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Diana A, Ghilardi A, Del Giacco L. Differentiation and functioning of the lateral line organ in zebrafish require Smpx activity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7862. [PMID: 38570547 PMCID: PMC10991396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The small muscle protein, X-linked (SMPX) gene encodes a cytoskeleton-associated protein, highly expressed in the inner ear hair cells (HCs), possibly regulating auditory function. In the last decade, several mutations in SMPX have been associated with X-chromosomal progressive non syndromic hearing loss in humans and, in line with this, Smpx-deficient animal models, namely zebrafish and mouse, showed significant impairment of inner ear HCs development, maintenance, and functioning. In this work, we uncovered smpx expression in the neuromast mechanosensory HCs of both Anterior and Posterior Lateral Line (ALL and PLL, respectively) of zebrafish larvae and focused our attention on the PLL. Smpx was subcellularly localized throughout the cytoplasm of the HCs, as well as in their primary cilium. Loss-of-function experiments, via both morpholino-mediated gene knockdown and CRISPR/Cas9 F0 gene knockout, revealed that the lack of Smpx led to fewer properly differentiated and functional neuromasts, as well as to a smaller PLL primordium (PLLp), the latter also Smpx-positive. In addition, the kinocilia of Smpx-deficient neuromast HCs appeared structurally and numerically altered. Such phenotypes were associated with a significant reduction in the mechanotransduction activity of the neuromast HCs, in line with their positivity for Smpx. In summary, this work highlights the importance of Smpx in lateral line development and, specifically, in proper HCs differentiation and/or maintenance, and in the mechanotransduction process carried out by the neuromast HCs. Because lateral line HCs are both functionally and structurally analogous to the cochlear HCs, the neuromasts might represent an invaluable-and easily accessible-tool to dissect the role of Smpx in HCs development/functioning and shed light on the underlying mechanisms involved in hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Diana
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Ghilardi
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Del Giacco
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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2
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Elowe CR, Babbitt C, Gerson AR. White-throated sparrow ( Zonotrichia albicollis) liver and pectoralis flight muscle transcriptomic changes in preparation for migration. Physiol Genomics 2023; 55:544-556. [PMID: 37694280 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00018.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Migratory songbirds undertake challenging journeys to reach their breeding grounds each spring. They accomplish these nonstop flapping feats of endurance through a suite of physiological changes, including the development of substantial fat stores and flight muscle hypertrophy and an increased capacity for fat catabolism. In addition, migratory birds may show large reductions in organ masses during flight, including the flight muscle and liver, which they must rapidly rebuild during their migratory stopover before replenishing their fat stores. However, the molecular basis of this capacity for rapid tissue remodeling and energetic output has not been thoroughly investigated. We performed RNA-sequencing analysis of the liver and pectoralis flight muscle of captive white-throated sparrows in experimentally photostimulated migratory and nonmigratory condition to explore the mechanisms of seasonal change to metabolism and tissue mass regulation that may facilitate these migratory journeys. Based on transcriptional changes, we propose that tissue-specific adjustments in preparation for migration may alleviate the damaging effects of long-duration activity, including a potential increase to the inflammatory response in the muscle. Furthermore, we hypothesize that seasonal hypertrophy balances satellite cell recruitment and apoptosis, while little evidence appeared in the transcriptome to support myostatin-, insulin-like growth factor 1-, and mammalian target of rapamycin-mediated pathways for muscle growth. These findings can encourage more targeted molecular studies on the unique integration of pathways that we find in the development of the migratory endurance phenotype in songbirds.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Migratory songbirds undergo significant physiological changes to accomplish their impressive migratory journeys. However, we have a limited understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying these changes. Here, we explore the transcriptomic changes to the flight muscle and liver of white-throated sparrows as they develop the migratory condition. We use these patterns to develop hypotheses about metabolic flexibility and tissue restructuring in preparation for migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory R Elowe
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Courtney Babbitt
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Alexander R Gerson
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
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Phosphorylation of H3-Thr3 by Haspin Is Required for Primary Cilia Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147753. [PMID: 34299370 PMCID: PMC8307231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are commonly found on most quiescent, terminally differentiated cells and play a major role in the regulation of the cell cycle, cell motility, sensing, and cell–cell communication. Alterations in ciliogenesis and cilia maintenance are causative of several human diseases, collectively known as ciliopathies. A key determinant of primary cilia is the histone deacetylase HDAC6, which regulates their length and resorption and whose distribution is regulated by the death inducer-obliterator 3 (Dido3). Here, we report that the atypical protein kinase Haspin is a key regulator of cilia dynamics. Cells defective in Haspin activity exhibit longer primary cilia and a strong delay in cilia resorption upon cell cycle reentry. We show that Haspin is active in quiescent cells, where it phosphorylates threonine 3 of histone H3, a known mitotic Haspin substrate. Forcing Dido3 detachment from the chromatin prevents Haspin inhibition from impacting cilia dynamics, suggesting that Haspin activity is required for the relocalization of Dido3–HDAC6 to the basal body. Exploiting the zebrafish model, we confirmed the physiological relevance of this mechanism. Our observations shed light on a novel player, Haspin, in the mechanisms that govern the determination of cilia length and the homeostasis of mature cilia.
