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Erfanifar E, Khoei ZA, Abolfathi M, Erfanifar E, Tamadoni Jahromi S, Taee HM, Pourmozaffar S. Effect of paprika extracts on growth performance, haemolymph chemistry, intestinal microbiota and antioxidant enzyme activities of white-leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:854-867. [PMID: 38323979 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the effects of paprika extract on the survival rate, growth performance and stimulation of the innate immune system of Litopenaeus vannamei. In this experiment, 240 healthy shrimp (3.22 ± 0.12 g) were randomly divided into four groups. The shrimp were fed diets with different concentrations of paprika oil extracts (0%, 0.5%, 1% and 2%) for 8 weeks. The results showed that growth performance, urea, uric acid, creatinine, cholesterol levels, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities were not significantly affected by adding paprika extract to the shrimp diet (p > 0.05). Diets containing 1% and 0.5% paprika extract showed the highest levels of total protein and triglyceride, respectively (p < 0.05). There was a significant decrease in haemolymph glucose concentration in shrimp-fed diets containing 1% and 2% paprika extract (p < 0.05). Moreover, a diet containing 0.5% paprika extract resulted in the highest levels of total heamocyte count, hyaline cells and large-granular cells in shrimp (p < 0.05). Higher catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were also exhibited in the paprika groups (p < 0.05). Vibrio sp. bacteria were not significantly reduced by paprika extract in the intestines of L. vannamei (p > 0.05). A significant decrease in heterotrophic bacteria was observed with increasing extract concentrations (p < 0.05). The shrimp culture industry can utilize paprika extract as a cost-effective, efficient and environmentally friendly immune stimulant at a concentration of 0.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Erfanifar
- Offshore Fisheries Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Chabahar, Iran
| | - Zahra Amini Khoei
- Offshore Fisheries Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Chabahar, Iran
| | - Marzieh Abolfathi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar-Abbas, Iran
| | - Elahe Erfanifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Saeid Tamadoni Jahromi
- Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecology Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar-e-Abbas, Iran
| | - Hadis Mansouri Taee
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Sajjad Pourmozaffar
- Persian Gulf Mollusks Research Station, Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecology Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar-e-Lengeh, Iran
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Tian J, Wang Y, Huang J, Yan H, Duan Y, Wang J, Zhou C, Huang Z. Effects of Dietary Gracilaria lichenoides and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Intestinal Health of Penaeus monodon. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:252. [PMID: 38666864 PMCID: PMC11047885 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
This research sought to assess the effects of dietary supplements with Gracilaria lichenoides and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, either individually or combined, on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal function of Penaeus monodon. A total of 840 shrimps were randomly assigned to 28 tanks with an average initial weight of (1.04 ± 0.03) g (30 shrimp per tank) with 7 different treatment groups and 4 replicates per treatment. The control treatment (C) consisted of a basal diet; in contrast, the experimental groups were complement with varying levels of G. lichenoides (3% or 8%), either alone (S3 and S8) or in combination with B.amyloliquefaciens at different concentrations (3% G. lichenoides and 109 CFU/g-S3B9; 8% G. lichenoides and 1011 CFU/g B. amyloliquefaciens-S8B11; 109 CFU/g B. amyloliquefaciens-S9; 1011 CFU/g B. amyloliquefaciens-B11). The results indicated that the maximum values of final body weight (FBW) (10.49 ± 0.90) g, weight gain rate (WGR) (908.94 ± 33.58) g, and specific growth rate (SGR) (4.20 ± 0.06) g were perceived in the 3% G. lichenoide diet treatment, and compared with the control group, the difference was significant (p < 0.05). The whole-body lipid content of shrimp in the B9 group was significantly higher than that in the B11 group (p < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed when compared with shrimp fed other diets (p > 0.05). The ash content of shrimp in the B9 group was found to be significantly higher than that in the S3B9 group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the lipase activity in the stomach and intestines of the experimental groups exhibited a statistically significantly increase compared to the control (p < 0.05). In comparison to the control group, the hepatopancreas of the S3 group exhibited a significant increase in the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and antioxidant genes [SOD, catalase (CAT), GSH-Px, thioredoxin (Trx), Hippo, and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)] expression levels (p < 0.05). Additionally, the activities of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), SOD, peroxidase (POD), and antioxidant genes (CAT, GSH-Px, Trx, and Hippo) in the S3B9 treatment of hepatopancreas showed significant improvement (p < 0.05). The inclusion of dietary G. lichenoides and B. amyloliquefaciens resulted in enhanced relative expression of intestinal lipid metabolism genes (fatty acid synthetase (FAS), lipophorin receptor (LR), fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1)) and suppressed the expression of the long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase 4 (LCL4) gene. Analysis of microbiota sequencing indicated improvements in composition and structure, with notable increases in Firmicutes at the phylum level and Vibrio at the genus level in the S3 group, as well as an increase in Tenericutes at the genus level in the S8B11 group. Overall, the inclusion of dietary G. lichenoides and B. amyloliquefaciens positively impacted the growth, antioxidant capacity, and microbial composition of shrimp, with particular enhancement observed in shrimp fed a supplementary 3% G. lichenoides diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Tian
