Long non-coding RNA SNHG1 functions as a competitive endogenous RNA to regulate PDCD4 expression by sponging miR-195-5p in hepatocellular carcinoma

SNHG1: Redefining the Landscape of Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Long Noncoding RNAs

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a global health concern, ranking as the sixth most common malignancy worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Despite advances in research, the diagnosis and prognosis of such malignancy remain challenging. Alpha-fetoprotein, the current serum biomarker used in the management of HCC, has limited sensitivity and specificity, making early detection and effective management more difficult. Thus, new management approaches in diagnosis and prognosis are needed to improve the outcome and survival of HCC patients. SNHG1 is a long noncoding RNA mainly expressed in the cell and cytoplasm of cells and is consistently upregulated in tissues and cell lines of HCC, where it acts as an important regulator of various processes: modulation of p53 activity, sponging of microRNAs with consequent upregulation of their target mRNAs, regulation of fatty acid, iron and glucose metabolism, and interaction with immune cells. The deregulation of these processes results in abnormal cell division, angiogenesis, and apoptosis, thus promoting various aspects of tumorigenesis, including proliferation, invasion, and migration of cells. Clinically, a higher expression of SNHG1 predicts poorer clinical outcomes by significantly correlating with bigger, less differentiated, and more aggressive tumors, more advanced disease stages, and lower overall survival in HCC patients. This article comprehensively summarizes the current understanding of the multifaceted roles of SNHG1 in the pathogenesis of HCC, while also highlighting its clinicopathological correlations, therefore concluding that it has potential as a biomarker in HCC diagnosis and prognosis.

Functional role of lncRNAs in gastrointestinal malignancies: the peculiar case of small nucleolar RNA host gene family

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in normal physiology and are often de-regulated in disease states such as cancer. Recently, a class of lncRNAs referred to as the small nucleolar RNA host gene (SNHG) family have emerged as important players in tumourigenesis. Here, we discuss new findings describing the role of SNHGs in gastrointestinal tumours and summarize the three main functions by which these lncRNAs promote carcinogenesis, namely: competing with endogenous RNAs, modulating protein function, and regulating epigenetic marking. Furthermore, we discuss how SNHGs participate in different hallmarks of cancer, and how this class of lncRNAs may serve as potential biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and therapy.

The mechanism of lncRNA SNHG1 in osteogenic differentiation via miR-497-5p/ HIF1AN axis

The pivotal role of lncRNAs in osteoporosis progression and development necessitates a comprehensive exploration of the functional and precise molecular mechanisms underlying lncRNA SNHG1's regulation of osteoblast differentiation and calcification. The study involved inducing BMSCs cells to differentiate into osteoblasts, followed by transfections of miR-497-5p inhibitors, pcDNA3.1-SNHG1, sh-HIF1AN, miR-497-5p mimics, and respective negative controls into BMSCs. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was employed to assess the expression of SNHG1 and miR-497-5p. Western Blotting was conducted to measure the levels of short stature-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OCN), and HIF1AN. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was determined using appropriate assay kits. Calcium nodule staining was performed through Alizarin red staining. Dual luciferase reporter gene assays were executed to validate the interaction between SNHG1 and miR-497-5p, as well as HIF1AN. Throughout osteogenic differentiation, there was a down-regulation of SNHG1 and HIF1AN, in contrast to an elevation in miR-497-5p levels. Direct interactions between miR-497-5p and both SNHG1 and HIF1AN were observed. Notably, SNHG1 exhibited the ability to modulate HIF1AN by influencing miR-497-5p, thereby inhibiting osteogenic differentiation. Functioning as a competitive endogenous RNA, lncRNA SNHG1 exerts an inhibitory influence on osteogenic differentiation via the miR-497-5p/HIF1AN axis. This highlights the potential for lncRNA SNHG1 to emerge as a promising therapeutic target for osteoporosis. The study's findings pave the way for a novel target strategy in the future treatment of osteoporosis.

LncRNA SNHG1: role in tumorigenesis of multiple human cancers

Small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1) is an important member of the SNHG family. This family is composed of a group of host genes that can be processed into small nucleolar RNAs and play important biological functions. In an oncogenic role, the SNHG1 expression is increased in various cancers, which has immense application prospects in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of malignant tumors. In this review, we have summarized the role and molecular mechanism of SNHG1 in the development of various cancers. In addition, we have emphasized the clinical significance of SNHG1 in cancers in our article. This molecule is expected to be a new marker for potential usage in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancer.

An epigenetic modulator with promising therapeutic impacts against gastrointestinal cancers: A mechanistic review on microRNA-195

Due to their high prevalence, gastrointestinal cancers are one of the key causes of cancer-related death globally. The development of drug-resistant cancer cell populations is a major factor in the high mortality rate, and it affects about half of all cancer patients. Because of advances in our understanding of cancer molecular biology, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as critical factors in the initiation and development of gastrointestinal cancers. Gene expression can be controlled in several ways by ncRNAs, including through epigenetic changes, interactions between microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and proteins, and the function of lncRNAs as miRNA precursors or pseudogenes. As lncRNAs may be detected in the blood, circulating ncRNAs have emerged as a promising new class of non-invasive cancer biomarkers for use in the detection, staging, and prognosis of gastrointestinal cancers, as well as in the prediction of therapy efficacy. In this review, we assessed the role lncRNAs play in the progression, and maintenance of colorectal cancer, and how they might be used as therapeutic targets in the future.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in hepatocellular carcinoma progression: Biological functions and new therapeutic targets

