - Shenlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.W.); (X.S.); (Q.L.)
- Beijing NMR Center, Peking University, Beijing 100087, China
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Ray D, Laverty KU, Jolma A, Nie K, Samson R, Pour SE, Tam CL, von Krosigk N, Nabeel-Shah S, Albu M, Zheng H, Perron G, Lee H, Najafabadi H, Blencowe B, Greenblatt J, Morris Q, Hughes TR. RNA-binding proteins that lack canonical RNA-binding domains are rarely sequence-specific. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5238. [PMID: 37002329 PMCID: PMC10066285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Thousands of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) crosslink to cellular mRNA. Among these are numerous unconventional RBPs (ucRBPs)-proteins that associate with RNA but lack known RNA-binding domains (RBDs). The vast majority of ucRBPs have uncharacterized RNA-binding specificities. We analyzed 492 human ucRBPs for intrinsic RNA-binding in vitro and identified 23 that bind specific RNA sequences. Most (17/23), including 8 ribosomal proteins, were previously associated with RNA-related function. We identified the RBDs responsible for sequence-specific RNA-binding for several of these 23 ucRBPs and surveyed whether corresponding domains from homologous proteins also display RNA sequence specificity. CCHC-zf domains from seven human proteins recognized specific RNA motifs, indicating that this is a major class of RBD. For Nudix, HABP4, TPR, RanBP2-zf, and L7Ae domains, however, only isolated members or closely related homologs yielded motifs, consistent with RNA-binding as a derived function. The lack of sequence specificity for most ucRBPs is striking, and we suggest that many may function analogously to chromatin factors, which often crosslink efficiently to cellular DNA, presumably via indirect recruitment. Finally, we show that ucRBPs tend to be highly abundant proteins and suggest their identification in RNA interactome capture studies could also result from weak nonspecific interactions with RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashish Ray
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Kaitlin U Laverty
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Arttu Jolma
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Kate Nie
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Reuben Samson
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sara E Pour
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Cyrus L Tam
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Niklas von Krosigk
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Syed Nabeel-Shah
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mihai Albu
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Hong Zheng
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Perron
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada
- McGill Genome Centre, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Hyunmin Lee
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Hamed Najafabadi
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada
- McGill Genome Centre, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Benjamin Blencowe
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jack Greenblatt
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Quaid Morris
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Timothy R Hughes
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Mroczek M, Iyadurai S. Neuromuscular and Neuromuscular Junction Manifestations of the PURA-NDD: A Systematic Review of the Reported Symptoms and Potential Treatment Options. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032260. [PMID: 36768582 PMCID: PMC9917016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURA-related neurodevelopmental disorders (PURA-NDDs) are a rare genetic disease caused by pathogenic autosomal dominant variants in the PURA gene or a deletion encompassing the PURA gene. PURA-NDD is clinically characterized by neurodevelopmental delay, learning disability, neonatal hypotonia, feeding difficulties, abnormal movements, and epilepsy. It is generally considered to be central nervous system disorders, with generalized weakness, associated hypotonia, cognitive and development deficits in early development, and seizures in late stages. Although it is classified predominantly as a central nervous syndrome disorder, some phenotypic features, such as myopathic facies, respiratory insufficiency of muscle origin, and myopathic features on muscle biopsy and electrodiagnostic evaluation, point to a peripheral (neuromuscular) source of weakness. Patients with PURA-NDD have been increasingly identified in exome-sequenced cohorts of patients with neuromuscular- and congenital myasthenic syndrome-like phenotypes. Recently, fluctuating weakness noted in a PURA-NDD patient, accompanied by repetitive nerve stimulation abnormalities, suggested the disease to be a channelopathy and, more specifically, a neuromuscular junction disorder. Treatment with pyridostigmine or salbutamol led to clinical improvement of neuromuscular function in two reported cases. The goal of this systematic retrospective review is to highlight the motor symptoms of PURA-NDD, to further describe the neuromuscular phenotype, and to emphasize the role of potential treatment opportunities of the neuromuscular phenotype in the setting of the potential role of PURA protein in the neuromuscular junction and the muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Mroczek
- Center for Cardiovascular Genetics & Gene Diagnostics, Foundation for People with Rare Diseases, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (S.I.)
| | - Stanley Iyadurai
- Division of Neurology, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, 501 6th Ave S, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (S.I.)
