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Rosenfield RL. The Search for the Causes of Common Hyperandrogenism, 1965 to Circa 2015. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:553-592. [PMID: 38457123 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
From 1965 to 2015, immense strides were made into understanding the mechanisms underlying the common androgen excess disorders, premature adrenarche and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The author reviews the critical discoveries of this era from his perspective investigating these disorders, commencing with his early discoveries of the unique pattern of plasma androgens in premature adrenarche and the elevation of an index of the plasma free testosterone concentration in most hirsute women. The molecular genetic basis, though not the developmental biologic basis, for adrenarche is now known and 11-oxytestosterones shown to be major bioactive adrenal androgens. The evolution of the lines of research into the pathogenesis of PCOS is historically traced: research milestones are cited in the areas of neuroendocrinology, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinism, type 2 diabetes mellitus, folliculogenesis, androgen secretion, obesity, phenotyping, prenatal androgenization, epigenetics, and complex genetics. Large-scale genome-wide association studies led to the 2014 discovery of an unsuspected steroidogenic regulator DENND1A (differentially expressed in normal and neoplastic development). The splice variant DENND1A.V2 is constitutively overexpressed in PCOS theca cells in long-term culture and accounts for their PCOS-like phenotype. The genetics are complex, however: DENND1A intronic variant copy number is related to phenotype severity, and recent data indicate that rare variants in a DENND1A regulatory network and other genes are related to PCOS. Obesity exacerbates PCOS manifestations via insulin resistance and proinflammatory cytokine excess; excess adipose tissue also forms testosterone. Polycystic ovaries in 40 percent of apparently normal women lie on the PCOS functional spectrum. Much remains to be learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Rosenfield
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 94109, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Samma ZH, Khan HN, Riffat S, Ashraf M, Rehman R. Unraveling the Genetic Associations of DENND1A (rs9696009) and ERBB4 (rs2178575) with Infertile Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Females in Pakistan. Biochem Genet 2024; 62:2148-2165. [PMID: 37870708 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex genetic disorder in reproductive-aged women which is associated with comorbidities of reproductive, metabolic, cardiovascular, endocrine, and psychological nature. PCOS is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility. Pathogenesis of PCOS involves strong interaction between environmental and genetic factors. Many Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with PCOS in different populations. Currently, very limited association studies of PCOS and infertility have been done on Pakistani population. The variants DENND1A rs9696009 and ERBB4 rs2178575 are significantly associated with PCOS in Chinese and European populations. These candidate genes regulate the production of androgen hormone, Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH), and luteinizing hormone. All these hormones are involved pathogenesis of PCOS and infertility. The aim of the study is to find an association of DENND1A rs9696009 and ERBB4 rs2178575 variants with PCOS in infertile Pakistani females. In this case-control study, 300 infertile females were recruited. The cases (n = 160) were infertile female diagnosed with PCOS (Rotterdam Criteria), and controls (n = 140) were infertile women with no evidence of PCOS. The genomic DNA was isolated, and genotyping was done by PCR-Restriction fragment length polymorphism and further validated by DNA Sanger Sequencing. The Chi-Square analysis showed rs2178575 (ERBB4) was significantly associated with infertility (χ2 = 10.282, p = 0.005852) while rs9696009 (DENND1A) did not show any significant association (χ2 = 3.10, p = 0.212036). Furthermore, multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed and revealed that rs2178575 (ERBB4) heterozygous genotypes (GA) and mutant genotypes (AA) decrease the risk of infertility by 0.541 times (OR = 0.541, 95% CI = 0.314-0.930, p = 0.026) and 0.416 times (OR = 0.416, 95% CI = 0.228-0.757, p = 0.004), respectively, compared to wild-type genotype (GG). The ERBB4 variant is significantly associated with PCOS infertile women and genetically indicated that ERBB4 (rs2178575) decreases the risk of infertility in females having PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Hanif Samma
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Haq Nawaz Khan
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Riffat
- Department of Physiology, Sindh Medical College, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mussarat Ashraf
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Rehana Rehman
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.
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Dubey P, Reddy S, Sharma K, Johnson S, Hardy G, Dwivedi AK. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Insulin Resistance, and Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Cardiol Rep 2024; 26:483-495. [PMID: 38568339 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-024-02050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. It has been associated with metabolic, reproductive, and psychiatric disorders. Despite its association with insulin resistance (IR) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, the association between PCOS and CVD outcomes has been conflicting. This review reports the updated evidence between PCOS, insulin resistance, and CVD events. RECENT FINDINGS IR is highly prevalent occurring in 50 to 95% of general and obese PCOS women. The etiology of PCOS involves IR and hyperandrogenism, which lead to CVD risk factors, subclinical CVD, and CVD outcomes. Multiple studies including meta-analysis confirmed a strong association between PCOS and CVD events including ischemic heart disease, stroke, atrial fibrillation, and diabetes, particularly among premenopausal women, and these associations were mediated by metabolic abnormalities. PCOS is highly familial and has substantial CVD risk and transgenerational effects regardless of obesity. A personalized approach to the CVD risk assessment and management of symptom manifestations should be conducted according to its phenotypes. Lifestyle modifications and reduction in environmental stressors should be encouraged for CVD prevention among PCOS women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Dubey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA.