Liver is an important organ in body that performs vital functions such as detoxification. Liver is susceptible to development of cancers, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among them. 75-85% of liver cancer cases are related to HCC. Therefore, much attention has been directed towards understanding factors mediating HCC progression. LncRNAs are epigenetic factors with more than 200 nucleotides in length located in both nucleus and cytoplasm and they are promising candidates in cancer therapy. Directing studies towards understanding function of lncRNAs in HCC is of importance. LncRNAs regulate cell cycle progression and growth of HCC cells, and they can also induce/inhibit apoptosis in tumor cells. LncRNAs affect invasion and metastasis in HCC mainly by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) mechanism. Revealing the association between lncRNAs and downstream signaling pathways in HCC is discussed in the current manuscript. Infectious diseases can affect lncRNA expression in mediating HCC development and then, altered expression level of lncRNA is associated with drug resistance and radio-resistance. Biomarker application of lncRNAs and their role in prognosis and diagnosis of HCC are also discussed to pave the way for treatment of HCC patients.

Identification and validation of a fatty acid metabolism-related lncRNA signature as a predictor for prognosis and immunotherapy in patients with liver cancer

Background

Fatty acid (FA) metabolism is considered the emerging cause of tumor development and metastasis, driving poor prognosis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are closely related to cancer progression and play important roles in FA metabolism. Thus, the discovery of FA metabolism-related lncRNA signatures to predict outcome and immunotherapy response is critical in improving the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods

FA metabolism scores and a FA metabolism-related lncRNA signature were constructed using a single-sample gene set enrichment analysis based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. “ConsensusClusterPlus” was used to screen molecular subtypes. Chi-squared test and Fisher’s exact test were applied to explore the relationship between clinical, genomic mutation characteristics and subtypes. Transcription factor (TF) activity scores, cellular distributions, immune cell infiltration, and immunotherapy response were employed to investigate the functions of FA metabolism-related lncRNA signatures. FA metabolism microarray and western blot were performed to detect the biological function of candidate lncRNAs.

Results

A total of 70 lncRNAs that highly correlated with FA metabolism scores in two cohorts were used to construct two distinct clusters. Patients in cluster 2 had lower FA metabolism scores and worse survival than those in cluster 1. Patients in cluster 2 exhibited a high frequency of DNA damage, gene mutations, oncogenic signaling such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and a high degree of immune cell infiltration. Moreover, the lncRNA signature could predict the effects of immunotherapy in patients with HCC. Furthermore, three lncRNAs (SNHG1, LINC00261, and SNHG7) were identified that were highly correlated with FA metabolism. Additionally, SNHG1 and SNHG7 were found to regulate various FA metabolism-related genes and ferroptosis-related genes in vitro experiments. GSEA analysis revealed that SNHG1 and SNHG7 promote fatty acid beta-oxidation. SNHG1 and SNHG7 silencing dramatically reduced lipid droplets in HCC cells. Many immune-infiltration genes and TFs were overexpressed in HCC tissues with SNHG1 and SNHG7 high expression.

Conclusions

A novel molecular model of FA metabolism-related lncRNAs was developed, which has significantly prognostic potential in HCC diagnosis and aids in clinical decision making.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-10122-4.

LncRNA SNHG1 activates glycolysis to promote hepatocellular cancer progression through miR-326/PKM2 axis

AIMS

Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is a lethal malignancy with extremely poor prognosis. Here, we attempted to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of SNHG1 in HCC progression.

METHODS

Combined with bioinformatics and experimental validation, we explored the clinical significance of SNHG1 in HCC. CCK8, cell colony formation assay, and subcutaneous tumorigenesis experiments of nude mice were conducted to evaluate the pro-proliferative capacity of SNHG1. Glucose consumption and lactate production were measured to explore the regulatory role of SNHG1 in glycolysis. Nuclear-cytoplasmic separation, qRT-PCR and Western blot assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were performed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of SNHG1 in HCC.

RESULTS

SNHG1 expression was dramatically increased in HCC and positively correlated with poor prognosis. It was E2F1 that bound to SNHG1 promoter region to activate SNHG1 transcription. Furthermore, SNHG1 served as a molecular sponge for miR-326 to sequester the interaction of miR-326 and PKM2, facilitating the expression of PKM2. Activating PKM2 expression was evidenced to be one of mechanisms of SNHG1 to promote glycolysis and proliferation of HCC cells.

CONCLUSION

E2F1-activated SNHG1 modulates miR-326/PKM2 axis to facilitate glycolysis and proliferation of HCC cells. Targeting SNHG1 could be a promising therapeutic option for HCC.

SNHG1-miR-186-5p-YY1 feedback loop alleviates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury

As a common cause of liver injury, hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (HIRI) happens in various clinical conditions including trauma, hepatectomy and liver transplantation. Since transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) was reported to be downregulated after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, we focused on YY1 to explore its function in HIRI by functional assays like Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays and flow cytometry assays. The RT-qPCR assay revealed that YY1 was downregulated in hepatocytes after I/R injury. The function assays disclosed that YY1 facilitated cell viability and proliferation, but hindered cell apoptosis in hepatocytes after I/R injury. Through mechanism assays including luciferase reporter assay, RIP and RNA pulldown assay, miR-186-5p was found to bind with YY1 and promote hepatocyte apoptosis by targeting YY1. Subsequently, we verified that small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1) could sponge miR-186-5p to upregulate YY1. Importantly, we figured out that YY1 had a positive regulation on SNHG1. Along the way, YY1 was identified as the upstream transcription factor for SNHG1. In conclusion, our study unveiled a novel competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) pattern of SNHG1/miR-186-5p/YY1 positive feedback loop in hepatic I/R injury, which might provide new insight into prevention of HIRI during liver transplantation or hepatic surgery.

