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Jackson ES, Goldway N, Gerlach-Houck H, Gold ND. Stutterers' experiences on classic psychedelics: A preliminary self-report study. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2024; 81:106062. [PMID: 38833909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2024.106062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Stuttering poses challenges to social, occupational, and educational aspects of life. Traditional behavioral therapies can be helpful but effects are often limited. Pharmaceutical treatments have been explored but there are no FDA-approved treatments for stuttering. Interest has grown in the potential use of classic psychedelics, including psilocybin and LSD, which have shown effectiveness in treating disorders with similar symptoms (e.g., anxiety, depression, PTSD). The potential effects of psychedelics on stuttering have not been explored. We conducted a preliminary investigation of self-identified stutterers who report their experiences taking classic psychedelics on the online messaging forum, Reddit. We qualitatively analyzed 114 publicly available posts, extracting meaningful units and assigning descriptor codes inductively. We then deductively organized responses into an established framework of psychedelics which includes behavioral, emotional, cognitive, belief-based, and social effects. These effects were subsequently grouped under organizing themes (positive, negative, neutral). Descriptive statistics revealed that the majority of users (74.0%) reported positive overall short-term effects particularly related to behavioral and emotional change (e.g., reduced stuttering and anxiety), but negative (9.6%), mixed (positive and negative; 4.8%), and neutral overall experiences (11.6%) were also reported. The results support the possibility that psychedelics may impact stuttering, but caution must be applied in their interpretation given the entirely uncontrolled research setting and potential adverse health effects of psychedelics as reported elsewhere. While these results do not encourage the use of psychedelics by stutterers, they suggest that future work could examine the impact of psychedelics on stuttering under supervised and in clinically controlled settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Jackson
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, USA.
| | - Noam Goldway
- Department of Psychology, New York University, USA
| | - Hope Gerlach-Houck
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Western Michigan University, USA
| | - Noah D Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, USA
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2
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Nikvarz N, Sabouri S. Drug-induced stuttering: A comprehensive literature review. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12:236-263. [PMID: 35317340 PMCID: PMC8900588 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i2.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced stuttering (DIS) is a type of neurogenic stuttering (NS). Although DIS has not been reported as frequently as other cases of NS in the literature, it is not a negligible adverse drug reaction (ADR) which can significantly affect the quality of life if not treated. This literature review aims to evaluate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of DIS and suggests some pathophysiological mechanisms for this ADR. Relevant English-language reports in Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were identified and assessed without time restriction. Finally, a total of 62 reports were included. Twenty-seven drugs caused 86 episodes of stuttering in 82 cases. The most episodes of DIS were related to antipsychotic drugs (57%), mostly including clozapine, followed by central nervous system agents (11.6%) and anticonvulsant drugs (9.3%). The majority of the cases were male and between the ages of 31 and 40 years. Repetitions were the most frequent core manifestations of DIS. In 55.8% of the episodes of DIS, the offending drug was withdrawn to manage stuttering, which resulted in significant improvement or complete relief of stuttering in all cases. Based on the suggested pathophysiological mechanisms for developmental stuttering and neurotransmitters dysfunctions involved in speech dysfluency, it seems that the abnormalities of several neurotransmitters, especially dopamine and glutamate, in different circuits and areas of the brain, including cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop and white matter fiber tracts, may be engaged in the pathogenesis of DIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naemeh Nikvarz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616911319, Iran
| | - Salehe Sabouri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman 7616911319, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616911319, Iran
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3
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Ekhart C, van Hunsel F, van Harten P, van Baarsen J, Yingying T, Bast B. Drug-Induced Stuttering: Occurrence and Possible Pathways. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:692568. [PMID: 34512414 PMCID: PMC8423914 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.692568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Stuttering is a well-known condition that affects mainly children. Often, they recover as they get older. However, a drug-induced form of stuttering may occur at any age. The aim of the present study was to detect drugs that have been associated with stuttering and discuss the mechanisms involved. Method: A descriptive study based on reports submitted to the global pharmacovigilance database VigiBase of the WHO was conducted. Results: A total of 3,385 reports of dysphemia were retrieved from VigiBase. These reports were contributed by 51 countries. Antiepileptics, antidepressants, immunosuppressants, antipsychotics, and centrally acting sympathomimetics were among the most frequently implicated drugs. Conclusion: A wide variety of drugs has been linked to the occurrence or recurrence of stuttering. Several mechanisms, such as increased dopamine levels, reduction of GABA, anticholinergic properties of drugs, or changes in serotonin levels, have been associated with the development of drug-induced stuttering. Paradoxically, agents known to reduce stuttering in some people may induce it in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corine Ekhart
- Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb, 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | | | - Peter van Harten
- Research Department, Psychiatric Centre GGz Centraal, Innova, Amersfoort, Netherlands.,Department of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Tan Yingying
- Linguistic Institute, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
