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Mendizábal-Castillero M, Merlo MA, Cross I, Rodríguez ME, Rebordinos L. Genomic Characterization of hox Genes in Senegalese Sole ( Solea senegalensis, Kaup 1858): Clues to Evolutionary Path in Pleuronectiformes. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243586. [PMID: 36552509 PMCID: PMC9774920 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup 1858), a marine flatfish, belongs to the Pleuronectiformes order. It is a commercially important species for fisheries and aquaculture. However, in aquaculture, several production bottlenecks have still to be resolved, including skeletal deformities and high mortality during the larval and juvenile phase. The study aims to characterize the hox gene clusters in S. senegalensis to understand better the developmental and metamorphosis process in this species. Using a BAC library, the clones that contain hox genes were isolated, sequenced by NGS and used as BAC-FISH probes. Subsequently the hox clusters were studied by sequence analysis, comparative genomics, and cytogenetic and phylogenetic analysis. Cytogenetic analysis demonstrated the localization of four BAC clones on chromosome pairs 4, 12, 13, and 16 of the Senegalese sole cytogenomic map. Comparative and phylogenetic analysis showed a highly conserved organization in each cluster and different phylogenetic clustering in each hox cluster. Analysis of structural and repetitive sequences revealed accumulations of polymorphisms mediated by repetitive elements in the hoxba cluster, mainly retroelements. Therefore, a possible loss of the hoxb7a gene can be established in the Pleuronectiformes lineage. This work allows the organization and regulation of hox clusters to be understood, and is a good base for further studies of expression patterns.
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Zhang J, Qi J, Shi F, Pan H, Liu M, Tian R, Geng Y, Li H, Qu Y, Chen J, Seim I, Li M. Insights into the Evolution of Neoteny from the Genome of the Asian Icefish Protosalanx chinensis. iScience 2020; 23:101267. [PMID: 32593955 PMCID: PMC7327861 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salangids, known as Asian icefishes, represent a peculiar radiation within the bony fish order Protacanthopterygii where adult fish retain larval characteristics such as transparent and miniaturized bodies and a cartilaginous endoskeleton into adulthood. Here, we report a de novo genome of Protosalanx chinensis, the most widely distributed salangid lineage. The P. chinensis genome assembly is more contiguous and complete than a previous assembly. We estimate that P. chinensis, salmons, trouts, and pikes diverged from a common ancestor 185 million years ago. A juxtaposition with other fish genomes revealed loss of the genes encoding ectodysplasin-A receptor (EDAR), SCPP1, and four Hox proteins and likely lack of canonical fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) function. We also report genomic variations of P. chinensis possibly reflecting the immune system repertoire of a species with a larval phenotype in sexually mature individuals. The new Asian icefish reference genome provides a solid foundation for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jiwei Qi
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fanglei Shi
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huijuan Pan
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ran Tian
- Integrative Biology Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yuepan Geng
- Integrative Biology Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Huaying Li
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yujie Qu
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinping Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource, Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou 510260, China.