Roles and mechanisms of miR-195-5p in human solid cancers

Cancer persists as a worldwide disease that contributes to high morbidity and mortality rates. As a class of non-coding RNA, microRNAs (miRNAs) are one kind of important regulators in cancer and frequently implicated in tumor development and progression. Emerging experiments have suggested that miRNA-195-5p (miR-195-5p) can regulate neoplastic processes in many pathways. For instance, miR-195-5p can not only regulate proliferation, migration and invasion of tumor cells but also promote tumor cell apoptosis. Furthermore, low expression of miR-195-5p could induce drug resistance. Our review focuses on the expression of miR-195-5p in various tumors and elucidates the related mechanisms of which miR-195-5p participates in tumor biology, as well as summarizes the roles of miR-195-5p in tumor progression. We believe that miR-195-5p might have potential utility as a novel diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for cancer.

miR‑4730 suppresses the progression of liver cancer by targeting the high mobility group A1 pathway

As liver cancer (LC) is the sixth most commonly diagnosed malignancy, it is necessary to elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for LC progression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) play crucial roles in tumor progression by regulating target gene expression. The present study assessed miRNA-4730 expression and function in LC. The effects of miR-4730 overexpression were examined in LC cell lines, and the target genes of miR-4730 were evaluated using microarray analysis and TargetScan data. In addition, the association between miR-4730 expression in tissue samples and the prognosis of 70 patients with LC was evaluated. miR-4730 expression was suppressed in LC tissues and cell lines. miR-4730 overexpression suppressed cell proliferation and cell cycle progression and promoted apoptosis. High mobility group A1 (HMGA1) was revealed as the direct target of miR-4730 using luciferase reporter assay, and the inhibition of downstream integrin-linked kinase (ILK) expression and Akt or glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) phosphorylation was confirmed. The lower expression of miR-4730 in tissue samples was significantly associated with a worse recurrence-free survival of patients with LC. On the whole, miR-4730 suppressed tumor progression by directly targeting HMGA1 and inhibiting the ILK/Akt/GSK3β pathway. miR-4730 thus has potential for use as a prognostic marker and may prove to be a therapeutic target for miRNA-based therapies.

Long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host genes: functions and mechanisms in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of the digestive system, with a high degree of malignancy. Although treatment methods are constantly improving, the mortality of patients is still very high, and the small nucleolar RNA host gene (SNHG) plays an important role in the occurrence and development of cancer. It can activate downstream signaling molecules by acting on microRNA and microRNA target genes, promote the proliferation, invasion, and migration of HCC cells, and provide a new molecular target for the treatment of HCC. At present, the molecular mechanisms of HCC remain unclear. In this study, the mechanism and signaling pathway of SNHG in HCC are reviewed, which provides a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of HCC.

Dexmedetomidine promotes apoptosis and suppresses proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via microRNA-130a/EGR1 axis

Accumulating evidence has revealed the role of microRNAs (miRs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Dexmedetomidine, a highly selective α₂-adrenergic agonist, is widely used in perioperative settings for analgesia and sedation. Herein, we aimed to determine whether dexmedetomidine might directly regulate miR-130a/early growth response 1 (EGR1) axis in HCC and explore the related mechanisms. miR-130a and EGR1 expression were determined in HCC tissues and their correlation was evaluated. Human HCC cell line HCCLM3 was selected. Upon the determination of the optimal concentration of dexmedetomidine, HCCLM3 cells were treated with dexmedetomidine, miR-130a- or EGR1-related oligonucleotides or plasmids were transfected into cells to explore their functions in cell biological behaviors. miR-130a and EGR1 levels in cells were tested. The targeting relationship between miR-130a and EGR1 was verified. miR-130a was inhibited while EGR1 was elevated in HCC tissues and they were negatively correlated. EGR1 was targeted by miR-130a. With the increase of dexmedetomidine concentration, HCCLM3 cell viability was correspondingly inhibited, miR-130a expression was elevated and EGR1 expression was decreased. Dexmedetomidine, upregulating miR-130a or downregulating EGR1 inhibited proliferation, invasion and migration, and promoted apoptosis of HCCLM3 cells. MiR-130a upregulation/downregulation enhanced/impaired the effect of dexmedetomidine on cell biological behaviors. Our study provides evidence that raising miR-130a enhances the inhibitory effects of dexmedetomidine on HCC cellular growth via inhibiting EGR1. Thus, miR-130a may be a potential candidate for the treatment of HCC.

Long non-coding RNA FOXP4-AS1 facilitates the biological functions of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via downregulating ZC3H12D by mediating H3K27me3 through recruitment of EZH2

BACKGROUND

Some studies have reported the effect of long non-coding RNA forkhead box P4 antisense RNA 1 (lncRNA FOXP4-AS1) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we aimed to discuss the effects of FOXP4-AS1/enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3)/zinc finger CCCH-type containing 12D (ZC3H12D) axis on HCC.

METHODS

The expression of FOXP4-AS1, EZH2, and ZC3H12D, and abundance of H3K27me3 in HCC tissues and cells were tested. The relationship between FOXP4-AS1 expression and prognosis of HCC patients was analyzed. The biological functions of HCC cells were detected via loss- and gain-of-function assays. The tumor weight and volume in vivo were tested. The interaction between FOXP4-AS1 and EZH2 as well as that between EZH2 and H3K27me3 was verified.

RESULTS

FOXP4-AS1 and EZH2 expression and H3K27me3 abundance were enhanced while ZC3H12D expression was depressed in HCC tissues and cells. Knockdown of FOXP4-AS1 suppressed biological functions of HCC cells as well as the weight and volume of HCC transplanted tumor. Depleting ZC3H12D reversed the effect of downregulated FOXP4-AS1 on HCC cells. FOXP4-AS1 suppressed ZC3H12D expression via mediating H3K27me3 by recruitment of EZH2.