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10
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Molitor L, Klostermann M, Bacher S, Merl-Pham J, Spranger N, Burczyk S, Ketteler C, Rusha E, Tews D, Pertek A, Proske M, Busch A, Reschke S, Feederle R, Hauck S, Blum H, Drukker M, Fischer-Posovszky P, König J, Zarnack K, Niessing D. Depletion of the RNA-binding protein PURA triggers changes in posttranscriptional gene regulation and loss of P-bodies. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:1297-1316. [PMID: 36651277 PMCID: PMC9943675 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The RNA-binding protein PURA has been implicated in the rare, monogenetic, neurodevelopmental disorder PURA Syndrome. PURA binds both DNA and RNA and has been associated with various cellular functions. Only little is known about its main cellular roles and the molecular pathways affected upon PURA depletion. Here, we show that PURA is predominantly located in the cytoplasm, where it binds to thousands of mRNAs. Many of these transcripts change abundance in response to PURA depletion. The encoded proteins suggest a role for PURA in immune responses, mitochondrial function, autophagy and processing (P)-body activity. Intriguingly, reduced PURA levels decrease the expression of the integral P-body components LSM14A and DDX6 and strongly affect P-body formation in human cells. Furthermore, PURA knockdown results in stabilization of P-body-enriched transcripts, whereas other mRNAs are not affected. Hence, reduced PURA levels, as reported in patients with PURA Syndrome, influence the formation and composition of this phase-separated RNA processing machinery. Our study proposes PURA Syndrome as a new model to study the tight connection between P-body-associated RNA regulation and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sabrina Bacher
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Merl-Pham
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Spranger
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Burczyk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Carolin Ketteler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ejona Rusha
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Core Facility, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Tews
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, 89070 Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna Pertek
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Core Facility, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Proske
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany,Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Anke Busch
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sarah Reschke
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Regina Feederle
- Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Micha Drukker
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany,Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela Fischer-Posovszky
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, 89070 Ulm, Germany
| | - Julian König
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kathi Zarnack
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Kathi Zarnack. Tel: +49 69 798 42506; Fax: +49 69 798 763 42506;
| | - Dierk Niessing
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +49 731 50 23160; Fax: +49 731 50 23169;
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11
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Yeh SC, Diosa-Toro M, Tan WL, Rachenne F, Hain A, Yeo CPX, Bribes I, Xiang BWW, Sathiamoorthy Kannan G, Manuel MC, Missé D, Mok YK, Pompon J. Characterization of dengue virus 3'UTR RNA binding proteins in mosquitoes reveals that AeStaufen reduces subgenomic flaviviral RNA in saliva. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010427. [PMID: 36121894 PMCID: PMC9531803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue viruses (DENV) are expanding global pathogens that are transmitted through the bite of mosquitoes, mostly Aedes aegypti. As RNA viruses, DENV rely on RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to complete their life cycle. Alternatively, RBPs can act as restriction factors that prevent DENV multiplication. While the importance of RBPs is well-supported in humans, there is a dearth of information about their influence on DENV transmission by mosquitoes. Such knowledge could be harnessed to design novel, effective interventions against DENV. Here, we successfully adapted RNA-affinity chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry-a technique initially developed in mammalian cells-to identify RBPs in Ae. aegypti cells. We identified fourteen RBPs interacting with DENV serotype 2 3'UTR, which is involved in the viral multiplication and produces subgenomic flaviviral RNA (sfRNA). We validated the RNA affinity results for two RBPs by confirming that AePur binds the 3'UTR, whereas AeStaufen interacts with both 3'UTR and sfRNA. Using in vivo functional evaluation, we determined that RBPs like AeRan, AeExoRNase, and AeRNase have pro-viral functions, whereas AeGTPase, AeAtu, and AePur have anti-viral functions in mosquitoes. Furthermore, we showed that human and mosquito Pur homologs have a shared affinity to DENV2 RNA, although the anti-viral effect is specific to the mosquito protein. Importantly, we revealed that AeStaufen mediates a reduction of gRNA and sfRNA copies in several mosquito tissues, including the salivary glands and that AeStaufen-mediated sfRNA reduction diminishes the concentration of transmission-enhancing sfRNA in saliva, thereby revealing AeStaufen's role in DENV transmission. By characterizing the first RBPs that associate with DENV2 3'UTR in mosquitoes, our study unravels new pro- and anti-viral targets for the design of novel therapeutic interventions as well as provides foundation for studying the role of RBPs in virus-vector interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chia Yeh
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Mayra Diosa-Toro
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wei-Lian Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | | | - Arthur Hain
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Celestia Pei Xuan Yeo
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Inès Bribes
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Wong Wei Xiang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | | | - Menchie Casayuran Manuel
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Yu Keung Mok
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Julien Pompon
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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12
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Shen X, He Y, Ge C. Role of circRNA in pathogenesis of Alzheimer 's disease. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 47:960-966. [PMID: 36039594 PMCID: PMC10930285 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.210729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNA (circRNA) is a covalently closed-loop non-coding RNA that exists widely in the transcriptome of eukaryotic cells. It participates in a variety of pathophysiological processes by acting as a microRNA sponge, regulating the level of protein transcription, and interacting with RNA binding proteins. CircRNA is enriched in the cortex, hippocampus, brain white matter, and photoreceptor neurons of aging bodies, and they can be used as a biomarker for neural senescence. The expression levels of circRNA in peripheral blood and synapses in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients are increased, which are involved in the occurrence and prognosis of AD. Different circRNAs such as HDAC9, Homer1, Cwc27, Tulp4, and PTK2 can lead to AD pathological changes via increasing amyloid-β deposition, promoting tau protein hyperphosphorylation, aggravating neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction, which result in the cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Shen
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China.
| | - Yaling He
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Chaoming Ge
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China.