| | - Inge Seim
- Integrative Biology Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China; Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Ming Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
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Kavouras M, Malandrakis EE, Golomazou E, Konstantinidis I, Blom E, Palstra AP, Anastassiadis K, Panagiotaki P, Exadactylos A. Hox gene expression profiles during embryonic development of common sole. ANIM BIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1163/15707563-17000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Common sole (Solea solea) aquaculture production is based mostly on wild-caught breeders. Recently, the successful reproduction of first-generation fish that were reared in captivity was accomplished. A consistent good quality and quantity of produced eggs throughout the year, and of next-generation broodstock, is important for reducing the overall cost of production. Hox genes play a pivotal role in normal embryonic development and alterations of their temporal expression level may be important for egg viability. Expression profile analysis of five hox genes (hoxa1a, hoxa2a, hoxa2b, hoxb1a and hoxb1b) involved in early embryonic development and of hoxa13a, which is involved in late stages, was carried out. Results revealed a premature and/or maternal expression of hoxa13a in sole embryos, and the detection of hoxa2a and hoxa2b genes as members of paralog group 2. Principal Component Analysis of hox gene expression in 54 ± 6 hours post fertilization embryos coming from wild-caught broodstock and a first-generation one reared in the hatchery, unveiled that these broodstocks are clearly distinct. In addition, their pairwise comparison revealed significant differences in the expression levels of hoxb1a and hoxb1b genes. Hox gene regulation during embryonic development could give valuable insight into rearing sole broodstocks with different origin in concert, and also into gaining a steady mass production of eggs, either in quality or quantity, all year round.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menelaos Kavouras
- 1Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Str., Volos, Greece
| | - Emmanouil E. Malandrakis
- 1Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Str., Volos, Greece
| | - Eleni Golomazou
- 1Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Str., Volos, Greece
| | - Ioannis Konstantinidis
- 1Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Str., Volos, Greece
| | - Ewout Blom
- 2Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, IJmuiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan P. Palstra
- 3Wageningen University & Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Panagiota Panagiotaki
- 1Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Str., Volos, Greece
| | - Athanasios Exadactylos
- 1Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Str., Volos, Greece
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Parker HJ, Bronner ME, Krumlauf R. The vertebrate Hox gene regulatory network for hindbrain segmentation: Evolution and diversification: Coupling of a Hox gene regulatory network to hindbrain segmentation is an ancient trait originating at the base of vertebrates. Bioessays 2016; 38:526-38. [PMID: 27027928 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hindbrain development is orchestrated by a vertebrate gene regulatory network that generates segmental patterning along the anterior-posterior axis via Hox genes. Here, we review analyses of vertebrate and invertebrate chordate models that inform upon the evolutionary origin and diversification of this network. Evidence from the sea lamprey reveals that the hindbrain regulatory network generates rhombomeric compartments with segmental Hox expression and an underlying Hox code. We infer that this basal feature was present in ancestral vertebrates and, as an evolutionarily constrained developmental state, is fundamentally important for patterning of the vertebrate hindbrain across diverse lineages. Despite the common ground plan, vertebrates exhibit neuroanatomical diversity in lineage-specific patterns, with different vertebrates revealing variations of Hox expression in the hindbrain that could underlie this diversification. Invertebrate chordates lack hindbrain segmentation but exhibit some conserved aspects of this network, with retinoic acid signaling playing a role in establishing nested domains of Hox expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo J Parker
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Robb Krumlauf
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Davis A, Reubens MC, Stellwag EJ. Functional and Comparative Genomics of Hoxa2 Gene cis-Regulatory Elements: Evidence for Evolutionary Modification of Ancestral Core Element Activity. J Dev Biol 2016; 4:jdb4020015. [PMID: 29615583 PMCID: PMC5831782 DOI: 10.3390/jdb4020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hoxa2 is an evolutionarily conserved developmental regulatory gene that functions to specify rhombomere (r) and pharyngeal arch (PA) identities throughout the Osteichthyes. Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) hoxa2a, like orthologous Hoxa2 genes from other osteichthyans, is expressed during embryogenesis in r2–7 and PA2-7, whereas the paralogous medaka pseudogene, ψhoxa2b, is expressed in noncanonical Hoxa2 domains, including the pectoral fin buds. To understand the evolution of cis-regulatory element (CRE) control of gene expression, we conducted eGFP reporter gene expression studies with extensive functional mapping of several conserved CREs upstream of medaka hoxa2a and ψhoxa2b in transient and stable-line transgenic medaka embryos. The CREs tested were previously shown to contribute to directing mouse Hoxa2 gene expression in r3, r5, and PA2-4. Our results reveal the presence of sequence elements embedded in the medaka hoxa2a and ψhoxa2b upstream enhancer regions (UERs) that mediate expression in r4 and the PAs (hoxa2a r4/CNCC element) or in r3–7 and the PAs ψhoxa2b r3–7/CNCC element), respectively. Further, these elements were shown to be highly conserved among osteichthyans, which suggests that the r4 specifying element embedded in the UER of Hoxa2 is a deeply rooted rhombomere specifying element and the activity of this element has been modified by the evolution of flanking sequences that redirect its activity to alternative developmental compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Davis
- Department of Biology and Physical Sciences, Gordon State College, Barnesville, GA 30204, USA.