CONCLUSION

The key findings of the present study demonstrate that FOXP4-AS1 suppresses ZC3H12D expression via mediating H3K27me3 by recruitment of EZH2, thus promoting the progression of HCC.

Long Noncoding RNA SNHG1 Regulates LMNB2 Expression by Sponging miR-326 and Promotes Cancer Growth in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of the study is to explore the potential competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network and investigate the molecular mechanism of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development.

METHODS

By analyzing the data of HCC in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we included differentially expressed lncRNA and microRNA (miRNA) profiles and constructed ceRNA networks related to the prognosis of HCC patients. qRT-PCR, Western blotting, 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), transwell assay, and the nude mouse model were employed to test the effects of SNHG1 and LMNB2 on tumor proliferation and growth in vitro and in vivo.

RESULTS

In the study, we identified 115 messenger RNAs (mRNAs), 12 lncRNAs, and 37 miRNAs by intersecting differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in TCGA and StarBase databases. Then, SNHG1-miR-326-LMNB2 pathway came into notice after further survival analysis and hub gene screening. Our results showed that SNHG1 expression was upregulated significantly in HCC tissues and cell lines. Downregulation of both LMNB2, the target of miR-326 in HCC, and SNHG1 inhibited tumor proliferation and growth in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, SNHG1 could regulate LMNB2 expression through binding to miR-326 in HCC cell lines.

CONCLUSION

SNHG1 is a promising prognostic factor in HCC, and the SNHG1-miR-326-LMNB2 axis may be a potential therapeutic target for HCC.

LncRNA DDX11-AS1 accelerates hepatocellular carcinoma progression via the miR-195-5p/MACC1 pathway

INTRODUCTION AND AIM

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) has been shown to be a vital regulator of cancer progression, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role of DEAD/H box protein 11 antisense RNA 1 (DDX11-AS1) in HCC remains to be further studied.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The expression levels of DDX11-AS1, miR-195-5p and metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1 (MACC1) were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), transwell and apoptosis determination assays were used to evaluate cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis, respectively. Mice xenograft models were constructed to verify the effect of DDX11-AS1 on HCC tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, lactate production, glucose consumption, ATP level and glucose uptake were detected to assess cell glucose metabolism. The interactions among DDX11-AS1, miR-195-5p and MACC1 were verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. Moreover, western blot (WB) analysis was performed to evaluate the protein levels.

RESULTS

DDX11-AS1 was upregulated in HCC tissues and cells, and its silencing could inhibit HCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and glucose metabolism, and promote apoptosis in vitro. Also, DDX11-AS1 knockdown reduced HCC tumor growth in vivo. Besides, DDX11-AS1 could interact with miR-195-5p, and miR-195-5p inhibitor reversed the inhibitory effect of silenced DDX11-AS1 on HCC cell progression. In addition, MACC1 was a target of miR-195-5p, and its overexpression reversed the suppression effect of miR-195-5p on HCC cell progression.

CONCLUSION

Our data revealed that DDX11-AS1 could act as an oncogenic regulator in HCC, providing a potential therapeutic target for HCC treatment.

RHO GTPase-Related Long Noncoding RNAs in Human Cancers

RHO GTPases are critical signal transducers that regulate cell adhesion, polarity, and migration through multiple signaling pathways. While all these cellular processes are crucial for the maintenance of normal cell homeostasis, disturbances in RHO GTPase-associated signaling pathways contribute to different human diseases, including many malignancies. Several members of the RHO GTPase family are frequently upregulated in human tumors. Abnormal gene regulation confirms the pivotal role of lncRNAs as critical gene regulators, and thus, they could potentially act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. lncRNAs most likely act as sponges for miRNAs, which are known to be dysregulated in various cancers. In this regard, the significant role of miRNAs targeting RHO GTPases supports the view that the aberrant expression of lncRNAs may reciprocally change the intensity of RHO GTPase-associated signaling pathways. In this review article, we summarize recent advances in lncRNA research, with a specific focus on their sponge effects on RHO GTPase-targeting miRNAs to crucially mediate gene expression in different cancer cell types and tissues. We will focus in particular on five members of the RHO GTPase family, including RHOA, RHOB, RHOC, RAC1, and CDC42, to illustrate the role of lncRNAs in cancer progression. A deeper understanding of the widespread dysregulation of lncRNAs is of fundamental importance for confirmation of their contribution to RHO GTPase-dependent carcinogenesis.

Long non-coding RNA MCM3AP antisense RNA 1 promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression through targeting microRNA-195-5p

Lung cancer (LC) ranks first among all causes of cancer-related death, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) taking up 85% of lung cancer cases. Although lncRNA MCM3AP antisense RNA 1 (MCM3AP-AS1) has been reported to be an oncogenic factor in NSCLC, its detailed mechanism in NSCLC is unknown. In this study, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to determine MCM3AP-AS1, microRNA (miR)-195-5p and E2F transcription factor 3 (E2F3) mRNA expressions in NSCLC tissues and cells. Western blot was utilized to determine the expression levels of E2F3, BCL2-associated X protein (Bax), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), E-cadherin and N-cadherin. CCK-8 and Transwell assays were conducted to examine cell proliferation, migration and invasion, respectively. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation experiments were used to determine the regulatory relationships between MCM3AP-AS1 and miR-195-5p, and miR-195-5p and E2F3. We demonstrated that MCM3AP-AS1 was overexpressed in NSCLC tissues and cells, and MCM3AP-AS1 overexpression accelerated the proliferation, migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. In addition, MCM3AP-AS1 overexpression markedly up-modulated Bcl-2 expression and repressed Bax expression; MCM3AP-AS1 overexpression also significantly up-regulated N-cadherin expression and suppressed E-cadherin expression in NSCLC cells. What is more, in NSCLC cells, miR-195-5p was a target of MCM3AP-AS1, and the latter worked as a molecular sponge for miR-195-5p to regulate E2F3 expression. Collectively, MCM3AP-AS1, serving as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to regulate miR-195-5p/E2F3 axis, promotes NSCLC progression, which is a promising therapeutic target for NSCLC.