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13
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Stevenson B, Krusenstjerna AC, Castro-Padovani TN, Savage CR, Jutras BL, Saylor TC. The Consistent Tick-Vertebrate Infectious Cycle of the Lyme Disease Spirochete Enables Borrelia burgdorferi To Control Protein Expression by Monitoring Its Physiological Status. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0060621. [PMID: 35380872 PMCID: PMC9112904 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00606-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, persists in nature by alternatingly cycling between ticks and vertebrates. During each stage of the infectious cycle, B. burgdorferi produces surface proteins that are necessary for interactions with the tick or vertebrate tissues it encounters while also repressing the synthesis of unnecessary proteins. Among these are the Erp surface proteins, which are produced during vertebrate infection for interactions with host plasmin, laminin, glycosaminoglycans, and components of the complement system. Erp proteins are not expressed during tick colonization but are induced when the tick begins to ingest blood from a vertebrate host, a time when the bacteria undergo rapid growth and division. Using the erp genes as a model of borrelial gene regulation, our research group has identified three novel DNA-binding proteins that interact with DNA to control erp transcription. At least two of those regulators are, in turn, affected by DnaA, the master regulator of chromosome replication. Our data indicate that B. burgdorferi has evolved to detect the change from slow to rapid replication during tick feeding as a signal to begin expression of Erp and other vertebrate-specific proteins. The majority of other known regulatory factors of B. burgdorferi also respond to metabolic cues. These observations lead to a model in which the Lyme spirochete recognizes unique environmental conditions encountered during the infectious cycle to "know" where they are and adapt accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Stevenson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Andrew C. Krusenstjerna
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Tatiana N. Castro-Padovani
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Christina R. Savage
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Brandon L. Jutras
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Timothy C. Saylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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14
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Pan J, Cai X, Zheng X, Zhu X, Feng J, Wang X. Luteolin inhibits viability, migration, angiogenesis and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer vascular endothelial cells via miR-133a-3p/purine rich element binding protein B-mediated MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Tissue Cell 2022; 75:101740. [PMID: 35101688 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Luteolin inhibits tumorigenesis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but its mechanism still needs to be clarified. We hereby explored the effects of luteolin in vascular endothelial cells of NSCLC (NSCLC-VECs). After extraction and identification of NSCLC-VECs, cells were treated with luteolin and transfected. The viability, migration, angiogenesis and invasion of the cells were measured. The levels of miR-133a-3p, purine rich element binding protein B (PURB), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/-9 were determined. The interaction relationship of miR-133a-3p and PURB was identified. Luteolin inhibited the viability, migration, angiogenesis and invasion of NSCLC-VECs yet up-regulated miR-133a-3p level, while miR-133a-3p inhibitor counteracted the repressive effect of luteolin on the viability, migration, angiogenesis, and invasion in NSCLC-VECs. Luteolin inhibited the expressions of migration- and invasion-associated proteins (VEGF, MMP-2 and MMP-9), PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways-related factors, while miR-133a-3p inhibitor reversed the inhibitory effect of Luteolin on NSCLC-VECs. Luteolin decreased the level of PURB, which was targeted by miR-133a-3p. ShPURB promoted miR-133a-3p level in NSCLC-VECs, while reversing the promoting effects of miR-133a-3p inhibitor on the migration, invasion, and levels of migration- and invasion-associated proteins, PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways-associated factors in NSCLC-VECs. Collectively speaking, luteolin inhibits the migration and invasion of NSCLC-VECs via miR-133a-3p/PURB- mediated MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Pan
- Department of General Medicine, Lishui City People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lishui University, China
| | - Xiaoping Cai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Lishui City People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lishui University, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Suichang County People's Hospital, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Lishui City People's Hospital, China
| | - Jihong Feng
- Department of Oncology, Lishui City People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lishui University, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Wang
- Department of Oncology, Lishui City People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lishui University, China.
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15
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Circular RNA Cwc27 contributes to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis by repressing Pur-α activity. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:393-406. [PMID: 34504314 PMCID: PMC8817017 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have gained growing attention in participating in various biological processes and referring to multiply kinds of diseases. Although differentially expressed circRNA profiling in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been established, little is known about the precise characteristic and functions of key circRNAs with direct relevance to AD in gene expression and disease-related cognition. Herein, we screened and identified circCwc27 as a novel circRNA implicated in AD. CircCwc27 was a neuronal-enriched circRNA that abundantly expressed in the brain and significantly upregulated in AD mice and patients. Knockdown of circCwc27 markedly improved AD-related pathological traits and ameliorated cognitive dysfunctions. Mechanistically, we excluded the miRNA decoy mechanism and focused on the important function of circRNA-RNA-binding protein (RBP) interaction in AD. CircCwc27 directly bound to purine-rich element-binding protein A (Pur-α), increased retention of cytoplasmic Pur-α, and suppressed Pur-α recruitment to the promoters of a cluster of AD genes, including amyloid precursor protein (APP), dopamine receptor D1 (Drd1), protein phosphatase 1, regulatory inhibitor subunit1B (Ppp1r1b), neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 1 (Ntrk1), and LIM homeobox 8 (Lhx8). Downregulation of circCwc27 enhanced the affinity of Pur-α binding to these promoters, leading to altered transcription of Pur-α targets. Moreover, Pur-α overexpression largely phenocopied circCwc27 knockdown in preventing Aβ deposition and cognitive decline. Together, our findings suggest significant functional consequences of a circRNA-protein interaction, that circCwc27, by associating with the regulatory protein Pur-α, may act as a crucial player in AD pathogenesis and represent a promising AD therapeutic target with clinical translational potential.