| | - Michael C Reubens
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N, Torrey Pines Road, MB3, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Edmund J Stellwag
- Department of Biology, Howell Science Complex, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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Suzuki H, Nikaido M, Hagino-Yamagishi K, Okada N. Distinct functions of two olfactory marker protein genes derived from teleost-specific whole genome duplication. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:245. [PMID: 26555542 PMCID: PMC4640105 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole genome duplications (WGDs) have been proposed to have made a significant impact on vertebrate evolution. Two rounds of WGD (1R and 2R) occurred in the common ancestor of Gnathostomata and Cyclostomata, followed by the third-round WGD (3R) in a common ancestor of all modern teleosts. The 3R-derived paralogs are good models for understanding the evolution of genes after WGD, which have the potential to facilitate phenotypic diversification. However, the recent studies of 3R-derived paralogs tend to be based on in silico analyses. Here we analyzed the paralogs encoding teleost olfactory marker protein (OMP), which was shown to be specifically expressed in mature olfactory sensory neurons and is expected to be involved in olfactory transduction. RESULTS Our genome database search identified two OMPs (OMP1 and OMP2) in teleosts, whereas only one was present in other vertebrates. Phylogenetic and synteny analyses suggested that OMP1 and 2 were derived from 3R. Both OMPs showed distinct expression patterns in zebrafish; OMP1 was expressed in the deep layer of the olfactory epithelium (OE), which is consistent with previous studies of mice and zebrafish, whereas OMP2 was sporadically expressed in the superficial layer. Interestingly, OMP2 was expressed in a very restricted region of the retina as well as in the OE. In addition, the analysis of transcriptome data of spotted gar, a non-teleost fish, revealed that single OMP gene was expressed in the eyes. CONCLUSION We found distinct expression patterns of zebrafish OMP1 and 2 at the tissue and cellular level. These differences in expression patterns may be explained by subfunctionalization as the model of molecular evolution. Namely, single OMP gene was speculated to be originally expressed in the OE and the eyes in the common ancestor of all Osteichthyes (bony fish including tetrapods). Then, two OMP gene paralogs derived from 3R-WGD reduced and specialized the expression patterns. This study provides a good example for analyzing a functional subdivision of the teleost OE and eyes as revealed by 3R-derived paralogs of OMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikoyu Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Masato Nikaido
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Kimiko Hagino-Yamagishi
- Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Integrated Neuroscience Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
| | - Norihiro Okada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.
- Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Tsukuba, 305-0821, Japan.
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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David B, Mooi R. How Hox genes can shed light on the place of echinoderms among the deuterostomes. EvoDevo 2014; 5:22. [PMID: 24959343 PMCID: PMC4066700 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-5-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Hox gene cluster ranks among the greatest of biological discoveries of the past 30 years. Morphogenetic patterning genes are remarkable for the systems they regulate during major ontogenetic events, and for their expressions of molecular, temporal, and spatial colinearity. Recent descriptions of exceptions to these colinearities are suggesting deep phylogenetic signal that can be used to explore origins of entire deuterostome phyla. Among the most enigmatic of these deuterostomes in terms of unique body patterning are the echinoderms. However, there remains no overall synthesis of the correlation between this signal and the variations observable in the presence/absence and expression patterns of Hox genes. Results Recent data from Hox cluster analyses shed light on how the bizarre shift from bilateral larvae to radial adults during echinoderm ontogeny can be accomplished by equally radical modifications within the Hox cluster. In order to explore this more fully, a compilation of observations on the genetic patterns among deuterostomes is integrated with the body patterning trajectories seen across the deuterostome clade. Conclusions Synthesis of available data helps to explain morphogenesis along the anterior/posterior axis of echinoderms, delineating the origins and fate of that axis during ontogeny. From this, it is easy to distinguish between ‘seriality’ along echinoderm rays and true A/P axis phenomena such as colinearity within the somatocoels, and the ontogenetic outcomes of the unique translocation and inversion of the anterior Hox class found within the Echinodermata. An up-to-date summary and integration of the disparate lines of research so far produced on the relationship between Hox genes and pattern formation for all deuterostomes allows for development of a phylogeny and scenario for the evolution of deuterostomes in general, and the Echinodermata in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno David
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Rich Mooi