Functional roles of non-coding RNAs regulated by thyroid hormones in liver cancer

Recent reports have shown the important role of the non-coding part of human genome RNA (ncRNA) in cancer formation and progression. Among several kinds of ncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNA) play a pivotal role in cancer biology. Accumulating researches have been focused on the importance of non-coding genes in various diseases. In addition to miRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have also been extensively documented. Recently, the study of human liver cancer has gradually shifted to these non-coding RNAs that were originally considered "junk". Notably, dysregulated ncRNAs maybe influence on cell proliferation, angiogenesis, anti-apoptosis, and metastasis. Thyroid hormones play critical roles in human development and abnormalities in thyroid hormone levels are associated with various diseases, such as liver cancer. Thyroid hormone receptors (TR) act as ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors to affect multiple functions through the gene-level regulation in the cells and several studies have revealed that thyroid hormone associated with ncRNAs expression. TR actions are complex and tissue- and time-specific, aberrant expression of the various TR isoforms have different effects and are associated with different types of tumor or stages of development. In this review, we discuss various aspects of the research on the thyroid hormones modulated ncRNAs to affect the functions of human liver cells.

The Impact of Long Non-Coding RNAs in the Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the utmost deadly human malignancies. This type of cancer has been associated with several environmental, viral, and lifestyle risk factors. Among the epigenetic factors which contribute in the pathogenesis of HCC is dysregulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). These transcripts modulate expression of several tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes and alter the activity of cancer-related signaling axes. Several lncRNAs such as NEAT1, MALAT1, ANRIL, and SNHG1 have been up-regulated in HCC samples. On the other hand, a number of so-called tumor suppressor lncRNAs namely CASS2 and MEG3 are down-regulated in HCC. The interaction between lncRNAs and miRNAs regulate expression of a number of mRNA coding genes which are involved in the pathogenesis of HCC. H19/miR-15b/CDC42, H19/miR-326/TWIST1, NEAT1/miR-485/STAT3, MALAT1/miR-124-3p/Slug, MALAT1/miR-195/EGFR, MALAT1/miR-22/SNAI1, and ANRIL/miR-144/PBX3 axes are among functional axes in the pathobiology of HCC. Some genetic polymorphisms within non-coding regions of the genome have been associated with risk of HCC in certain populations. In the current paper, we describe the recent finding about the impact of lncRNAs in HCC.

SNHG1 knockdown upregulates miR-376a and downregulates FOXK1/Snail axis to prevent tumor growth and metastasis in HCC

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs), and genes are emerging players in cancer progression. In the present study, we explored the roles and interactions of oncogenic lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1), miR-376, forkhead box protein K1 (FOXK1), and Snail in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Expression of SNHG1, miR-376, and FOXK1 in HCC was characterized in clinical HCC tissues of 75 patients with HCC. The interactions between SNHG1 and miR-376 and between miR-376 and FOXK1 were predicted and confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter gene and RNA immunoprecipitation assays. Overexpression and knockdown experiments were performed in HCC cells to examine the effects of the SNHG1/miR-376/FOXK1/Snail axis on viability, apoptosis, invasiveness, and migrating abilities. Their effects on tumor growth and metastasis were validated in nude mouse models. SNHG1 and FOXK1 were upregulated, and miR-376a was downregulated in HCC. SNHG1 knockdown contributed to suppression of HCC cell viability, invasion, and migration properties and promotion of apoptosis. SNHG1 could competitively bind to miR-376a to upregulate its target gene FOXK1, which upregulated Snail. SNHG1 knockdown delayed cancer progression both in vitro and in vivo by upregulating miR-376a and downregulating FOXK1 and Snail. SNHG1 knockdown exerts anti-tumor activity in HCC, suggesting a therapeutic target.

M1 Macrophage-Derived Exosomal MicroRNA-326 Suppresses Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Progression Via Mediating NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Accumulating evidence has shown that microRNA (miR) derived from M1 macrophage-derived exosomes can regulate the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the effect of miR-326 derived from M1 macrophage-derived exosomes on HCC has not been reported. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to explore the mechanism of exosomal miR-326 from M1 macrophages in regulating HCC cell progression. RT-qPCR detected miR-326 expression in HCC cell lines. miR-326 expression in HCC was altered by transfection, and the effect of miR-326 on CD206 and NF-κB expression, cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, apoptosis and invasion was detected. Subsequently, exosomes were isolated from M1 macrophages. RT-qPCR identified miR-326 expression in M1 macrophage-derived exosomes. miR-326 expression in M1 macrophage-derived exosomes was changed by transfection. M1 macrophage-derived exosomes were co-cultured with HCC cells to figure out their effects on the biological progress of HCC cells. Finally, in vivo experiments were performed to verify the in vitro results. MiR-326 was decreased in HCC cells and enriched in M1 macrophage-derived exosomes. Up-regulating miR-326 would inhibit HCC cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasion, and CD206 and NF-κB expression and promoted apoptosis, and inhibited the growth of HCC tumors in vivo, while down-regulating miR-326 showed opposite effects. M1 macrophage-derived exosomes inhibited HCC cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasion, and CD206 and NF-κB expression and enhanced apoptosis, while overexpression of miR-326 enhanced the effect of M1 macrophage-derived exosomes on HCC cells. It is revealed that M1 macrophages-derived exosomal miR-326 suppresses proliferation, migration and invasion as well as advances apoptosis of HCC through down-regulating NF-κB expression.