| | - Sireesha Reddy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Kunal Sharma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Sarah Johnson
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Ghislain Hardy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Alok Kumar Dwivedi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
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Stener-Victorin E, Teede H, Norman RJ, Legro R, Goodarzi MO, Dokras A, Laven J, Hoeger K, Piltonen TT. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2024; 10:27. [PMID: 38637590 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-024-00511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Despite affecting ~11-13% of women globally, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a substantially understudied condition. PCOS, possibly extending to men's health, imposes a considerable health and economic burden worldwide. Diagnosis in adults follows the International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, requiring two out of three criteria - clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and/or specific ovarian morphological characteristics or elevated anti-Müllerian hormone. However, diagnosing adolescents omits ovarian morphology and anti-Müllerian hormone considerations. PCOS, marked by insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism, strongly contributes to early-onset type 2 diabetes, with increased odds for cardiovascular diseases. Reproduction-related implications include irregular menstrual cycles, anovulatory infertility, heightened risks of pregnancy complications and endometrial cancer. Beyond physiological manifestations, PCOS is associated with anxiety, depression, eating disorders, psychosexual dysfunction and negative body image, collectively contributing to diminished health-related quality of life in patients. Despite its high prevalence persisting into menopause, diagnosing PCOS often involves extended timelines and multiple health-care visits. Treatment remains ad hoc owing to limited understanding of underlying mechanisms, highlighting the need for research delineating the aetiology and pathophysiology of the syndrome. Identifying factors contributing to PCOS will pave the way for personalized medicine approaches. Additionally, exploring novel biomarkers, refining diagnostic criteria and advancing treatment modalities will be crucial in enhancing the precision and efficacy of interventions that will positively impact the lives of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena Teede
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J Norman
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Richard Legro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Public Health Science, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Mark O Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anuja Dokras
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joop Laven
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kathleen Hoeger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Terhi T Piltonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Xu X, Zhang X, Chen J, Du X, Sun Y, Zhan L, Wang W, Li Y. Exploring the molecular mechanisms by which per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances induce polycystic ovary syndrome through in silico toxicogenomic data mining. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 275:116251. [PMID: 38537477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The pathogeny of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is intricate, with endocrine disruptors (EDCs) being acknowledged as significant environmental factors. Research has shown a link between exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and the development and progression of PCOS, although the precise mechanism is not fully understood. This study utilized toxicogenomics and comparative toxicogenomics databases to analyze data and investigate how PFAS mixtures may contribute to the development of PCOS. The results indicated that 74 genes are associated with both PFAS exposure and PCOS progression. Enrichment analysis suggested that cell cycle regulation and steroid hormone synthesis may be crucial pathways through which PFAS mixtures participate in the development of PCOS, involving important genes such as CCNB1 and SRD5A1. Furthermore, the study identified transcription factors (TFs) and miRNAs that may be involved in the onset and progression of PCOS, constructing regulatory networks encompassing TFs-mRNA interactions and miRNA-mRNA relationships to elucidate their regulatory roles in gene expression. By utilizing data mining techniques based on toxicogenomic databases, this study provides relatively comprehensive insights into the association between exposure factors and diseases compared to traditional toxicology studies. These findings offer new perspectives for further in vivo or in vitro investigations and contribute to understanding the pathogenesis of PCOS, thereby providing valuable references for identifying clinical treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350122, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Ganzhou Ganxian District Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province 341100, China
| | - Jiake Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350122, China
| | - Xiushuai Du
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Liqin Zhan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350122, China
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350122, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350122, China.
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Dadachanji R, Khavale S, Joshi N, Patil A, Mukherjee S. Susceptibility loci identified in Han Chinese influence genetic predisposition of PCOS in Indian women. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:160. [PMID: 38252377 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial disorder characterized by a broad spectrum of reproductive and metabolic perturbations, necessitating early timely diagnosis and management. PCOS is a multigenic disorder and ample evidence from family based, candidate gene and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has implicated genetic factors in development and progression of PCOS. The first GWASs in Han Chinese population revealed prominent gene loci to be strong contenders in the etiopathogenesis of PCOS. However, different ethnic and geographical settings impact the genetic association pattern of PCOS. METHODS AND RESULTS In the current case-control replication study, we have genotyped previously identified polymorphisms viz. rs2479106 and rs10818854 of DENND1A and rs13405728 of LHCGR, rs4385527 and rs3802457 of c9orf3, rs705702 of RAB5B and rs1894116 of YAP1 in control (N = 247) and PCOS (N = 504) women by Sanger sequencing, and their association with PCOS susceptibility and its related traits was investigated. We found significant association of rs4385527 of c9orf3 and rs1894116 of YAP1 with decreased and increased PCOS susceptibility respectively in non-hyperandrogenic women. Trend towards association was also noted for rs2479106 of DENND1A and rs705702 of RAB5B. Additionally, polymorphisms also showed association with metabolic and androgen related traits in both controls and hyper- and non-hyperandrogenic women with PCOS. CONCLUSIONS Thus, this study shows that some, but not all polymorphisms previously identified in Han Chinese women, could contribute to the genetic pathophysiology of PCOS in Indian women, accentuating essentiality of conducting replication studies to elucidate the genetic predisposition profile of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Dadachanji
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, J.M. Street, Parel, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Sushma Khavale
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, J.M. Street, Parel, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Nanda Joshi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, J.M. Street, Parel, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Anushree Patil
- Department of Clinical Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Srabani Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, J.M. Street, Parel, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India.