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Trenque T, Morel A, Trenque A, Azzouz B. Drug induced stuttering: pharmacovigilance data. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2020; 20:373-378. [PMID: 33337944 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2021.1867101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Stuttering is a speech disorder characterized by poor fluency of speech despite the speech production organs being normal. Numerous factors contribute to stuttering, and it may also be an iatrogenic effect of certain drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between stuttering and drug exposure.Research design and methods: We investigated the association between drugs and stuttering. We analyzed reports in the World Health Organization global individual case safety reports database (Vigibase) up to 31 May 2020 with the MedDRA lower level terms 'stutter' and 'stuttering.' The association between a drug and the occurrence of the adverse drug reaction was estimated by disproportionality analysis. Reporting odds ratios (ROR) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals.Results: In total, 724 notifications were identified using the MedDRA terms selected. The main drugs implicated were methylphenidate (ROR = 19.58; 95% CI: 13.3-28.8), topiramate (ROR = 12.5; 95% CI: 7.1-22.1), olanzapine (ROR = 12; 95% CI: 8-17.9) and golimumab (ROR = 10.2; 95% CI: 5.5-19.1).Conclusions: When stuttering occurs in a patient treated by drugs affecting neurotransmission, a drug-induced origin of the stutter should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Trenque
- Reims University Hospitals, Regional Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Reims, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Aurore Morel
- Reims University Hospitals, Regional Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Reims, France
| | - Agathe Trenque
- Reims University Hospitals, Regional Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Reims, France
| | - Brahim Azzouz
- Reims University Hospitals, Regional Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Reims, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
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5
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Ekmen BU. A Stuttering Case Getting Well During Bipolar Disorder Manic Episode. DICLE MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.5798/dicletip.534863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Clozapine-Induced Microseizures, Orofacial Dyskinesia, and Speech Dysfluency in an Adolescent with Treatment Resistant Early Onset Schizophrenia on Concurrent Lithium Therapy. Case Rep Psychiatry 2017; 2017:7359095. [PMID: 28835863 PMCID: PMC5556608 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7359095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic used in the treatment of refractory schizophrenia. It has a well-known side effect profile, including agranulocytosis, decreased seizure threshold, and tardive dyskinesia. In addition, numerous case reports have described clozapine-induced stuttering in adults. However, there has been only one previous case report describing it in the adolescent population. In addition, concurrent lithium therapy has been shown to enhance the neurotoxic effects of antipsychotics and lower the seizure threshold. Here, we report on the development of clozapine-induced microseizures, orofacial dyskinesia, and stuttering in a 17-year-old adolescent male with treatment of refractory early onset schizophrenia on clozapine and concurrent lithium therapy. The patient's symptoms of schizophrenia responded well to the clozapine regimen. However, with the escalating dose of clozapine, the patient developed speech dysfluency in the form of stuttering and perioral twitching. An electroencephalogram confirmed seizure activity. Due to similarities with tardive dyskinesia, symptoms of microseizures induced by atypical antipsychotics may not be accurately diagnosed. A multidisciplinary treatment of speech dysfluency is of particular importance in the adolescent schizophrenic patients, who are expected to have longer duration of lifetime exposure to antipsychotics and in whom peer group interaction is crucial for normal personal and social development.
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Murphy R, Gallagher A, Sharma K, Ali T, Lewis E, Murray I, Hallahan B. Clozapine-induced stuttering: an estimate of prevalence in the west of Ireland. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2015; 5:232-6. [PMID: 26301079 PMCID: PMC4535049 DOI: 10.1177/2045125315590060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clozapine is the most effective treatment available for treatment-resistant schizophrenia; however, it is also associated with a large array of adverse effects that limits its tolerability. A number of previous case reports have noted an association between clozapine and stuttering, however the rate of this possible adverse effect is yet to be established. METHODS In this paper, we present six cases of patients treated with clozapine who developed stuttering. RESULTS Clozapine was associated with stuttering in 0.92% of individuals treated with clozapine in the region. Clozapine-induced stuttering was associated with an increase in treatment dose or with dose titration at initiation of clozapine in five individuals, with dose reduction or slower dose titration associated with a cessation of stuttering in these cases. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest case series to date examining clozapine-induced stuttering and indicates that clozapine-induced stuttering is a relatively common adverse effect that can be managed by a slower titration of clozapine dosage or a modest reduction in dose in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, National University of Ireland Galway, Newcastle Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Anne Gallagher
- Department of Psychiatry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Kapil Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tariq Ali
- Department of Psychiatry, Letterkenny General Hospital, Letterkenny, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, Sligo General Hospital, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Ivan Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Brian Hallahan
- Department of Psychiatry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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8
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Sinha P, Vandana VP, Lewis NV, Jayaram M, Enderby P. Evaluating the effect of risperidone on speech: A cross-sectional study. Asian J Psychiatr 2015; 15:51-5. [PMID: 26013669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Speech subsystems are susceptible to the effects of several factors including medications. The atypical antipsychotics can also adversely affect the speech because of its action on serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitters. The present study aims to analyze the speech characteristics associated with atypical antipsychotic risperidone. Speech of 92 patients on risperidone with or without trihexyphenidyl and/or clonazepam were compared with that of 31 persons who were not on any psychotropic medicines. Compared to control group, maximum phonation duration, sequential motion rate of diadochokinesia was reduced by about 3s and 1syllable/s respectively and s/z ratio was increased by 0.16 in patients with risperidone. Performance of larynx, lips and tongue sub-system and intelligibility of speech were also significantly reduced in risperidone group. Risperidone did impact the phonation and articulation sub-systems of speech mildly, which was independent of tardive dyskinesia and extrapyramidal symptoms. Randomized controlled prospective study looking into impact on speech and related effect on drug adherence, functioning and quality of life needs to be conducted with risperidone and other atypical antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India.