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16
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Forming cytoplasmic stress granules PURα suppresses mRNA translation initiation of IGFBP3 to promote esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression. Oncogene 2022; 41:4336-4348. [PMID: 35945453 PMCID: PMC9481463 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most fatal malignancies worldwide. Recently, our group identified purine-rich element binding protein alpha (PURα), a single-stranded DNA/RNA-binding protein, to be significantly associated with the progression of ESCC. Additional immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that PURα forms cytoplasmic stress granules to suppress mRNA translation initiation. The expression level of cytoplasmic PURα in ESCC tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent epithelia and correlated with a worse patient survival rate by immunohistochemistry. Functionally, PURα strongly preferred to bind to UG-/U-rich motifs and mRNA 3´UTR by CLIP-seq analysis. Moreover, PURα knockout significantly increased the protein level of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3). In addition, it was further demonstrated that PURα-interacting proteins are remarkably associated with translation initiation factors and ribosome-related proteins and that PURα regulates protein expression by interacting with translation initiation factors, such as PABPC1, eIF3B and eIF3F, in an RNA-independent manner, while the interaction with ribosome-related proteins is significantly dependent on RNA. Specifically, PURα was shown to interact with the mRNA 3´UTR of IGFBP3 and inhibit its expression by suppressing mRNA translation initiation. Together, this study identifies cytoplasmic PURα as a modulator of IGFBP3, which could be a promising therapeutic target for ESCC treatment.
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17
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Mroczek M, Zafeiriou D, Gurgel-Gianetti J, Vilela Morais de Azevedo B, Roos A, Bartels E, Kohlschmidt N, Phadke R, Feng L, Duff J, Töpf A, Straub V. Three Individuals with PURA Syndrome in a Cohort of Patients with Neuromuscular Disease. Neuropediatrics 2021; 52:390-393. [PMID: 33352606 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1715625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pur-α protein (PURA) syndrome manifests in early childhood with core features such as neurodevelopmental and speech delay, feeding difficulties, epilepsy, and hypotonia at birth. We identified three cases with PURA syndrome in a cohort of patients with unexplained muscular weakness, presenting with a predominantly neuromuscular and ataxic phenotype. We further characterize the clinical presentation of PURA syndrome including myopathic facies and muscular weakness as the main clinical symptoms in combination with elevated serum creatine kinase levels. Furthermore, we report two novel variants located in the conservative domains PUR-I and PUR-II. For the first time, we present the muscle biopsies of PURA syndrome patients, showing myopathic changes, fiber size variability, and fast fiber atrophy as the key features. PURA syndrome should be taken into consideration as a differential diagnosis in pediatric patients with unexplained muscle weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Mroczek
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitrios Zafeiriou
- Department of Paediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, "Hippokratio" General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Juliana Gurgel-Gianetti
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Andreas Roos
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Faculty of Medicine, Essen, Germany
| | - Enrika Bartels
- Institute of Clinical Genetics and Tumor Genetics, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Rahul Phadke
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Feng
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Duff
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Töpf
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Volker Straub
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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18
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Protein Kinase C Activation Drives a Differentiation Program in an Oligodendroglial Precursor Model through the Modulation of Specific Biological Networks. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105245. [PMID: 34063504 PMCID: PMC8156399 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) activation induces cellular reprogramming and differentiation in various cell models. Although many effectors of PKC physiological actions have been elucidated, the molecular mechanisms regulating oligodendrocyte differentiation after PKC activation are still unclear. Here, we applied a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) approach to provide a comprehensive analysis of the proteome expression changes in the MO3.13 oligodendroglial cell line after PKC activation. Our findings suggest that multiple networks that communicate and coordinate with each other may finally determine the fate of MO3.13 cells, thus identifying a modular and functional biological structure. In this work, we provide a detailed description of these networks and their participating components and interactions. Such assembly allows perturbing each module, thus describing its physiological significance in the differentiation program. We applied this approach by targeting the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) in PKC-activated cells. Overall, our findings provide a resource for elucidating the PKC-mediated network modules that contribute to a more robust knowledge of the molecular dynamics leading to this cell fate transition.
