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Liu H, Luo Z, Rao Y. Manipulation of fungal cell wall integrity to improve production of fungal natural products. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2023; 125:49-78. [PMID: 38783724 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Fungi, as an important industrial microorganism, play an essential role in the production of natural products (NPs) due to their advantages of utilizing cheap raw materials as substrates and strong protein secretion ability. Although many metabolic engineering strategies have been adopted to enhance the biosynthetic pathway of NPs in fungi, the fungal cell wall as a natural barrier tissue is the final and key step that affects the efficiency of NPs synthesis. To date, many important progresses have been achieved in improving the synthesis of NPs by regulating the cell wall structure of fungi. In this review, we systematically summarize and discuss various strategies for modifying the cell wall structure of fungi to improve the synthesis of NPs. At first, the cell wall structure of different types of fungi is systematically described. Then, strategies to disrupt cell wall integrity (CWI) by regulating the synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides and binding proteins are summarized, which have been applied to improve the synthesis of NPs. In addition, we also summarize the studies on the regulation of CWI-related signaling pathway and the addition of exogenous components for regulating CWI to improve the synthesis of NPs. Finally, we propose the current challenges and essential strategies to usher in an era of more extensive manipulation of fungal CWI to improve the production of fungal NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Zhengshan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Yijian Rao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China.
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Transcriptome-based Mining of the Constitutive Promoters for Tuning Gene Expression in Aspergillus oryzae. J Microbiol 2023; 61:199-210. [PMID: 36745334 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation has been adopted for developing metabolic engineering tools. The regulatory promoter is a crucial genetic element for strain optimization. In this study, a gene set of Aspergillus oryzae with highly constitutive expression across different growth stages was identified through transcriptome data analysis. The candidate promoters were functionally characterized in A. oryzae by transcriptional control of β-glucuronidase (GUS) as a reporter. The results showed that the glyceraldehyde triphosphate dehydrogenase promoter (PgpdA1) of A. oryzae with a unique structure displayed the most robust strength in constitutively controlling the expression compared to the PgpdA2 and other putative promoters tested. In addition, the ubiquitin promoter (Pubi) of A. oryzae exhibited a moderate expression strength. The deletion analysis revealed that the 5' untranslated regions of gpdA1 and ubi with the length of 1028 and 811 nucleotides, counted from the putative translation start site (ATG), respectively, could efficiently drive the GUS expression. Interestingly, both promoters could function on various carbon sources for cell growth. Glucose was the best fermentable carbon source for allocating high constitutive expressions during cell growth, and the high concentrations (6-8% glucose, w/v) did not repress their functions. It was also demonstrated that the secondary metabolite gene coding for indigoidine could express under the control of PgpdA1 or Pubi promoter. These strong and moderate promoters of A. oryzae provided beneficial options in tuning the transcriptional expression for leveraging the metabolic control towards the targeted products.
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Assessing Edible Filamentous Fungal Carriers as Cell Supports for Growth of Yeast and Cultivated Meat. Foods 2022; 11:foods11193142. [PMID: 36230217 PMCID: PMC9564274 DOI: 10.3390/foods11193142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and activity of adherent cells can be enabled or enhanced through attachment to a solid surface. For food and beverage production processes, these solid supports should be food-grade, low-cost, and biocompatible with the cell of interest. Solid supports that are edible can be a part of the final product, thus simplifying downstream operations in the production of fermented beverages and lab grown meat. We provide proof of concept that edible filamentous fungal pellets can function as a solid support by assessing the attachment and growth of two model cell types: yeast, and myoblast cells. The filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae was cultured to produce pellets with 0.9 mm diameter. These fugal pellets were inactivated by heat or chemical methods and characterized physicochemically. Chemically inactivated pellets had the lowest dry mass and were the most hydrophobic. Scanning electron microscope images showed that both yeast and myoblast cells naturally adhered to the fungal pellets. Over 48 h of incubation, immobilized yeast increased five-fold on active pellets and six-fold on heat-inactivated pellets. Myoblast cells proliferated best on heat-treated pellets, where viable cell activity increased almost two-fold, whereas on chemically inactivated pellets myoblasts did not increase in the cell mass. These results support the use of filamentous fungi as a novel cell immobilization biomaterial for food technology applications.