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Ghilardi A, Diana A, Bacchetta R, Santo N, Ascagni M, Prosperi L, Del Giacco L. Inner Ear and Muscle Developmental Defects in Smpx-Deficient Zebrafish Embryos. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126497. [PMID: 34204426 PMCID: PMC8235540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed the identification of several families affected by hereditary non-syndromic hearing loss (NSHL) caused by mutations in the SMPX gene and the loss of function has been suggested as the underlying mechanism. In the attempt to confirm this hypothesis we generated an Smpx-deficient zebrafish model, pointing out its crucial role in proper inner ear development. Indeed, a marked decrease in the number of kinocilia together with structural alterations of the stereocilia and the kinocilium itself in the hair cells of the inner ear were observed. We also report the impairment of the mechanotransduction by the hair cells, making SMPX a potential key player in the construction of the machinery necessary for sound detection. This wealth of evidence provides the first possible explanation for hearing loss in SMPX-mutated patients. Additionally, we observed a clear muscular phenotype consisting of the defective organization and functioning of muscle fibers, strongly suggesting a potential role for the protein in the development of muscle fibers. This piece of evidence highlights the need for more in-depth analyses in search for possible correlations between SMPX mutations and muscular disorders in humans, thus potentially turning this non-syndromic hearing loss-associated gene into the genetic cause of dysfunctions characterized by more than one symptom, making SMPX a novel syndromic gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ghilardi
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.G.); (A.D.); (L.P.)
| | - Alberto Diana
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.G.); (A.D.); (L.P.)
| | - Renato Bacchetta
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Nadia Santo
- Unitech NOLIMITS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (N.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Miriam Ascagni
- Unitech NOLIMITS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (N.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Laura Prosperi
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.G.); (A.D.); (L.P.)
| | - Luca Del Giacco
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.G.); (A.D.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Wan-Mohtar WAAQI, Ilham Z, Jamaludin AA, Rowan N. Use of Zebrafish Embryo Assay to Evaluate Toxicity and Safety of Bioreactor-Grown Exopolysaccharides and Endopolysaccharides from European Ganoderma applanatum Mycelium for Future Aquaculture Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1675. [PMID: 33562361 PMCID: PMC7914815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural mycelial exopolysaccharide (EPS) and endopolysaccharide (ENS) extracted from bioreactor-cultivated European Ganoderma applanatum mushrooms are of potential high commercial value for both food and adjacent biopharmaceutical industries. In order to evaluate their potential toxicity for aquaculture application, both EPS (0.01-10 mg/mL) and ENS (0.01-10 mg/mL) extracts were tested for Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity (ZFET); early development effects on Zebrafish Embryos (ZE) were also analyzed between 24 and 120 h post-fertilization (HPF). Both EPS and ENS are considered non-toxic with LC50 of 1.41 mg/mL and 0.87 mg/mL respectively. Both EPS and ENS did not delay hatching and teratogenic defect towards ZE with <1.0 mg/mL, respectively. No significant changes in the ZE heart rate were detected following treatment with the two compounds tested (EPS: 0.01-10 mg/mL: 176.44 ± 0.77 beats/min and ENS: 0.01-10 mg/mL: 148.44 ± 17.75 beats/min) compared to normal ZE (120-180 beats/min). These initial findings support future pre-clinical trials in adult fish models with view to safely using EPS and ENS as potential feed supplements for supplements for development of the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar
- Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
- Bioresources and Bioprocessing Research Group, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 WO89 Athlone, Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Zul Ilham
- Bioresources and Bioprocessing Research Group, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
- Environmental Science and Management Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin
- Environmental Science and Management Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Neil Rowan
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 WO89 Athlone, Westmeath, Ireland
- Empower Eco Innovation Hub, Lough Boora, Co., R35 DA50 Tullamore, Offaly, Ireland