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Zeber-Lubecka N, Suchta K, Kulecka M, Kluska A, Piątkowska M, Dabrowski MJ, Jankowska K, Grymowicz M, Smolarczyk R, Hennig EE. Exome sequencing to explore the possibility of predicting genetic susceptibility to the joint occurrence of polycystic ovary syndrome and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1193293. [PMID: 37545519 PMCID: PMC10397507 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1193293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence indicates that women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have a higher risk of developing Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) than healthy individuals. Given the strong genetic impact on both diseases, common predisposing genetic factors are possibly involved but are not fully understood. Here, we performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) for 250 women with sporadic PCOS, HT, combined PCOS and HT (PCOS+HT), and healthy controls to explore the genetic background of the joint occurrence of PCOS and HT. Based on relevant comparative analyses, multivariate logistic regression prediction modeling, and the most informative feature selection using the Monte Carlo feature selection and interdependency discovery algorithm, 77 variants were selected for further validation by TaqMan genotyping in a group of 533 patients. In the allele frequency test, variants in RAB6A, GBP3, and FNDC7 genes were found to significantly (padjusted < 0.05) differentiated the PCOS+HT and PCOS groups, variant in HIF3A differentiated the PCOS+HT and HT groups, whereas variants in CDK20 and CCDC71 differentiated the PCOS+HT and both single disorder groups. TaqMan genotyping data were used to create final prediction models, which differentiated between PCOS+HT and PCOS or HT with a prediction accuracy of AUC = 0.78. Using a 70% cutoff of the prediction score improved the model parameters, increasing the AUC value to 0.87. In summary, we demonstrated the polygenic burden of both PCOS and HT, and many common and intersecting signaling pathways and biological processes whose disorders mutually predispose patients to the development of both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Zeber-Lubecka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Suchta
- Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Kulecka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kluska
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Piątkowska
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Jankowska
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Grymowicz
- Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roman Smolarczyk
- Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa E. Hennig
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
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Harris RA, McAllister JM, Strauss JF. Single-Cell RNA-Seq Identifies Pathways and Genes Contributing to the Hyperandrogenemia Associated with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10611. [PMID: 37445796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by hyperandrogenemia of ovarian thecal cell origin, resulting in anovulation/oligo-ovulation and infertility. Our previous studies established that ovarian theca cells isolated and propagated from ovaries of normal ovulatory women and women with PCOS have distinctive molecular and cellular signatures that underlie the increased androgen biosynthesis in PCOS. To evaluate differences between gene expression in single-cells from passaged cultures of theca cells from ovaries of normal ovulatory women and women with PCOS, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Results from these studies revealed differentially expressed pathways and genes involved in the acquisition of cholesterol, the precursor of steroid hormones, and steroidogenesis. Bulk RNA-seq and microarray studies confirmed the theca cell differential gene expression profiles. The expression profiles appear to be directed largely by increased levels or activity of the transcription factors SREBF1, which regulates genes involved in cholesterol acquisition (LDLR, LIPA, NPC1, CYP11A1, FDX1, and FDXR), and GATA6, which regulates expression of genes encoding steroidogenic enzymes (CYP17A1) in concert with other differentially expressed transcription factors (SP1, NR5A2). This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the hyperandrogenemia associated with PCOS and highlights potential targets for molecular diagnosis and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alan Harris
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jan M McAllister
- Department of Pathology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jerome F Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Sudhakaran G, Babu SR, Mahendra H, Arockiaraj J. Updated experimental cellular models to study polycystic ovarian syndrome. Life Sci 2023; 322:121672. [PMID: 37028548 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) develops due to hormonal imbalance and hyperandrogenism. Animal models are widely used to study PCOS because they mimic essential characteristics of human PCOS; however, the pathogenesis of PCOS remains unclear. Different sources of novel drugs are currently being screened as therapeutic strategies to alleviate PCOS and its symptoms. Simplified cell line in-vitro models could be preliminarily used to screen the bioactivity of various drugs. This review describes different cell line models focusing on the PCOS condition and its complications. Therefore, the bioactivity of the drugs could be preliminarily screened in a cell line model before moving to higher animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Sudhakaran
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sarvesh Ramesh Babu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hridai Mahendra
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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