| | - V P Vandana
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India.
| | - Nikita Vincent Lewis
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India.
| | - M Jayaram
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India.
| | - Pamela Enderby
- The Innovation Centre, 217 Portobello, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK.
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9
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Atay İM, Tanritanir B, Akpinar A, Demirdaş A. A Case of Risperidone Induced Stuttering as a Paradox. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2014; 51:403-404. [PMID: 28360662 DOI: 10.5152/npa.2014.6946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The main feature of stuttering is the disturbance in terms of both timing and fluency of speech inappropriate with the age. This disturbance is characterized with the repetition and prolongation of sounds and syllables. There are two types of stuttering as acquired and developmental. Acquired stuttering may begin suddenly at any age and may be seen rarely due to the adverse effects of drugs. Stuttering induced by antipsychotics may develop very rarely. Risperidone is a strong antagonist of dopamin 2 (D2) and serotonin 2A (5 HT2A) and shows a high affinity for α1 and α2 noradrenaline receptors. It's used in a wide spectrum including psychotic disorders, mood disorders, and behavioral disorders, even for the treatment of stuttering. Risperidone treats the symptoms of stuttering by the antagonism of D2 receptors with an increase in striatal metabolism. In literature, we haven't observed any other case reports except the two stuttering cases with psychotic disorders due to the short term and high-dose risperidone treatment. In our case, stuttering adverse effect of chronic low-dose risperidone treatment is remarkable that is discussed for the first time. As well as the use of risperidone for the treatment of stuttering, stuttering adverse effect seems to be interesting as a paradox.
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Affiliation(s)
- İnci Meltem Atay
- Department of Psychiatry, Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Bilal Tanritanir
- Department of Psychiatry, Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Akpinar
- Department of Psychiatry, Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Arif Demirdaş
- Department of Psychiatry, Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
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10
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Generali JA, Cada DJ. Risperidone: Stuttering. Hosp Pharm 2014; 49:242-3. [DOI: 10.1310/hpj4903-242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label Drug Facts, a publication available from Wolters Kluwer Health. Off-Label Drug Facts is a practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific drug uses that are unapproved by the US Food and Drug Administration. This new guide to the literature enables the health care professional or clinician to quickly identify published studies on off-label uses and determine if a specific use is rational in a patient care scenario. References direct the reader to the full literature for more comprehensive information before patient care decisions are made. Direct questions or comments regarding Off-Label Drug Uses to jgeneral@ku.edu .
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce A. Generali
- Hospital Pharmacy, Emeritus, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Kansas, School of Pharmacy, Kansas City/Lawrence, Kansas
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11
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Alaghband-Rad J, Nikvarz N, Tehrani-Doost M, Ghaeli P. Memantine-induced speech problems in two patients with autistic disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 21:54. [PMID: 23819879 PMCID: PMC3711986 DOI: 10.1186/2008-2231-21-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stuttering is a complex speech disorder. There are two forms of stuttering: developmental stuttering and acquired stuttering. Developmental stuttering is a disorder of early childhood but acquired stuttering can develop at any age. Some medications can induce or deteriorate stuttering as an adverse effect. There are several reports of stuttering due to psychotropic drugs. Memantine, a glutamate antagonist used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, has also been studied for the treatment of autism spectrum disorders. This report presents deterioration of stuttering and speech problem in two children with autistic disorder who were receiving memantine. Based on our knowledge, this is the first time these adverse drug reactions have been attributed to memantine. In conclusion clinicians should consider that speech problems including stuttering may be due to the consumption of memantine, especially, in children may be a side effect of memantine especially in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Alaghband-Rad
- Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
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Grover S, Verma AK, Nebhinani N. Clozapine-induced stuttering: a case report and analysis of similar case reports in the literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2012; 34:703.e1-3. [PMID: 22516217 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There is limited literature reporting clozapine-associated stuttering. In this case report, we present a case of a young male who developed stuttering with clozapine, which improved with dose reduction. Computer-assisted searches on clozapine-induced stuttering yielded 16 cases, and analysis of these case reports suggests that stuttering may be linked to seizures or movement disorders, but other putative mechanisms may be at work, which need further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Grover
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
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Sabillo S, Samala RV, Ciocon JO. A Stuttering Discovery of Lithium Toxicity. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2012; 13:660-1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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