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Yoshimi A, Miyazawa K, Kawauchi M, Abe K. Cell Wall Integrity and Its Industrial Applications in Filamentous Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050435. [PMID: 35628691 PMCID: PMC9148135 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways regulating cell wall integrity (CWI) in filamentous fungi have been studied taking into account findings in budding yeast, and much knowledge has been accumulated in recent years. Given that the cell wall is essential for viability in fungi, its architecture has been analyzed in relation to virulence, especially in filamentous fungal pathogens of plants and humans. Although research on CWI signaling in individual fungal species has progressed, an integrated understanding of CWI signaling in diverse fungi has not yet been achieved. For example, the variety of sensor proteins and their functional differences among different fungal species have been described, but the understanding of their general and species-specific biological functions is limited. Our long-term research interest is CWI signaling in filamentous fungi. Here, we outline CWI signaling in these fungi, from sensor proteins required for the recognition of environmental changes to the regulation of cell wall polysaccharide synthesis genes. We discuss the similarities and differences between the functions of CWI signaling factors in filamentous fungi and in budding yeast. We also describe the latest findings on industrial applications, including those derived from studies on CWI signaling: the development of antifungal agents and the development of highly productive strains of filamentous fungi with modified cell surface characteristics by controlling cell wall biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yoshimi
- Laboratory of Environmental Interface Technology of Filamentous Fungi, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; (A.Y.); (M.K.)
- ABE-Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Ken Miyazawa
- ABE-Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- Laboratory of Filamentous Mycoses, Department of Fungal Infection, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan;
| | - Moriyuki Kawauchi
- Laboratory of Environmental Interface Technology of Filamentous Fungi, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; (A.Y.); (M.K.)
| | - Keietsu Abe
- ABE-Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-22-757-4355
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Jeennor S, Anantayanon J, Chutrakul C, Panchanawaporn S, Laoteng K. Novel pentose-regulated promoter of Aspergillus oryzae with application in controlling heterologous gene expression. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 33:e00695. [PMID: 35004236 PMCID: PMC8718821 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel pentose-regulated promoter (PxyrA) identified from Aspergillus oryzae Xylose reductase promoter displayed strong regulation in gene expression of A. oryzae Inducible regulation in heterologous gene expressions in filamentous fungi Simultaneous gene expression and product optimization under PxyrA control
The potent promoter and its transcriptional control make a significant contribution to strain optimization. Using transcriptome-based approach, a novel pentose-regulated promoter of the xylose reductase gene (PxyrA) of Aspergillus oryzae was identified. The promoter analysis showed that the PxyrA was tightly regulated by pentose sugars, which xylose and xylan were favorable inducers. The PxyrA function was highly efficient as compared with the maltose-inducible promoters of A. oryzae. It also exhibited the efficient transcription induction even though certain amounts of glucose and sucrose existed in the cultures. The expression control of PxyrA was dependent on xylose consumption capacity for fungal growth. The control mode of PxyrA offers a simple operation in simultaneous gene expression and cultivation optimization in Aspergilli. This study provides a prospective development of fungal production platform using cellulosic sugars by the xylose-utilizing strains for sustainable growing in circular economy.