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19
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Parodi C, Di Fede E, Peron A, Viganò I, Grazioli P, Castiglioni S, Finnell RH, Gervasini C, Vignoli A, Massa V. Chromatin Imbalance as the Vertex Between Fetal Valproate Syndrome and Chromatinopathies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:654467. [PMID: 33959609 PMCID: PMC8093873 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to valproate (VPA), an antiepileptic drug, has been associated with fetal valproate spectrum disorders (FVSD), a clinical condition including congenital malformations, developmental delay, intellectual disability as well as autism spectrum disorder, together with a distinctive facial appearance. VPA is a known inhibitor of histone deacetylase which regulates the chromatin state. Interestingly, perturbations of this epigenetic balance are associated with chromatinopathies, a heterogeneous group of Mendelian disorders arising from mutations in components of the epigenetic machinery. Patients affected from these disorders display a plethora of clinical signs, mainly neurological deficits and intellectual disability, together with distinctive craniofacial dysmorphisms. Remarkably, critically examining the phenotype of FVSD and chromatinopathies, they shared several overlapping features that can be observed despite the different etiologies of these disorders, suggesting the possible existence of a common perturbed mechanism(s) during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Parodi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Di Fede
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Peron
- Human Pathology and Medical Genetics, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Child Neuropsychiatry Unit-Epilepsy Center, Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Ilaria Viganò
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Grazioli
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Castiglioni
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Molecular and Human Genetics and Medicine, Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Cristina Gervasini
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,"Aldo Ravelli" Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Aglaia Vignoli
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Massa
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,"Aldo Ravelli" Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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20
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Kimsa-Dudek M, Synowiec-Wojtarowicz A, Krawczyk A, Kruszniewska-Rajs C, Gola J. A static magnetic field changes the expression profile of the transforming growth factor β family genes in human cells that have been treated with fluoride ions. Cytokine 2021; 143:155537. [PMID: 33867212 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the molecular pathways that can be modified in cells that are under the influence of fluoride exposure is the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathway. It has also been shown that the effect of static magnetic field on the cellular processes is linked to the activation of many important signal cascades. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether the SMF changes the expression profile of TGFβ family genes in NaF-treated human cells. The expression of the genes linked with TGFβ were analyzed using the oligonucleotide microarrays technique and the expression of the TGFβ isoforms was determined using the RT-qPCR and ELISA techniques. Our research showed that SMF modified the activity of the TGFβ-related genes and that their levels are altered by fluoride. This offers hope for planning future therapeutic strategies for the diseases that are associated with changes in the TGFβ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kimsa-Dudek
- Department of Nutrigenomics and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jednosci 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Synowiec-Wojtarowicz
- Department of Nutrigenomics and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jednosci 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Agata Krawczyk
- Department of Nutrigenomics and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jednosci 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Celina Kruszniewska-Rajs
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jednosci 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Joanna Gola
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jednosci 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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21
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Spangenberg L, Guecaimburú R, Tapié A, Vivas S, Rodríguez S, Graña M, Naya H, Raggio V. Novel frameshift mutation in PURA gene causes severe encephalopathy of unclear cause. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1622. [PMID: 33750045 PMCID: PMC8172205 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology of many genetic diseases is challenging. This is especially true for developmental disorders of the central nervous system, since several genes can be involved. Many of such pathologies are considered rare diseases, since they affect less than 1 in 2000 people. Due to their low frequency, they present several difficulties for patients, from the delay in the diagnosis to the lack of treatments. Next‐generation sequencing techniques have improved the search for diagnosis in several pathologies. Many studies have shown that the use of whole‐exome/genome sequencing in rare Mendelian diseases has a diagnostic yield between 30% and 50% depending on the disease. Methods Here, we present the case of an undiagnosed 6‐year‐old boy with severe encephalopathy of unclear cause, whose etiological diagnosis was achieved by whole‐genome sequencing. Results We found a novel variant that has not been previously reported in patients nor it has been described in GnomAD. Segregation analysis supports a de novo mutation, since it is not present in healthy parents. The change is predicted to be harmful to protein function, since it falls in the first quarter of the protein producing an altered reading frame and generating a premature stop codon. Additionally, the variant is classified as pathogenic according to ACMG criteria (PVS1, PM2, and PP3). Furthermore, there are several reported frameshift mutations in nearby codons as well as nonsense mutations that are predicted as pathogenic in other studies. Conclusion We found a novel de novo frameshift mutation in the PURA gene (MIM number 600473), c.151_161del, with sufficient evidence of its pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Spangenberg