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.T.); (H.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; (J.H.); (Y.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; (J.H.); (Y.D.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, Hainan Engineering Research Center of Deep-Sea Aquaculture and Processing, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; (J.H.); (Y.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Hailiang Yan
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.T.); (H.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; (J.H.); (Y.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Yafei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; (J.H.); (Y.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; (J.H.); (Y.D.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, Hainan Engineering Research Center of Deep-Sea Aquaculture and Processing, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China
| | - Chuangpeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; (J.H.); (Y.D.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, Hainan Engineering Research Center of Deep-Sea Aquaculture and Processing, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China
| | - Zhong Huang
- Shenzhen Base of South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shenzhen 518121, China;
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Ghosh AK, Ahmmed SS, Islam HMR, Hasan MA, Banu GR, Panda SK, Schoofs L, Luyten W. Oral administration of Zingiber officinale and Aegle marmelos extracts enhances growth and immune functions of the shrimp Penaeus monodon against the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). AQUACULTURE INTERNATIONAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10499-023-01177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
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Ghosh AK, Panda SK, Luyten W. Effectiveness of medicinal plant extracts against
Vibrio
spp. in shrimp aquaculture. AQUACULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 52:6795-6801. [DOI: 10.1111/are.15498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alokesh Kumar Ghosh
- Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section Department of Biology Faculty of Science KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline Khulna University Khulna Bangladesh
| | - Sujogya Kumar Panda
- Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section Department of Biology Faculty of Science KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Center of Environment Climate Change and Public Health Utkal University Odisha India
| | - Walter Luyten
- Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section Department of Biology Faculty of Science KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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Ghosh AK, Panda SK, Luyten W. Anti-vibrio and immune-enhancing activity of medicinal plants in shrimp: A comprehensive review. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 117:192-210. [PMID: 34400334 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Disease epidemics in shrimp aquaculture increase apace with the development of aquaculture systems throughout the world. The disease caused by Vibrio spp. (vibriosis) is considered the most devastating, which has made it the most feared bacterial disease in the shrimp sector. In aquaculture, several strategies have already been applied to control Vibrio strains, including chemicals, probiotics, antibiotics, natural products from plants, including plant oils; hence, there has been considerable attention for using plants in shrimp aquaculture to provide sustainable, eco-friendly and safe compounds, such as alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids and flavonoids for replacing chemical compounds and antibiotics in current aquaculture. Medicinal plants may also have immunostimulating activity, increase growth and resistance in shrimps. The present paper aims to review the inhibition of Vibrio spp. in shrimp by medicinal plants, using both in vitro or/and in vivo techniques. Several medicinal plants appear capable of inhibiting growth of Vibrio pathogens outside living shrimp or in the body of shrimp, through enhancing growth and immune capacity when shrimps are fed or injected with them. In the current review Gracilaria spp. (Gracilariaceae family) and Sargassum spp. (family Sargassaceae) have been used most for in vitro and in vivo experiments. Among the terrestrial plants, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Psidium guajava, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, and Syzygium cumini (Myrtaceae family) had significant activity against Vibrio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alokesh Kumar Ghosh
- Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, KU Leuven, Belgium; Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh.