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Identification and characterization of a novel gene Aokap1 involved in growth and kojic acid synthesis in Aspergillus oryzae. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02718-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Lv G, Xu Y, Tu Y, Cheng X, Zeng B, Huang J, He B. Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Limitation on Fatty Acid Contents in Aspergillus oryzae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:739569. [PMID: 34745041 PMCID: PMC8566876 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.739569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae, commonly known as koji mold, has been widely used for the large-scale production of food products (sake, makgeolli, and soy sauce) and can accumulate a high level of lipids. In the present study, we showed the dynamic changes in A. oryzae mycelium growth and conidia formation under nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient stress. The fatty acid profile of A. oryzae was determined and the content of unsaturated fatty acid was found increased under nitrogen and phosphorus limitation. Oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and γ-linolenic acid (C18:3) production were increased on five nitrogen and phosphorus limitation media, especially on nitrogen deep limitation and phosphorus limitation group, showing a 1. 2-, 1. 6-, and 2.4-fold increment, respectively, compared with the control. Transcriptomic analysis showed the expression profile of genes related to nitrogen metabolism, citrate cycle, and linoleic acid synthesis, resulting in the accumulation of unsaturated fatty acid. qRT-PCR results further confirmed the reliability and availability of the differentially expressed genes obtained from the transcriptome analysis. Our study provides a global transcriptome characterization of the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient stress adaptation process in A. oryzae. It also revealed that the molecular mechanisms of A. oryzae respond to nitrogen and phosphorus stress. Our finding facilitates the construction of industrial strains with a nutrient-limited tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongbo Lv
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yayi Tu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaojie Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin He
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
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Ichikawa H, Miyazawa K, Komeiji K, Susukida S, Zhang S, Muto K, Orita R, Takeuchi A, Kamachi Y, Hitosugi M, Yoshimi A, Shintani T, Kato Y, Abe K. Improved recombinant protein production in Aspergillus oryzae lacking both α-1,3-glucan and galactosaminogalactan in batch culture with a lab-scale bioreactor. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 133:39-45. [PMID: 34627690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are used as production hosts for various commercially valuable enzymes and chemicals including organic acids and secondary metabolites. We previously revealed that α-1,3-glucan and galactosaminogalactan (GAG) contribute to hyphal aggregation in the industrial fungus Aspergillus oryzae, and that production of recombinant protein in shake-flask culture is higher in a mutant lacking both α-1,3-glucan and GAG (AGΔ-GAGΔ) than in the parental strain. Here, we compared the productivity of the wild type, AGΔ-GAGΔ, and mutants lacking α-1,3-glucan (AGΔ) or GAG (GAGΔ) in batch culture with intermittent addition of glucose in a 5-L lab-scale bioreactor. The hyphae of the wild type and all mutants were dispersed by agitation, although the wild type and AGΔ formed small amounts of aggregates. Although mycelial weight was similar among the strains, the concentration of a secreted recombinant protein (CutL1) was the highest in AGΔ-GAGΔ. Evaluation of fluid properties revealed that the apparent viscosities of mycelial cultures of the wild type and AGΔ-GAGΔ decreased as the agitation speed was increased. The apparent viscosity of the AGΔ-GAGΔ culture tended to be lower than that of the wild-type strain at each agitation speed, and was significantly lower at 600 rpm. Overall, the lack of α-1,3-glucan and GAG in the hyphae improved culture rheology, resulting in an increase in recombinant protein production in AGΔ-GAGΔ. This is the first report of flow behavior improvement by a cell-surface component defect in a filamentous fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Ichikawa
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Ken Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Keisuke Komeiji
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Shunya Susukida
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Silai Zhang
- Laboratory of Bioindustrial Genomics, Department of Bioindustrial Informatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Kiyoaki Muto
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Orita
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Ayumu Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yuka Kamachi
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hitosugi
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshimi
- Laboratory of Environmental Interface Technology of Filamentous Fungi, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; ABE-Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 6-6-10 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shintani
- Laboratory of Bioindustrial Genomics, Department of Bioindustrial Informatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kato
- Mixing Technology Laboratory, Satake Chemical Equipment Mfg., Ltd., 60 Niizo, Toda, Saitama 335-0021, Japan
| | - Keietsu Abe
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan; ABE-Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 6-6-10 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan; Department of Microbial Resources, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan.