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Informática y Ciencias de la computación, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Alejandra Tapié
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Susana Vivas
- Equipo de Enfermedades Raras, CRENADECER, BPS, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Soledad Rodríguez
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martín Graña
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Hugo Naya
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Producción Animal y Pasturas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Víctor Raggio
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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22
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Molitor L, Bacher S, Burczyk S, Niessing D. The Molecular Function of PURA and Its Implications in Neurological Diseases. Front Genet 2021; 12:638217. [PMID: 33777106 PMCID: PMC7990775 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.638217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, genome-wide analyses of patients have resulted in the identification of a number of neurodevelopmental disorders. Several of them are caused by mutations in genes that encode for RNA-binding proteins. One of these genes is PURA, for which in 2014 mutations have been shown to cause the neurodevelopmental disorder PURA syndrome. Besides intellectual disability (ID), patients develop a variety of symptoms, including hypotonia, metabolic abnormalities as well as epileptic seizures. This review aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of research of the last 30 years on PURA and its recently discovered involvement in neuropathological abnormalities. Being a DNA- and RNA-binding protein, PURA has been implicated in transcriptional control as well as in cytoplasmic RNA localization. Molecular interactions are described and rated according to their validation state as physiological targets. This information will be put into perspective with available structural and biophysical insights on PURA’s molecular functions. Two different knock-out mouse models have been reported with partially contradicting observations. They are compared and put into context with cell biological observations and patient-derived information. In addition to PURA syndrome, the PURA protein has been found in pathological, RNA-containing foci of patients with the RNA-repeat expansion diseases such as fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/fronto-temporal dementia (FTD) spectrum disorder. We discuss the potential role of PURA in these neurodegenerative disorders and existing evidence that PURA might act as a neuroprotective factor. In summary, this review aims at informing researchers as well as clinicians on our current knowledge of PURA’s molecular and cellular functions as well as its implications in very different neuronal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Molitor
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Bacher
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Burczyk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dierk Niessing
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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23
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Liu Y, Liu R, Xu T, Zhou YX, Zhang SC. Neonatal PURA syndrome: a case report and literature review. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:194-203. [PMID: 33633953 PMCID: PMC7882292 DOI: 10.21037/tp-20-248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The study's purpose is to investigate the clinical characteristics and research progress of PURA syndrome. It will also provide new ideas and methods for the diagnosis of neonatal hypotonia etiology. A case of PURA syndrome admitted to Shenzhen Hospital of Peking University was analyzed retrospectively. The keywords "PURA", "PURα", "PURA syndrome", and "5q31" were used to search the Chinese periodical full-text database and Wanfang database. The keywords "PURA", "PURα", "Pur-alpha", "PURA syndrome", and "5q31" were used to search the biomedical literature database (PubMed). The Web of Science database and Proquest database were used to find works of literature from the establishment of the database to November 10, 2019. By analyzing the 72 cases of PURA syndrome reported in ten Chinese and international studies, it was found that 57% (21/37) of the patients had a gestational age greater than 41 weeks. Neonatal patients exhibited hypotonia (82%, 59/72), feeding difficulties (97%, 64/66), apnea or primary hypoventilation (57%, 41/72), intrauterine excessive hiccupping (55%, 6/11), and drowsiness (51%, 24/47). After the neonatal period, the pediatric patients demonstrated moderate to severe mental retardation (100%), epilepsy (54%, 29/54), progressive hip dysplasia (17%, 7/42), scoliosis (48%, 11/23), dysphagia and salivation (69%, 25/36), and constipation (60%, 21/35). The clinical manifestations of the present case were consistent with those in the literature reports. It was the first confirmed case at Shenzhen Hospital in the neonatal period and had a de novo mutation. It was difficult to diagnose PURA syndrome in the neonatal period, which might affect multiple systems. In newborns with obvious hypotonia, the evaluation should be expanded to consider other symptoms. Additionally, targeted gene detection should be completed to achieve early diagnosis and intervention, improve the prognosis, and perform genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tong Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Xin Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuang-Chuan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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24
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Kuo CJ, Lee KH, Huang CC, Wang IF, Hsieh CCJ, Lin HC, Lee YC. Purα regulates the induction of Znf179 transcription during neuronal differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:1477-1483. [PMID: 33333713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Development of the mammalian central nervous system is an important process, which is accomplished through precise regulations of many different genes. Zinc finger protein 179 (Znf179) is one of the essential genes that plays a critical role in neuronal differentiation. In our previous study, Znf179 knockout mice displayed brain malformation and impaired brain functions. We have also previously shown that Znf179 involves in cell cycle regulation, but the regulatory mechanism of Znf179 expression is not yet fully characterized. Herein, we identified that Purα is an essential factor for the promotor activity of Znf179. We also showed concurrent expression of Znf179 and Purα during neuronal differentiation. We also found that overexpression of Purα increased Znf179 expression in neuronal differentiated P19 cells. Through its direct binding to Znf179, as shown using DAPA, Purα upregulates Znf179 expression, suggesting that Purα is important for the regulation of Znf179 expression during neuronal differentiation. Our data indicated that Purα is involved in the transcriptional regulation of Znf179 gene during neuronal differentiation, and is indispensable during the brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Jen Kuo