SP1 activated-lncRNA SNHG1 mediates the development of epilepsy via miR-154-5p/TLR5 axis

BACKGROUND

Epilepsy is a one of the most frequent serious neurological disorders characterized by enduring and unprovoked seizures. The treatments to epilepsy are very limited and many patients are even resistant to current medications due to the elusive pathogenesis. Here, we sought to investigate the functions of lncRNA SNHG1 and miR-154-5p in epilepsy.

METHODS

We employed both in vivo mouse model and in vitro cell model to study epilepsy. H&E staining and Nissl staining were used to examine the morphology of hippocampus and measure neuronal injury, respectively. TUNEL staining and flow cytometry were performed to determine cell apoptosis. Caspase-3 activity assay kit was used to assess caspase-3 activity. RT-qPCR and western blot were conducted to measure the levels of SNHG1, miR-154-5p, TLR5, and SP1, respectively. Dual luciferase reporter assay was employed to validate the binding relationship of SNHG1/miR-154-5p and miR-154-5p/TLR5. ChIP assay was performed to confirm the transcriptional regulation of SP1 on SNHG1.

RESULTS

Elevated SNHG1 and decreased miR-154-5p were observed in both in vivo mouse model and in vitro cell model of epilepsy. Knockdown of SNHG1 or transfection with miR-154-5p mimics significantly ameliorated Mg2+ free-induced neuronal injury in SH-SY5Y cells. SNHG1 acted as a sponge of miR-154-5p. Moreover, SNHG1 promoted neuronal injury via acting as a miR-154-5p sponge to disinhibit TLR5. Additionally, SP1 activated the transcriptional activity of SNHG1.

CONCLUSION

In summary, SP1 transcriptionally activated-SNHG1 contributes to the development of epilepsy via directly regulating miR-154-5p/TLR5 axis, which provides novel targets in treatment of epilepsy.

lncRNA SNHG1 attenuates osteogenic differentiation via the miR‑101/DKK1 axis in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

The imbalance induced by inhibition of bone mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) osteogenic differentiation results in osteoporosis (OP); however, the underlying regulatory mechanism is not completely understood. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve crucial roles in osteogenic differentiation; therefore, investigating their regulatory role in the process of osteogenic differentiation may identify a promising therapeutic target for OP. The expression of small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1), Dickkopf 1 (DKK1), microRNA (miR)-101, RUNX family transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalin (OCN) were detected via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. The protein expression levels of DKK1, β-catenin, RUNX2, OPN, OCN, osterix and collagen type I α1 chain were analyzed by performing western blotting. The osteoblastic phenotype was assessed by conducting alkaline phosphatase activity detection and Alizarin Red staining. The interaction between SNHG1 and miR-101 was validated by bioinformatics and luciferase assays. The regulatory role of SNHG1 in BMSC osteogenic differentiation was assessed. SNHG1 expression was downregulated in a time-dependent manner during the process of osteogenic differentiation. SNHG1 overexpression inhibited osteogenic differentiation compared with the pcDNA group. The results indicated that SNHG1 and DKK1 directly interacted with miR-101. Moreover, SNHG1 regulated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to inhibit osteogenic differentiation via the miR-101/DKK1 axis. The present study indicated that lncRNA SNHG1 could attenuate BMSC osteogenic differentiation via the miR-101/DKK1 axis as a competitive endogenous RNA. Therefore, the present study furthered the current understanding of the potential mechanism underlying lncRNAs in in osteogenic differentiation.

Long non‑coding RNA HOXA11‑AS accelerates cell proliferation and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma by modulating the miR‑506‑3p/Slug axis

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressively malignant type of cancer with a complex pathogenesis. Multiple studies have identified that lncRNA HOXA11-AS is involved in the development of HCC. Nevertheless, the pathological mechanisms of HOXA11-AS in the development of HCC require further investigation. In the present study, the role and underlying mechanisms of HOXA11-AS in HCC were examined. RT-qPCR revealed that HOXA11-AS expression was increased, while that of miR-506-3p was decreased in HCC tissues and cells compared with that in adjacent non-tumor tissues and normal hepatic cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA pull-down assay indicated that HOXA11-AS directly interacted with miR-506-3p. miR-506-3p downregulation reversed the inhibitory effects of HOXA11-AS deletion on cell proliferation, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as shown by CCK-8 and Transwell assays, as well as western blot analysis. Bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that Slug was a target gene of miR-506-3p. The overexpression of Slug reversed the effects of HOXA11-AS deletion on the viability, invasion and the EMT of HCC cells. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that HOXA11-AS functions as an oncogene to promote the progression of HCC via the miR-506-3p/Slug axis, providing a therapeutic target for patients with HCC.

