|
1
|
Kaleva MD, Ilieva Y, Zaharieva MM, Dimitrova L, Kim TC, Tsvetkova I, Georgiev Y, Orozova P, Nedev K, Najdenski H. Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm Formation of Escherichia coli Isolated from Pig Farms and Surroundings in Bulgaria. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1909. [PMID: 37630469 PMCID: PMC10459462 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a ubiquitous microorganism with pathogenic and saprophytic clones. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence, virulence, antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation of E. coli in three industrial farms in Bulgaria, as well as their adjacent sites related to the utilization of manure (feces, wastewater in a separator, lagoons, means of transport, and soils). The isolation of single bacterial cultures was performed via standard procedures with modifications, and E. coli isolates were identified via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The disk diffusion method was used to assess antimicrobial resistance, and PCR was used to detect genes for antibiotic resistance (GAR) (qnr, aac(3), ampC, blaSHV/blaTEM and erm) and virulence genes (stx, stx2all, LT, STa, F4 and eae). The protocol of Stepanović was utilized to measure the biofilm formation of the isolates. A total of 84 isolates from different samples (n = 53) were identified as E. coli. Almost all demonstrated antimicrobial resistance, and most of them demonstrated resistance to multiple antibiotics from different classes. No virulence genes coding the Shiga toxin or enterotoxins or those associated with enteropathogenicity were detected. No GAR from those tested for quinolones, aminoglycosides and macrolides were found. However, all isolates that were resistant to a penicillin-class antibiotic (56) had β-lactamase-producing plasmid genes. All of them had ampC, and 34 of them had blaTEM. A total of 14 isolates formed strongly adherent biofilms. These results in a country where the use of antibiotics for growth promotion and prophylaxis in farms is highly restricted corroborate that the global implemented policy on antibiotics in human medicine and in animal husbandry needs revision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mila D. Kaleva
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.D.K.); (Y.I.); (M.M.Z.); (L.D.); (T.C.K.); (I.T.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yana Ilieva
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.D.K.); (Y.I.); (M.M.Z.); (L.D.); (T.C.K.); (I.T.); (Y.G.)
| | - Maya Margaritova Zaharieva
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.D.K.); (Y.I.); (M.M.Z.); (L.D.); (T.C.K.); (I.T.); (Y.G.)
| | - Lyudmila Dimitrova
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.D.K.); (Y.I.); (M.M.Z.); (L.D.); (T.C.K.); (I.T.); (Y.G.)
| | - Tanya Chan Kim
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.D.K.); (Y.I.); (M.M.Z.); (L.D.); (T.C.K.); (I.T.); (Y.G.)
| | - Iva Tsvetkova
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.D.K.); (Y.I.); (M.M.Z.); (L.D.); (T.C.K.); (I.T.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yordan Georgiev
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.D.K.); (Y.I.); (M.M.Z.); (L.D.); (T.C.K.); (I.T.); (Y.G.)
| | - Petya Orozova
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish, Mollusks and Crustacean Diseases, National Diagnostic Research Veterinary Institute, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Krasimir Nedev
- Swine Complex (Svinekompleks) Krumovo Gradishte, Boni Holding AD, 1527 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Hristo Najdenski
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.D.K.); (Y.I.); (M.M.Z.); (L.D.); (T.C.K.); (I.T.); (Y.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Faridah HD, Wibisono FM, Wibisono FJ, Nisa N, Fatimah F, Effendi MH, Ugbo EN, Khairullah AR, Kurniawan SC, Silaen OSM. Prevalence of the blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes among extended-spectrum beta lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from broiler chickens in Indonesia. J Vet Res 2023; 67:179-186. [PMID: 38143821 PMCID: PMC10740326 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Infections of humans and animals by multidrug resistant bacteria are increasing because of the inappropriate use of antibiotics. Disease management may be more challenging if Escherichia coli produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), which could cause resistance to aztreonam and third-generation cephalosporins. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of the blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes among ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from broiler chickens in Indonesia. Material and Methods A total of 115 broiler cloacal swab samples were obtained from 22 farms and studied for the presence of E. coli. The isolates were identified using approved standard methods and were purified on eosin methylene blue agar media. The E. coli isolates were subjected to sensitivity testing using beta-lactam antibiotics, and ESBL production was confirmed by a double-disc synergy test. The presence of the blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes was identified using a PCR. Results It was found that 99/115 (86.1%) of the isolated E. coli were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and 34/115 (29.6%) of them were phenotypically detected to be ESBL producers. Of the 34 isolates that were confirmed ESBL producers, 32/34 (94.1%) of them harboured the blaCTX-M and 13/34 (38.2%) the blaTEM genes. The blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes were detected together in 12/34 (35.3%) isolates. Conclusion This study discovered that broiler chickens are possible reservoirs of ESBL-producing E. coli that may infect humans. Thus, a committed public health education campaign is recommended in order to mitigate the potential threat to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayyun Durrotul Faridah