- Health Management Center, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Haur Lee
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chen Huang
- PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Christine Chin-Jung Hsieh
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chuan Lin
- PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chao Lee
- PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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25
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Vishnupriya R, Thomas L, Wahba L, Fire A, Subramaniam K. PLP-1 is essential for germ cell development and germline gene silencing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Development 2020; 147:dev.195578. [PMID: 33051256 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The germline genome is guarded against invading foreign genetic elements by small RNA-dependent gene-silencing pathways. Components of these pathways localize to, or form distinct aggregates in the vicinity of, germ granules. These components and their dynamics in and out of granules are currently being intensively studied. Here, we report the identification of PLP-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans protein related to the human single-stranded nucleic acid-binding protein Pur-alpha, as a component of germ granules in C. elegans We show that PLP-1 is essential for silencing different types of transgenes in the germ line and for suppressing the expression of several endogenous genes controlled by the germline gene-silencing pathways. Our results reveal that PLP-1 functions downstream of small RNA biogenesis during initiation of gene silencing. Based on these results and the earlier findings that Pur-alpha proteins interact with both RNA and protein, we propose that PLP-1 couples certain RNAs with their protein partners in the silencing complex. PLP-1 orthologs localized on RNA granules may similarly contribute to germline gene silencing in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaram Vishnupriya
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Linitha Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Lamia Wahba
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew Fire
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kuppuswamy Subramaniam
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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26
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Gao J, Tian L, Sun Y, Li W, Zhao L, Sun Y, Jing Z, Zhou L, Liu F, Zhao X. PURα mediates epithelial-mesenchymal transition to promote esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression by regulating Snail2. Cancer Lett 2020; 498:98-110. [PMID: 33144099 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common lethal cancers in the world. Dysregulation of purine-rich element binding protein alpha (PURα), which contributes to the initiation of PURΑ syndrome, is reportedly involved in the progression of multiple cancers, but its function and underlying mechanisms in ESCC progression remain unclear. Here, we first demonstrated that PURα promoted cell growth, migration and invasion in ESCC both in vitro and in vivo. An immunohistochemistry assay was then performed on 225 ESCC tissues, showing that high PURα expression was positively associated with lymph node metastasis and the AJCC stage, and the ESCC patients with positive PURα expression had worse survival. In addition, RNA sequencing implied that PURα induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in ESCC, which was further confirmed by qPCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses. Mechanistically, PURα enhanced the transcription of Snail2 by binding to its promoter region. Knockdown of Snail2 reversed PURα-induced EMT and inhibited the migration and invasion of ESCC cells. In conclusion, this study indicated that PURα promotes Snail2 transcriptional activity to induce EMT during ESCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lusong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zongpan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lanping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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27
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Sun Y, Gao J, Jing Z, Zhao Y, Sun Y, Zhao X. PURα Promotes the Transcriptional Activation of PCK2 in Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111301. [PMID: 33142842 PMCID: PMC7692967 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most lethal gastrointestinal malignancies due to its characteristics of local invasion and distant metastasis. Purine element binding protein α (PURα) is a DNA and RNA binding protein, and recent studies have showed that abnormal expression of PURα is associated with the progression of some tumors, but its oncogenic function, especially in ESCC progression, has not been determined. Based on the bioinformatic analysis of RNA-seq and ChIP-seq data, we found that PURα affected metabolic pathways, including oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid metabolism, and we observed that it has binding peaks in the promoter of mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK2). Meanwhile, PURα significantly increased the activity of the PCK2 gene promoter by binding to the GGGAGGCGGA motif, as determined though luciferase assay and ChIP-PCR/qPCR. The results of Western blotting and qRT-PCR analysis showed that PURα overexpression enhances the protein and mRNA levels of PCK2 in KYSE510 cells, whereas PURα knockdown inhibits the protein and mRNA levels of PCK2 in KYSE170 cells. In addition, measurements of the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) indicated that PURα promoted the metabolism of ESCC cells. Taken together, our results help to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which PURα activates the transcription and expression of PCK2, which contributes to the development of a new therapeutic target for ESCC.