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Guo Y, Hao Y, Zhang D, Xu H, Yu D, Lv J, Fu Z, Han S, Guo F, Bai J, Guan G. A novel missense mutation in SMPX causes a rare form of X-linked postlingual sensorineural hearing loss in a Chinese family. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:378-387. [PMID: 33708524 PMCID: PMC7944167 DOI: 10.21037/tp-20-435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked deafness-4 (DFNX4) caused by the functional loss of the SMPX gene is one form of nonsyndromic hearing loss with postlingual onset. This study aimed to investigate the cause of X-linked inherited sensorineural nonsyndromic hearing loss in a four-generation Chinese family and to explain the reason for extremely different hearing phenotypes between the proband and other family members. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing (WES) and co-segregation analysis were used to identify the pathogenic variants. Furthermore, methylation differences among the androgen receptor genes were utilized to investigate whether the severe phenotype of the proband is related to X-chromosome inactivation (Xi). RESULTS We described in detail the clinical characteristics of the family and identified a novel missense mutation (c.262C>G: p.Gln88Glu) in SMPX by WES. This variant was co-segregated with the postlingual hearing loss phenotype and was absent in 300 normal controls. Also, we found that the proband, a 4-year-old female, carries two new compound heterozygous mutations (c.9259G>A: p.Val3087Ile and c.8576G>A: p.Arg2859His) in the USH2A gene, but to date without any other symptoms except profound sensorineural hearing loss. Additionally, analysis of X-chromosome inactivation indicated moderate skewing in the proband, which is probably related to the heterogeneity of clinical characteristics. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to report a missense mutation of SMPX in a Chinese family. Our findings have enriched the mutation and phenotypic spectrum of the SMPX gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyuan Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanru Hao
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dejun Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongen Xu
- Precision Medicine Center, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Duojiao Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingmao Lv
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Jilin Province People's Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Zeming Fu
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuang Han
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fang Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guofang Guan
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Yao X, Wang C, Chen F, Liu D, Shao M, Xu Z. Rbm24a Is Necessary for Hair Cell Development Through Regulating mRNA Stability in Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:604026. [PMID: 33392193 PMCID: PMC7773828 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.604026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair cells in the inner ear and lateral lines are mechanosensitive receptor cells whose development and function are tightly regulated. Several transcription factors as well as splicing factors have been identified to play important roles in hair cell development, whereas the role of RNA stability in this process is poorly understood. In the present work, we report that RNA-binding motif protein 24a (Rbm24a) is indispensable for hair cell development in zebrafish. Rbm24a expression is detected in the inner ear as well as lateral line neuromasts. Albeit rbm24a deficient zebrafish do not survive beyond 9 days post fertilization (dpf) due to effects outside of the inner ear, rbm24a deficiency does not affect the early development of inner ear except for delayed otolith formation and semicircular canal fusion. However, hair cell development is severely affected and hair bundle is disorganized in rbm24a mutants. As a result, the auditory and vestibular function of rbm24a mutants are compromised. RNAseq analyses identified several Rbm24a-target mRNAs that are directly bound by Rbm24a and are dysregulated in rbm24a mutants. Among the identified Rbm24a-target genes, lrrc23, dfna5b, and smpx are particularly interesting as their dysregulation might contribute to the inner ear phenotypes in rbm24a mutants. In conclusion, our data suggest that Rbm24a affects hair cell development in zebrafish through regulating mRNA stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuebo Yao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Changquan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fangyi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ming Shao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhigang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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Cheng X, Zhang JJ, Shi DL. Loss of Rbm24a causes defective hair cell development in the zebrafish inner ear and neuromasts. J Genet Genomics 2020; 47:403-406. [PMID: 33036919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Cheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.
| | - De-Li Shi
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China; Develompental Biology Laboratory, CNRS UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne University, 75005, Paris, France.
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