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Anantayanon J, Jeennor S, Panchanawaporn S, Chutrakul C, Laoteng K. Significance of two intracellular triacylglycerol lipases of Aspergillus oryzae in lipid mobilization: A perspective in industrial implication for microbial lipid production. Gene 2021; 793:145745. [PMID: 34077774 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microbial lipid production of oleaginous strains involves in a complex cellular metabolism controlling lipid biosynthesis, accumulation and degradation. Particular storage lipid, triacylglycerol (TAG), contributes to dynamic traits of intracellular lipids and cell growth. To explore a basis of TAG degradation in the oleaginous strain of Aspergillus oryzae, the functional role of two intracellular triacylglycerol lipases, AoTgla and AoTglb, were investigated by targeted gene disruption using CRISPR/Cas9 system. Comparative lipid profiling of different cultivation stages between the control, single and double disruptant strains (ΔAotgla, ΔAotglb and ΔAotglaΔAotglb strains) showed that the inactivation of either AoTgla or AoTglb led to the increase of total lipid contents, particularly in the TAG fraction. Moreover, the prolonged lipid-accumulating stage of all disruptant strains was obtained as indicated by a reduction in specific rate of lipid turnover, in which a holding capacity in maximal lipid and TAG levels was achieved. The involvement of AoTgls in spore production of A. oryzae was also discovered. In addition to the significance in lipid physiology of the oleaginous fungi, this study provides an impact on industrial practice by overcoming the limitation in short lipid-accumulating stage of the fungal strain, which facilitate the cell harvesting step at the maximum lipid production yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutamas Anantayanon
- Industrial Bioprocess Technology Research Team, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sukanya Jeennor
- Industrial Bioprocess Technology Research Team, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sarocha Panchanawaporn
- Industrial Bioprocess Technology Research Team, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Chanikul Chutrakul
- Industrial Bioprocess Technology Research Team, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kobkul Laoteng
- Industrial Bioprocess Technology Research Team, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
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Wannawilai S, Jeennor S, Khongto B, Laoteng K. Exploring differential traits of lipid-producing stages of the wild type and morphologically engineered strain of Aspergillus oryzae by comparative kinetic modeling. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:183. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02959-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Miyazawa K, Yoshimi A, Abe K. The mechanisms of hyphal pellet formation mediated by polysaccharides, α-1,3-glucan and galactosaminogalactan, in Aspergillus species. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2020; 7:10. [PMID: 32626592 PMCID: PMC7329490 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-020-00101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are widely used for production of enzymes and chemicals, and are industrially cultivated both in liquid and solid cultures. Submerged culture is often used as liquid culture for filamentous fungi. In submerged culture, filamentous fungi show diverse macromorphology such as hyphal pellets and dispersed hyphae depending on culture conditions and genetic backgrounds of fungal strains. Although the macromorphology greatly affects the productivity of submerged cultures, the specific cellular components needed for hyphal aggregation after conidial germination have not been characterized. Recently we reported that the primary cell wall polysaccharide α-1,3-glucan and the extracellular polysaccharide galactosaminogalactan (GAG) contribute to hyphal aggregation in Aspergillus oryzae, and that a strain deficient in both α-1,3-glucan and GAG shows dispersed hyphae in liquid culture. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the contribution of chemical properties of α-1,3-glucan and GAG to hyphal aggregation. Various ascomycetes and basidiomycetes have α-1,3-glucan synthase gene(s). In addition, some Pezizomycotina fungi, including species used in the fermentation industry, also have GAG biosynthetic genes. We also review here the known mechanisms of biosynthesis of α-1,3-glucan and GAG. Regulation of the biosynthesis of the two polysaccharides could be a potential way of controlling formation of hyphal pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572 Japan
| | - Akira Yoshimi
- Laboratory of Environmental Interface Technology of Filamentous Fungi, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan.,ABE-project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 6-6-10 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579 Japan
| | - Keietsu Abe
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572 Japan.,ABE-project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 6-6-10 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579 Japan.,Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572 Japan
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