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28
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Neurobiology of environmental enrichment in pigs: hanges in monoaminergic neurotransmitters in several brain areas and in the hippocampal proteome. J Proteomics 2020; 229:103943. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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29
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Fazekas I, Neuhann T, Schweigerer L. PURA(Purine-rich-element-binding-protein-A)-Syndrom als seltene Ursache einer Entwicklungsstörung. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-020-01001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Pandey PR, Yang JH, Tsitsipatis D, Panda AC, Noh JH, Kim KM, Munk R, Nicholson T, Hanniford D, Argibay D, Yang X, Martindale JL, Chang MW, Jones SW, Hernando E, Sen P, De S, Abdelmohsen K, Gorospe M. circSamd4 represses myogenic transcriptional activity of PUR proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:3789-3805. [PMID: 31980816 PMCID: PMC7144931 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
By interacting with proteins and nucleic acids, the vast family of mammalian circRNAs is proposed to influence many biological processes. Here, RNA sequencing analysis of circRNAs differentially expressed during myogenesis revealed that circSamd4 expression increased robustly in mouse C2C12 myoblasts differentiating into myotubes. Moreover, silencing circSamd4, which is conserved between human and mouse, delayed myogenesis and lowered the expression of myogenic markers in cultured myoblasts from both species. Affinity pulldown followed by mass spectrometry revealed that circSamd4 associated with PURA and PURB, two repressors of myogenesis that inhibit transcription of the myosin heavy chain (MHC) protein family. Supporting the hypothesis that circSamd4 might complex with PUR proteins and thereby prevent their interaction with DNA, silencing circSamd4 enhanced the association of PUR proteins with the Mhc promoter, while overexpressing circSamd4 interfered with the binding of PUR proteins to the Mhc promoter. These effects were abrogated when using a mutant circSamd4 lacking the PUR binding site. Our results indicate that the association of PUR proteins with circSamd4 enhances myogenesis by contributing to the derepression of MHC transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam R Pandey
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jen-Hao Yang
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Dimitrios Tsitsipatis
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Amaresh C Panda
- Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ji Heon Noh
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Mi Kim
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Rachel Munk
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Thomas Nicholson
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Douglas Hanniford
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diana Argibay
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoling Yang
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jennifer L Martindale
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ming-Wen Chang
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Simon W Jones
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eva Hernando
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Payel Sen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Supriyo De
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kotb Abdelmohsen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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31
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Wortman MJ, Dagdanova AV, Clark AM, Godfrey EW, Pascal SM, Johnson EM, Daniel DC. A synthetic Pur-based peptide binds and alters G-quadruplex secondary structure present in the expanded RNA repeat of C9orf72 ALS/FTD. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118674. [PMID: 32035967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Increased Pur-alpha (Pura) protein levels in animal models alleviate certain cellular symptoms of the disease spectrum amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia (ALS/FTD). Pura is a member of the Pur family of evolutionarily conserved guanine-rich polynucleotide binding proteins containing a repeated signature PUR domain of 60-80 amino acids. Here we have employed a synthetic peptide, TZIP, similar to a Pur domain, but with sequence alterations based on a consensus of evolutionarily conserved Pur family binding domains and having an added transporter sequence. A major familial form of ALS/FTD, C9orf72 (C9), is due to a hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE) of (GGGGCC), a Pur binding element. We show by circular dichroism that RNA oligonucleotides containing this purine-rich sequence consist largely of parallel G-quadruplexes. TZIP peptide binds this repeat sequence in both DNA and RNA. It binds the RNA element, including the G-quadruplexes, with a high degree of specificity versus a random oligonucleotide. In addition, TZIP binds both linear and G-quadruplex repeat RNA to form higher order G-quadruplex secondary structures. This change in conformational form by Pur-based peptide represents a new mechanism for regulating G quadruplex secondary structure within the C9 repeat. TZIP modulation of C9 RNA structural configuration may alter interaction of the complex with other proteins. This Pur-based mechanism provides new targets for therapy, and it may help to explain Pura alleviation of certain cellular pathological aspects of ALS/FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret J Wortman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Ayuna V Dagdanova
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Andrea M Clark
- Old Dominion University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Earl W Godfrey
- School of Health Professions, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Steven M Pascal
- Old Dominion University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Edward M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Dianne C Daniel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA.
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Jutras BL, Savage CR, Arnold WK, Lethbridge KG, Carroll DW, Tilly K, Bestor A, Zhu H, Seshu J, Zückert WR, Stewart PE, Rosa PA, Brissette CA, Stevenson B. The Lyme disease spirochete's BpuR DNA/RNA-binding protein is differentially expressed during the mammal-tick infectious cycle, which affects translation of the SodA superoxide dismutase. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:973-991. [PMID: 31240776 PMCID: PMC6736767 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
When the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, transfers from a feeding tick into a human or other vertebrate host, the bacterium produces vertebrate‐specific proteins and represses factors needed for arthropod colonization. Previous studies determined that the B. burgdorferi BpuR protein binds to its own mRNA and autoregulates its translation, and also serves as co‐repressor of erp transcription. Here, we demonstrate that B. burgdorferi controls transcription of bpuR, expressing high levels of bpuR during tick colonization but significantly less during mammalian infection. The master regulator of chromosomal replication, DnaA, was found to bind specifically to a DNA sequence that overlaps the bpuR promoter. Cultured B. burgdorferi that were genetically manipulated to produce elevated levels of BpuR exhibited altered levels of several proteins, although BpuR did not impact mRNA levels. Among these was the SodA superoxide dismutase, which is essential for mammalian infection. BpuR bound to sodA mRNA in live B. burgdorferi, and a specific BpuR‐binding site was mapped 5′ of the sodA open reading frame. Recognition of posttranscriptional regulation of protein levels by BpuR adds another layer to our understanding of the B. burgdorferi regulome, and provides further evidence that bacterial protein levels do not always correlate directly with mRNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Jutras
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Christina R Savage
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - William K Arnold
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kathryn G Lethbridge
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Dustin W Carroll
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kit Tilly
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Aaron Bestor
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Haining Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Janakiram Seshu
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Wolfram R Zückert
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Philip E Stewart
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Patricia A Rosa
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Catherine A Brissette
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Brian Stevenson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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33
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Huo N, Yu M, Li X, Zhou C, Jin X, Gao X. PURB is a positive regulator of amino acid‐induced milk synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:6992-7003. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Huo
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Mengmeng Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Xueying Li
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Chenjian Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Xin Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
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