| | - Sujogya Kumar Panda
- Center of Environment Climate Change and Public Health, Utkal University, Odisha, India
| | - Walter Luyten
- Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, KU Leuven, Belgium
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Klongklaew N, Praiboon J, Tamtin M, Srisapoome P. Chemical composition of a hot water crude extract (HWCE) from Ulva intestinalis and its potential effects on growth performance, immune responses, and resistance to white spot syndrome virus and yellowhead virus in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 112:8-22. [PMID: 33600947 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a hot water crude extract from Ulva intestinalis (Ui-HWCE) was used as a dietary supplement, and the effects on growth, immune responses, and resistance against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and yellowhead virus (YHV) infection in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) were investigated. Chemical analyses of Ui-HWCE revealed 13.75 ± 0.41% sulfate, 37.86 ± 5.96% uronic acid, and 46.63 ± 5.16% carbohydrate contents. The monosaccharide content of Ui-HWCE contained glucose (6.81 ± 0.94%), xylose (4.15 ± 0.11%), and rhamnose (25.84 ± 0.80%). Functional group analysis of Ui-HWCE by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed a typical infrared spectrum of ulvan similar to the infrared spectrum of commercially purified ulvan from Ulva armoricana (77.86 ± 2.19% similarity). Ui-HWCE was added to shrimp diets via top-dressing at 0, 1, 5, and 10 g/kg diet. After 28 days, Ui-HWCE supplementation at 5 g/kg diet efficiently improved shrimp growth performance, as indicated by weight gain, average daily growth, specific growth rates, and villus height determined by observing gut morphology. Additionally, Ui-HWCE feed supplementation at 5 g/kg diet significantly increased immune responses against a pathogenic bacterium (Vibrio parahaemolyticus AHPND stain), including phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency. Furthermore, Ui-HWCE feed supplementation upregulated the expression of several immune-related genes in the hemocytes and gills. Ui-HWCE supplementation at 1 and 5 g/kg resulted in effective anti-YHV but not anti-WSSV activity, which significantly decreased the mortality rate and YHV burden in surviving shrimp. It was concluded that Ui-HWCE supplied at 5 g/kg diet exhibits growth-promoting, immune-stimulatory, and antiviral activity that could protect L. vannamei against YHV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawanith Klongklaew
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jantana Praiboon
- Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand
| | - Montakan Tamtin
- Coastal Aquaculture Research and Development Regional Center 2 (Samutsakhon), Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Thailand
| | - Prapansak Srisapoome
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Qiao Y, Jia R, Luo Y, Feng L. The inhibitory effect of Ulva fasciata on culturability, motility, and biofilm formation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC17802. Int Microbiol 2021; 24:301-310. [DOI: 10.1007/s10123-021-00165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Anirudhan A, Okomoda VT, Mimi Iryani MT, Andriani Y, Abd Wahid ME, Tan MP, Danish-Daniel M, Wong LL, Tengku-Muhammad TS, Mok WJ, Sorgeloos P, Sung YY. Pandanus tectorius fruit extract promotes Hsp70 accumulation, immune-related genes expression and Vibrio parahaemolyticus tolerance in the white-leg shrimp Penaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 109:97-105. [PMID: 33352338 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants and herbal extracts are indispensable for controlling the spread of disease-causing bacteria, including those that infect aquatic organisms used in aquaculture. The use of plant or herbal extract is expected to be safe for aquatic animals and less harmful to the environment, as opposed to conventional therapeutic alternatives such as antibiotics that promote the occurrence of potential antibiotic-resistant bacteria when used improperly. The efficacy of Pandanus tectorius fruit extract in the regulation of Hsp70 expression, pro-phenoloxidase (ProPO), peroxinectin, penaeidin, crustin and transglutaminase, all immune peptides essential for Vibrio tolerance in white leg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, was investigated in this study, which included the determination of the safety levels of the extract. Tolerance of shrimp against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a pathogenic bacteria that causes Acute Hepatopancreas Necrosis Disease (AHPND), was assessed on the basis of median lethal dose challenge survival (LD50 = 106 cells/ml). Mortality was not observed 24 h after exposure of 0.5-6 g/L of the fruit extract, indicating that P. tectorius was not toxic to shrimp at these concentrations. A 24-h incubation of 2-6 g/L of the fruit extract increased shrimp tolerance to V. parahaemolyticus, with survival doubled when the maximum dose tested in this study was used. Concomitant with a rise in survival was the increase in immune-related proteins, with Hsp70, ProPO, peroxinectin, penaeidin, crustin and transglutaminase increased 10, 11, 11, 0.4, 8 and 13-fold respectively. Histological examination of the hepatopancreas and muscle tissues of Vibrio-infected shrimp primed with P. tectorius extract revealed reduced signs of histopathological degeneration, possibly due to the accumulation of Hsp70, a molecular chaperone crucial to cellular protein folding, tissue repair and immune response of living organisms, including Penaeid shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupa Anirudhan
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Victor Tosin Okomoda
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mat Taib Mimi Iryani
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Yosie Andriani
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Effendy Abd Wahid
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Min Pau Tan
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Muhd Danish-Daniel
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Li Lian Wong
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | | | - Wen Jye Mok
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Patrick Sorgeloos
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Campus Coupure - Blok F, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Yeong Yik Sung
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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Saptiani G, Sidik AS, Ardhani F, Hardi EH. Response of hemocytes profile in the black tiger shrimp ( Penaeus monodon) against Vibrio harveyi induced by Xylocarpus granatum leaves extract. Vet World 2019; 13:751-757. [PMID: 32546921 PMCID: PMC7245727 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.751-757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study investigated hemocytes profile of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) induced with Xylocarpus granatum leaves extract to protect against Vibrio harveyi infection. Materials and Methods: X. granatum leaves were chopped into small size, air-dried, and extracted with one of the following solvents: Ethanol, distilled water, and seawater, whereas each solvent was given in three different concentrations (750 ppm, 1.000 ppm, and 1.250 ppm, respectively). Extracts were induced to 60 post-larvae shrimp in each treatment (three replicates, 20 shrimp for each) by immersing method and subsequently challenged with V. harveyi. Results: This study demonstrated different effectiveness among solvents used to extract X. granatum leaves, in which distilled water showed the most effective solvent as can be seen from the lowest percentage on anorexia, lethargic, and weakened reflex of shrimp compared with another solvent, positive and negative controls. Pathological symptoms for shrimp induced by X. granatum leaves extract were minimum with the highest survival rate compared with those of positive and negative control. Total hemocyte cells and its cell constituents such as semi-granular, granular, and hyaline cells on treatment group at 1.250 ppm were higher than controls. Conclusion: Leaves extract of X. granatum extract effectively inhibited V. harveyi infection, increased survival rate, and hemocytes cell of the experimental shrimp. Distilled water extract of X. granatum at 1.250 ppm demonstrated the highest protective effect toward V. harveyi infection on P. monodon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Saptiani
- Laboratory of Aquatic microbiology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Mulawarman. Jl. Gunung Tabur, Kampus Gunung Kelua, Samarinda 75124, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - A Syafei Sidik
- Laboratory of Experimental Pond, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Mulawarman. Jl. Gunung Tabur, Kampus Gunung Kelua, Samarinda 75124, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Fikri Ardhani
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Mulawarman. Jl. Paser Balengkong, Kampus Gunung Kelua, Samarinda 75124, Indonesia
| | - Esti Handayani Hardi
- Laboratory of Aquatic microbiology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Mulawarman. Jl. Gunung Tabur, Kampus Gunung Kelua, Samarinda 75124, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
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