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Niu C, Zhang J, Okolo PI. The possible pathogenesis of liver fibrosis: therapeutic potential of natural polyphenols. Pharmacol Rep 2024:10.1007/s43440-024-00638-w. [PMID: 39162986 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00638-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the formation of a fibrous scar resulting from chronic liver injury, independently from etiology. Although many of the mechanical details remain unknown, activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a central driver of liver fibrosis. Extracellular mechanisms such as apoptotic bodies, paracrine stimuli, inflammation, and oxidative stress are critical in activating HSCs. The potential for liver fibrosis to reverse after removing the causative agent has heightened interest in developing antifibrotic therapies. Polyphenols, the secondary plant metabolites, have gained attention because of their health-beneficial properties, including well-recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, in the setting of liver fibrosis. In this review, we present an overview of the mechanisms underlying liver fibrosis with a specific focus on the activation of resident HSCs. We highlight the therapeutic potential and promising role of natural polyphenols to mitigate liver fibrosis pathogenesis, focusing on HSCs activation. We also discuss the translational gap from preclinical findings to clinical treatments involved in natural polyphenols in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengu Niu
- Internal medicine residency program, Rochester General Hospital, 1425 Portland Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14621, USA.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Rainier Springs Behavioral Health Hospital, 2805 NE 129th St, Vancouver, WA, 98686, USA
| | - Patrick I Okolo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, 14621, USA
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Kung M, Yang T, Lin C, Ho J, Hung T, Chang C, Huang K, Chen C, Chen Y. ADAR2 deficiency ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and muscle atrophy through modulating serum amyloid A1. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2024; 15:949-962. [PMID: 38533529 PMCID: PMC11154747 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, which is commonly associated with NAFLD. Adenosine-to-inosine editing, catalysed by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR), is an important post-transcriptional modification of genome-encoded RNA transcripts. Three ADAR gene family members, including ADAR1, ADAR2 and ADAR3, have been identified. However, the functional role of ADAR2 in obesity-associated NAFLD and sarcopenia remains unclear. METHODS ADAR2+/+/GluR-BR/R mice (wild type [WT]) and ADAR2-/-/GluR-BR/R mice (ADAR2 knockout [KO]) were subjected to feeding with standard chow or high-fat diet (HFD) for 20 weeks at the age of 5 weeks. The metabolic parameters, hepatic lipid droplet, grip strength test, rotarod test, muscle weight, fibre cross-sectional area (CSA), fibre types and protein associated with protein degradation were examined. Systemic and local tissues serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) were measured. The effects of SAA1 on C2C12 myotube atrophy were investigated. RESULTS ADAR2 KO mice fed with HFD exhibited lower body weight (-7.7%, P < 0.05), lower liver tissue weight (-20%, P < 0.05), reduced liver lipid droplets in concert with a decrease in hepatic triglyceride content (-24%, P < 0.001) and liver injury (P < 0.01). ADAR2 KO mice displayed protection against HFD-induced glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. Skeletal muscle mass (P < 0.01), muscle strength (P < 0.05), muscle endurance (P < 0.001) and fibre size (CSA; P < 0.0001) were improved in ADAR2 KO mice fed with HFD compared with WT mice fed with HFD. Muscle atrophy-associated transcripts, such as forkhead box protein O1, muscle atrophy F-box/atrogin-1 and muscle RING finger 1/tripartite motif-containing 63, were decreased in ADAR2 KO mice fed with HFD compared with WT mice fed with HFD. ADAR2 deficiency attenuates HFD-induced local liver and skeletal muscle tissue inflammation. ADAR2 deficiency abolished HFD-induced systemic (P < 0.01), hepatic (P < 0.0001) and muscular (P < 0.001) SAA1 levels. C2C12 myotubes treated with recombinant SAA1 displayed a decrease in myotube length (-37%, P < 0.001), diameter (-20%, P < 0.01), number (-39%, P < 0.001) and fusion index (-46%, P < 0.01). Myogenic markers (myosin heavy chain and myogenin) were decreased in SAA1-treated myoblast C2C12 cells. CONCLUSIONS These results provide novel evidence that ADAR2 deficiency may be important in obesity-associated sarcopenia and NAFLD. Increased SAA1 might be involved as a regulatory factor in developing sarcopenia in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei‐Lang Kung
- Department of Medical Education and ResearchKaohsiung Veterans General HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Tai‐Hua Yang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Engineering, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryNational Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Chia‐Chi Lin
- Department of PharmacologyCollege of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Jia‐Yun Ho
- Department of PharmacologyCollege of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Tzu‐Chi Hung
- Department of PharmacologyCollege of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Chih‐Hsiang Chang
- Department of PharmacologyCollege of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Kuan‐Wen Huang
- Department of PharmacologyCollege of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Chien‐Chin Chen
- Department of PathologyDitmanson Medical Foundation Chia‐Yi Christian HospitalChiayiTaiwan
- Department of Cosmetic ScienceChia Nan University of Pharmacy and ScienceTainanTaiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational MedicineNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry SciencesCollege of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Yun‐Wen Chen