Integrative Analysis of Three Novel Competing Endogenous RNA Biomarkers with a Prognostic Value in Lung Adenocarcinoma

Increasing evidence has shown competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) play key roles in numerous cancers. Nevertheless, the ceRNA network that can predict the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is still lacking. The aim of the present study was to identify the prognostic value of key ceRNAs in lung tumorigenesis. Differentially expressed (DE) RNAs were identified between LUAD and adjacent normal samples by limma package in R using The Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA). Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway function enrichment analysis was performed using the clusterProfiler package in R. Subsequently, the LUAD ceRNA network was established in three steps based on ceRNA hypothesis. Hub RNAs were identified using degree analysis methods based on Cytoscape plugin cytoHubba. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was implemented to calculate the risk score using the candidate ceRNAs and overall survival information. The survival differences between the high-risk and low-risk ceRNA groups were determined by the Kaplan-Meier and log-rank test using survival and survminer package in R. A total of 2,989 mRNAs, 185 lncRNAs, and 153 miRNAs were identified. GO and KEGG pathway function enrichment analysis showed that DE mRNAs were mainly associated with “sister chromatid segregation,” “regulation of angiogenesis,” “cell adhesion molecules (CAMs),” “cell cycle,” and “ECM-receptor interaction.” LUAD-related ceRNA network was constructed, which comprised of 54 nodes and 78 edges. Top ten hub RNAs (hsa-miR-374a-5p, hsa-miR-374b-5p, hsa-miR-340-5p, hsa-miR-377-3p, hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-326, SNHG1, RALGPS2, and PITX2) were identified according to their degree. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses demonstrated that hsa-miR-21-5p and RALGPS2 had a significant prognostic value. Finally, we found that a high risk of three novel ceRNA interactions (SNHG1-hsa-miR-21-5p-RALGPS2, SNHG1-hsa-miR-326-RALGPS2, and SNHG1-hsa-miR-377-3p-RALGPS2) was positively associated with worse prognosis. Three novel ceRNAs (SNHG1-hsa-miR-21-5p-RALGPS2, SNHG1-hsa-miR-326-RALGPS2, and SNHG1-hsa-miR-377-3p-RALGPS2) might be potential biomarkers for the prognosis and treatment of LUAD.

Long Noncoding RNA RC3H2 Facilitates Cell Proliferation and Invasion by Targeting MicroRNA-101-3p/EZH2 Axis in OSCC

In our previous studies, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) has been proven to be a key oncogenic driver in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, the regulatory mechanisms on EZH2 remain poorly understood in OSCC. Here, through multi-transcriptomics, bioinformatics analysis, and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), the co-expression network of long noncoding RNA RC3H2 (RC3H2), microRNA-101-3p (miR-101-3p), and EZH2 were screened and validated as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanism in OSCC. Silencing of RC3H2 inhibited OSCC cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion in vitro and reduced the expression of EZH2 and H3K27Me3, whereas RC3H2 overexpression significantly promoted OSCC cell growth, colony formation, migration, invasion, and xenograft tumor growth in vivo and increased the expression of EZH2 and H3K27Me3. A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay verified that RC3H2 was predominately localized to the cytoplasm. RNA pull-down and luciferase activity assays showed that miR-101-3p was physically bound to RC3H2 as well as EZH2, and its inhibitor reversed the inhibitory effect of RC3H2 knockdown on progression of OSCC. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that RC3H2 as completive endogenous RNA sponging miR-101-3p targets EZH2 and facilitates OSCC cells' malignant behavior.

Long non-coding RNA SNHG1 activates HOXA1 expression via sponging miR-193a-5p in breast cancer progression

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1) has been reported to be involved in human diseases, including cancer. Here, we found that SNHG1 expression was significantly upregulated in human breast cancer tissues and cell lines. We explored the function of SNHG1 in breast cancer cells using in vitro and in vivo experiments and found that SNHG1 promotes breast cancer metastasis and proliferation. The potential molecular mechanism of SNHG1 in breast cancer cells may involve SNHG1 acting as a sponge of miR-193a-5p to activate the expression of the oncogene HOXA1. In summary, our study reveals a novel SNHG1/miR-193a-5p/HOXA1 competing endogenous RNA regulatory pathway in breast cancer progression and may provide new strategies for breast cancer therapy.

LncRNA SNHG1 regulates vascular endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis via miR-196a

Inflammatory cytokines are important protagonists in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, triggering effects throughout the atherosclerotic vessels due to the destruction in proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of endothelial cells. In this study, we found SNHG1 is upregulated in TNF-α-treated HUVECs. We silenced SNHG1 and found it inhibited vascular endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis. In the other hand, exogenetic overexpression of SNHG1 promotes proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. Then we demonstrated that SNHG1 may interact directly with miR-196a to act as a miR-196a sponge. Further, MAPK6 were predicted to be the target of miR-196a. So we blocked miR-196a, which increased expression level of MAPK6, enhanced cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. These data indicated that SNHG1/miR-196a/MAPK6 axis may take a part in autophagy regulation in TNF-α-treated HUVECs. The subsequent rescue experiments come to the results ascertained the specificity of SNHG1/miR-196a/MAPK6 axis in regulating MAPK6. Overall, our findings demonstrate a novel mechanism by which SNHG1 overexpression protects the function of HUVECs, which may delay the progression of AS. SNHG1/miR-196a/MAPK6 axis may be of therapeutic significance in AS.

RETRACTED: Long noncoding RNA LBX2-AS1 drives the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by sponging microRNA-384 and thereby positively regulating IRS1 expression

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the authors. The authors reported that the in vivo study was performed without the approval from an ethics committee. This is despite previously reporting that the in vivo experiments involved animals were approved by the Animal Care and Use Ethics Committee at their hospital. All authors have agreed to retract the article and apologise to the readership of the journal for any inconvenience caused. Further concern was raised about several figures of the article”: “A pair of flow-cytometry plots share most of their points in common, and appear to have been derived from the same data set.” The Editors of Pathology Research and Practice consider these concerns as well justified.

Can small nucleolar RNA be a novel molecular target for hepatocellular carcinoma?

BACKGROUND

Globally, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death. Recently, many studies have demonstrated that small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) was closely related to HCC.