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences, 94103 San Francisco, California, USA
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Straka H, Baker R. Vestibular blueprint in early vertebrates. Front Neural Circuits 2013; 7:182. [PMID: 24312016 PMCID: PMC3833255 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Central vestibular neurons form identifiable subgroups within the boundaries of classically outlined octavolateral nuclei in primitive vertebrates that are distinct from those processing lateral line, electrosensory, and auditory signals. Each vestibular subgroup exhibits a particular morpho-physiological property that receives origin-specific sensory inputs from semicircular canal and otolith organs. Behaviorally characterized phenotypes send discrete axonal projections to extraocular, spinal, and cerebellar targets including other ipsi- and contralateral vestibular nuclei. The anatomical locations of vestibuloocular and vestibulospinal neurons correlate with genetically defined hindbrain compartments that are well conserved throughout vertebrate evolution though some variability exists in fossil and extant vertebrate species. The different vestibular subgroups exhibit a robust sensorimotor signal processing complemented with a high degree of vestibular and visual adaptive plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Straka
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Planegg, Germany
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Lyon RS, Davis A, Scemama JL. Spatio-temporal expression patterns of anterior Hox genes during Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) embryonic development. Gene Expr Patterns 2013; 13:104-8. [PMID: 23376031 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hox genes encode transcription factors that function to pattern regional tissue identities along the anterior-posterior axis during animal embryonic development. Divergent nested Hox gene expression patterns within the posterior pharyngeal arches may play an important role in patterning morphological variation in the pharyngeal jaw apparatus (PJA) between evolutionarily divergent teleost fishes. Recent gene expression studies have shown the expression patterns from all Hox paralog group (PG) 2-6 genes in the posterior pharyngeal arches (PAs) for the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and from most genes of these PGs for the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). While several orthologous Hox genes exhibit divergent spatial and temporal expression patterns between these two teleost species in the posterior PAs, several tilapia Hox gene expression patterns from PG3-6 must be documented for a full comparative study. Here we present the spatio-temporal expression patterns of hoxb3b, c3a, b4a, a5a, b5a, b5b, b6a and b6b in the neural tube and posterior PAs of the Nile tilapia. We show that several of these tilapia Hox genes exhibit divergent expression patterns in the posterior PAs from their medaka orthologs. We also compare these gene expression patterns to orthologs in other gnathostome vertebrates, including the dogfish shark.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stewart Lyon
- Department of Biology, Howell Science Complex, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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Hortopan GA, Baraban SC. Aberrant expression of genes necessary for neuronal development and Notch signaling in an epileptic mind bomb zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:1964-76. [PMID: 21688347 PMCID: PMC3137702 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation within an ubiquitin E3 ligase gene can lead to a failure in Notch signaling, excessive neurons, and depletion of neural progenitor cells in mind bomb mutants. Using mib(hi904) zebrafish, we reported seizures and a down-regulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling pathway genes. A transcriptome analysis also identified differential expression pattern of genes related to Notch signaling and neurodevelopment. Here, we selected nine of these genes (her4.2, hes5, bhlhb5, hoxa5a, hoxb5b, dmbx1a, dbx1a, nxph1, and plxnd1) and performed a more thorough analysis of expression using conventional polymerase chain reaction, real-time polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. Transgenic reporter fish (Gfap:GFP and Dlx5a-6a:GFP) were used to assess early brain morphology in vivo. Down-regulation of many of these genes was prominent throughout key structures of the developing mib(hi904) zebrafish brain including, but not limited to, the pallium, ventral thalamus, and optic tectum. Brain expression of Dlx5a-6a and Gfap was also reduced. In conclusion, these expression studies indicate a general down-regulation of Notch signaling genes necessary for proper brain development and suggest that these mutant fish could provide valuable insights into neurological conditions, such as Angelman syndrome, associated with ubiquitin E3 ligase mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A. Hortopan
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Scott C. Baraban
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
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Oulion S, Borday-Birraux V, Debiais-Thibaud M, Mazan S, Laurenti P, Casane D. Evolution of repeated structures along the body axis of jawed vertebrates, insights from the Scyliorhinus canicula Hox code. Evol Dev 2011; 13:247-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2011.00477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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