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Freshindy Marissa Wibisono
- Department of Veterinary Disease and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Freshinta Jellia Wibisono
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Wijaya Kusuma, Surabaya60225, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Nabilatun Nisa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Fatimah Fatimah
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Emmanuel Nnabuike Ugbo
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, 480211Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Shendy Canadya Kurniawan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Specialisation in Molecule, Cell and Organ Functioning, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen6708 PB, Netherlands
| | - Otto Sahat Martua Silaen
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta10430, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Dimitrova L, Kaleva M, Zaharieva MM, Stoykova C, Tsvetkova I, Angelovska M, Ilieva Y, Kussovski V, Naydenska S, Najdenski H. Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Swine Faeces and Lagoons in Bulgaria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080940. [PMID: 34438990 PMCID: PMC8388900 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a worldwide health problem affecting humans, animals, and the environment within the framework of the “One Health” concept. The aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of pathogenic strains of the species Escherichia coli (E. coli), their AMR profile, and biofilm-forming potential. The isolated strains from three swine faeces and free lagoons (ISO 16654:2001/Amd 1:2017) were confirmed using Phoenix M50 and 16S rDNA PCR. The antibiotic sensitivity to 34 clinically applied antibiotics was determined by Phoenix M50 and the disc diffusion method, according to the protocols of the CLSI and EUCAST. We confirmed the presence of 16 E. coli isolates, of which 87.5% were multi-drug-resistant and 31.25% performed strong biofilms. The possibility for the carrying and transmission of antibiotic-resistance genes to quinolones (qnr), aminoglycosides (aac(3)), β-lactamase-producing plasmid genes ampC, and blaSHV/blaTEM was investigated. We confirmed the carrying of blaSHV/blaTEM in one and ampC in seven isolates. The strains were negative for the virulence genes (ETEC (LT, STa, and F4), EPEC (eae), and STEC/VTEC (stx and stx2all)). The results should contribute to the development of effective measures for limitation and control on the use of antibiotics, which is a key point in the WHO action plan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Dimitrova
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Akad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.K.); (M.M.Z.); (C.S.); (I.T.); (M.A.); (Y.I.); (V.K.); (H.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +359-2979-3161
| | - Mila Kaleva
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Akad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.K.); (M.M.Z.); (C.S.); (I.T.); (M.A.); (Y.I.); (V.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Maya M. Zaharieva
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Akad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.K.); (M.M.Z.); (C.S.); (I.T.); (M.A.); (Y.I.); (V.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Christina Stoykova
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Akad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.K.); (M.M.Z.); (C.S.); (I.T.); (M.A.); (Y.I.); (V.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Iva Tsvetkova
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Akad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.K.); (M.M.Z.); (C.S.); (I.T.); (M.A.); (Y.I.); (V.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Maya Angelovska
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Akad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.K.); (M.M.Z.); (C.S.); (I.T.); (M.A.); (Y.I.); (V.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Yana Ilieva
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Akad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.K.); (M.M.Z.); (C.S.); (I.T.); (M.A.); (Y.I.); (V.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Vesselin Kussovski
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Akad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.K.); (M.M.Z.); (C.S.); (I.T.); (M.A.); (Y.I.); (V.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Sevda Naydenska
- University Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment Alexandrovska, Medical University, 1 Georgy Sofiiski Str., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Hristo Najdenski
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Akad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.K.); (M.M.Z.); (C.S.); (I.T.); (M.A.); (Y.I.); (V.K.); (H.N.)
| |
Collapse
|