- Department of PharmacologyCollege of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
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Wang W, Li K, Bai D, Wu J, Xiao W. Pterostilbene: a potential therapeutic agent for fibrotic diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:975-989. [PMID: 38429613 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-024-01440-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a prevailing pathology in chronic diseases and accounts for 45% of deaths in developed countries. This condition is primarily identified by the transformation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and the overproduction of extracellular matrix (ECM) by myofibroblasts. Pterostilbene (PTS) is a natural analogue of resveratrol and is most commonly found in blueberries. Research has shown that PTS exerts a wide range of pharmacological effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. As a result, PTS has the potential to prevent and cure numerous diseases. Emerging evidence has indicated that PTS can alleviate myocardial fibrosis, renal fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, hepatic fibrosis, and colon fibrosis via the inhibition of inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrogenesis effects in vivo and in vitro, and the potential mechanisms are linked to various pathways, including transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/small mother against decapentaplegic proteins (Smads) signalling, the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-driven Pitx2c/mir-15b pathway, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling, Kelch-like epichlorohydrin-associated protein-1 (Keap-1)/NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) cascade, the NLR family pyridine structure domain 3 (NLRP3) pathway, the Janus kinase-2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway, and the Src/STAT3 pathway. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the antifibrotic effects of PTS both in vivo and in vitro and the pharmacological mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology of PTS and provide insights into and strategies for exploring promising agents for the treatment of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhong Wang
- The Key Lab of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Yangpu District, 650 Qingyuan Ring Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ke Li
- The Key Lab of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Yangpu District, 650 Qingyuan Ring Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Dandan Bai
- The Key Lab of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Yangpu District, 650 Qingyuan Ring Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jiabin Wu
- The Key Lab of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Yangpu District, 650 Qingyuan Ring Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- The Key Lab of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
- Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Yangpu District, 650 Qingyuan Ring Road, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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Merchant A, Ramirez BI, Reyes MN, Van D, Martinez-Colin M, Ojo DO, Mazuca EL, De La O HJ, Glenn AM, Lira CG, Ehsan H, Yu E, Kaneko G. Genomic loss of the HSP70cA gene in the vertebrate lineage. Cell Stress Chaperones 2023; 28:1053-1067. [PMID: 37587350 PMCID: PMC10746604 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-023-01370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Metazoan 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) genes have been classified into four lineages: cytosolic A (HSP70cA), cytosolic B (HSP70cB), endoplasmic reticulum (HSP70er), and mitochondria (HSP70m). Because previous studies have identified no HSP70cA genes in vertebrates, we hypothesized that this gene was lost on the evolutionary path to vertebrates. To test this hypothesis, the present study conducted a comprehensive database search followed by phylogenetic and synteny analyses. HSP70cA genes were found in invertebrates and in two of the three subphyla of Chordata, Cephalochordata (lancelets) and Tunicata (tunicates). However, no HSP70cA gene was found in the genomes of Craniata (another subphylum of Chordata; lamprey, hagfish, elephant shark, and coelacanth), suggesting the loss of the HSP70cA gene in the early period of vertebrate evolution. Synteny analysis using available genomic resources indicated that the synteny around the HSP70 genes was generally conserved between tunicates but was largely different between tunicates and lamprey. These results suggest the presence of dynamic chromosomal rearrangement in early vertebrates that possibly caused the loss of the HSP70cA gene in the vertebrate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Merchant
- College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX, 77901, USA
| | - Bradly I Ramirez
- College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX, 77901, USA
| | - Melinda N Reyes
- College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX, 77901, USA
| | - Dysocheata Van
- College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX, 77901, USA
| | - Marilin Martinez-Colin
- College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX, 77901, USA
| | - Damilola O Ojo
- College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX, 77901, USA
| | - Esmeralda L Mazuca
- College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX, 77901, USA
| | - Heidi J De La O
- College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX, 77901, USA
| | - Abigayle M Glenn
- College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX, 77901, USA
| | - Claudia G Lira
- College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX, 77901, USA
| | - Hashimul Ehsan
- College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX, 77901, USA
| | - Ermeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute of CAFS, Guangzhou, 510380, China.
| | - Gen Kaneko
- College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX, 77901, USA.
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