OBJECTIVE

To explore whether snoRNA can be used as a molecular target for HCC.

METHODS

The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for the published literatures related to snoRNA and HCC until August 12, 2019. After identification, screening, and verification, this study finally included 26 studies correlating small nucleolar RNA host gene (SNHG) and HCC, and 8 studies correlating snoRNA and HCC. Based on the collation of the relevant literature, the correlation network diagram between snoRNAs and HCC was constructed.

RESULTS

The SNHGs, such as SNHG1, SNHG6, SNHG16, and SNHG20 can play varied roles in HCC through different regulatory mechanisms. These SNHGs can promote and inhibit tumorigenesis. SNORD76 can promote the proliferation of tumor tissues and cells in vitro through different pathways. SnoU2_19 and SNORD76 can function through the same pathway. SNHG3, SNHG20, SNHG6, SNORD76, and snoRA47 can modulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to regulate the development of HCC cell or tissue. SNHG16, SNORD76, and SnoU2_19 can regulate the development of HCC through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

CONCLUSION

snoRNA can regulate the occurrence of HCC by modulating multiple molecular signaling pathways. Hence, snoRNA can be a potential molecular target for HCC.

Silencing lncRNA AGAP2-AS1 Upregulates miR-195-5p to Repress Migration and Invasion of EC Cells via the Decrease of FOSL1 Expression

The interaction of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and mRNAs has been implicated in various types of cancers, including esophageal cancer (EC). The current study aimed to investigate the role of AGAP2-AS1/miR-195-5p/Fos-like antigen-1 (FOSL1) in EC progression. The expression of AGAP2-AS1, miR-195-5p, and FOSL1 in tumor tissues isolated from EC patients and EC cell lines was determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), the results of which illustrated that AGAP2-AS1 and FOSL1 were increased while miR-195-5p was reduced in EC. Next, the ectopic expression, knockdown, and reporter assay experiments were all employed to elucidate the mechanism of AGAP2-AS1/miR-195-5p/FOSL1 in the processes of EC cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, invasion, and migration as well as tumor growth. Knockdown of AGAP2-AS1 or overexpression of miR-195-5p reduced EC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, blocked cell cycle entry, and elevated apoptosis. FOSL1 was found to be specifically targeted by miR-195-5p. AGAP2-AS1 was observed to upregulate FOSL1 by binding to miR-195-5p. Silencing of AGAP2-AS1 was observed to restrain the development of EC both in vitro and in vivo through upregulating miR-195-5p and downregulating FOSL1. Taken together, AGAP2-AS1 knockdown exercises suppressive effects on the development of EC through miR-195-5p-dependent downregulation of FOSL1. Therefore, targeting AGAP2-AS1 could be a future direction to develop a novel molecule-targeted therapeutic strategy for EC.

Long noncoding RNA NNT-AS1 enhances the malignant phenotype of bladder cancer by acting as a competing endogenous RNA on microRNA-496 thereby increasing HMGB1 expression

The long noncoding RNA nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase antisense RNA 1 (NNT-AS1) is a key malignancy regulator in a variety of human cancers. In this study, we first measured the expression of NNT-AS1 in bladder cancer and examined its role in cancer progression. The mechanisms behind the oncogenic functions of NNT-AS1 in bladder cancer were explored. We found that NNT-AS1 was upregulated in bladder cancer tissues and cell lines. This increased expression demonstrated a significant correlation with advanced clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, and shorter overall survival. NNT-AS1 knockdown suppressed bladder cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and facilitated apoptosis in vitro and hindered tumor growth in vivo. NNT-AS1 functioned as a competing endogenous RNA for microRNA-496 (miR-496), and the suppressive effects of NNT-AS1 knockdown on malignant characteristics were abrogated by miR-496 silencing. HMGB1 was identified as a direct target gene of miR-496 in bladder cancer, and HMGB1 expression was enhanced by NNT-AS1 via sponging of miR-496. In conclusion, the NNT-AS1–miR-496–HMGB1 pathway plays a significant role in the aggressive behavior of bladder cancer and may lead to new NNT-AS1–based diagnostics and therapeutics.

LncRNA SNHG1 influences cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells via the miR-361-3p/FRAT1 axis

Background

Non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most lethal type of cancer. Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as crucial regulators in the development of NSCLC. The aim of our study was to explore the molecular mechanism of SNHG1 to enable better treatment for NSCLC patients.

Methods

Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) was performed to detect the expression of Small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1), miR‐361‐3p and frequently rearranged in advanced T‐cell lymphomas 1 (FRAT1). The protein level of FRAT1 was measured by western blot assay. Cell proliferation was evaluated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry assay. The number of migrated and invaded cells were counted by transwell assay. The relationship between miR‐361‐3p and SNHG1 or FRAT1 was confirmed by dual‐luciferase reporter assay.

Results

Our results indicated that SNHG1 and FRAT1 were highly expressed in NSCLC tissues and cells. SNHG1 silencing inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis and blocked migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. Also, FRAT1 downregulation suppressed proliferation, promoted apoptosis and hindered migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. Further, FRAT1 could recover the effects of SNHG1 silencing on proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. SNHG1 sponged miR‐361‐3p and negatively regulated miR‐361‐3p expression. Meanwhile, miR‐361‐3p targeted FRAT1 and inversely modulated FRAT1 expression. In addition, miR‐361‐3p inhibition abated the effect of SNHG1 knockdown on FRAT1 expression.

Conclusion

In conclusion, LncRNA SNHG1 promoted the proliferation, repressed apoptosis and enhanced migration and invasion of NSCLC cells by regulating FRAT1 expression via sponging miR‐361‐3p.