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Important Hormones Regulating Lipid Metabolism. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207052. [PMID: 36296646 PMCID: PMC9607181 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a wide variety of kinds of lipids, and complex structures which determine the diversity and complexity of their functions. With the basic characteristic of water insolubility, lipid molecules are independent of the genetic information composed by genes to proteins, which determine the particularity of lipids in the human body, with water as the basic environment and genes to proteins as the genetic system. In this review, we have summarized the current landscape on hormone regulation of lipid metabolism. After the well-studied PI3K-AKT pathway, insulin affects fat synthesis by controlling the activity and production of various transcription factors. New mechanisms of thyroid hormone regulation are discussed, receptor α and β may mediate different procedures, the effect of thyroid hormone on mitochondria provides a new insight for hormones regulating lipid metabolism. Physiological concentration of adrenaline induces the expression of extrapituitary prolactin in adipose tissue macrophages, which promotes fat weight loss. Manipulation of hormonal action has the potential to offer a new therapeutic horizon for the global burden of obesity and its associated complications such as morbidity and mortality.
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Towards Understanding the Direct and Indirect Actions of Growth Hormone in Controlling Hepatocyte Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102532. [PMID: 34685512 PMCID: PMC8533955 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is critical for achieving normal structural growth. In addition, GH plays an important role in regulating metabolic function. GH acts through its GH receptor (GHR) to modulate the production and function of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and insulin. GH, IGF1, and insulin act on multiple tissues to coordinate metabolic control in a context-specific manner. This review will specifically focus on our current understanding of the direct and indirect actions of GH to control liver (hepatocyte) carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the context of normal fasting (sleep) and feeding (wake) cycles and in response to prolonged nutrient deprivation and excess. Caveats and challenges related to the model systems used and areas that require further investigation towards a clearer understanding of the role GH plays in metabolic health and disease are discussed.
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Bougarne N, Weyers B, Desmet SJ, Deckers J, Ray DW, Staels B, De Bosscher K. Molecular Actions of PPARα in Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:760-802. [PMID: 30020428 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a nuclear receptor of clinical interest as a drug target in various metabolic disorders. PPARα also exhibits marked anti-inflammatory capacities. The first-generation PPARα agonists, the fibrates, have however been hampered by drug-drug interaction issues, statin drop-in, and ill-designed cardiovascular intervention trials. Notwithstanding, understanding the molecular mechanisms by which PPARα works will enable control of its activities as a drug target for metabolic diseases with an underlying inflammatory component. Given its role in reshaping the immune system, the full potential of this nuclear receptor subtype as a versatile drug target with high plasticity becomes increasingly clear, and a novel generation of agonists may pave the way for novel fields of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bougarne
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Laboratory, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Basiel Weyers
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Laboratory, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie J Desmet
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Laboratory, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie Deckers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
| | - David W Ray
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bart Staels
- Université de Lille, U1011-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- INSERM, U1011, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Laboratory, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
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Malliou F, Andreadou I, Gonzalez FJ, Lazou A, Xepapadaki E, Vallianou I, Lambrinidis G, Mikros E, Marselos M, Skaltsounis AL, Konstandi M. The olive constituent oleuropein, as a PPARα agonist, markedly reduces serum triglycerides. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 59:17-28. [PMID: 29960113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oleuropein (OLE), a main constituent of olive, exhibits antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects, while it reduces the infarct size in chow- and cholesterol-fed rabbits. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) has essential roles in the control of lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. This study focused on the mechanisms underlying the hypolipidemic activity of OLE and, specifically, on the role of PPARα activation in the OLE-induced effect. Theoretical approach using Molecular Docking Simulations and luciferase reporter gene assay indicated that OLE is a ligand of PPARα. The effect of OLE (100 mg/kg, p.o., per day, ×6 weeks) on serum triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels was also assessed in adult male wild-type and Ppara-null mice. Molecular Docking Simulations, Luciferase reporter gene assay and gene expression analysis indicated that OLE is a PPARα agonist that up-regulates several PPARα target genes in the liver. This effect was associated with a significant reduction of serum TG and cholesterol levels. In contrast, OLE had no effect in Ppara-null mice, indicating a direct involvement of PPARα in the OLE-induced serum TG and cholesterol reduction. Activation of hormone-sensitive lipase in the white adipose tissue (WAT) and the liver of wild-type mice and up-regulation of several hepatic factors involved in TG uptake, transport, metabolism and clearance may also contribute in the OLE-induced TG reduction. In summary, OLE has a beneficial effect on TG homeostasis via PPARα activation. OLE also activates the hormone sensitive lipase in the WAT and liver and up-regulates several hepatic genes with essential roles in TG homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Malliou
- University of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Ioannina GR-45110, Greece
| | - Ioanna Andreadou
- National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, MD, USA
| | - Antigone Lazou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Biology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Eva Xepapadaki
- University of Patras, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Rio, Greece
| | - Ioanna Vallianou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Biology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - George Lambrinidis
- National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Mikros
- National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Marios Marselos
- University of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Ioannina GR-45110, Greece
| | | | - Maria Konstandi
- University of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Ioannina GR-45110, Greece.
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Graugnard D, Moyes K, Trevisi E, Khan M, Keisler D, Drackley J, Bertoni G, Loor J. Liver lipid content and inflammometabolic indices in peripartal dairy cows are altered in response to prepartal energy intake and postpartal intramammary inflammatory challenge. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:918-35. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Lee C, Ding X, Riddick DS. The role of cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism in the regulation of mouse hepatic growth hormone signaling components and target genes by 3-methylcholanthrene. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 41:457-65. [PMID: 23169610 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.048835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Methylcholanthrene (MC) is a readily metabolized aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist. MC disrupts expression of mouse hepatic growth hormone (GH) signaling components and suppresses cytochrome P450 2D9 (Cyp2d9), a male-specific gene controlled by pulsatile GH via signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b). To determine if these effects of MC depend on hepatic microsomal P450-mediated activity, we examined biologic responses to MC treatment in liver Cpr-null (LCN) mice with hepatocyte-specific conditional deletion of NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR). MC caused mild induction of Por and a hepatic inflammatory marker in wild-type mice, whereas MC caused strong induction of AHR target genes, Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2, and Cyp1b1 in wild-type and LCN mice. Two mouse hepatic STAT5b target genes, Cyp2d9 and major urinary protein 2 (Mup2), were suppressed by MC in wild-type mice, and the CYP2D9 mRNA response was maintained in LCN mice. In wild-type mice only, MC decreased hepatic GH receptor (GHR) mRNA but increased GHR protein levels. There was an apparent impairment of STAT5 phosphorylation by MC in wild-type and LCN mice, but large interanimal variation prevented achievement of statistical significance. In vehicle-treated mice, basal levels of MUP2 mRNA, GHR mRNA, GHR protein, and the activation status of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 and Akt were influenced by hepatic Por genetic status. These results indicate that the effects of MC on hepatic GH signaling components and target genes are complex, involving aspects that are both dependent and independent of hepatic microsomal P450-mediated activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunja Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Vijayakumar A, Yakar S, LeRoith D. The intricate role of growth hormone in metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:32. [PMID: 22654802 PMCID: PMC3356038 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH), a master regulator of somatic growth, also regulates carbohydrate and lipid metabolism via complex interactions with insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Data from human and rodent studies reveal the importance of GH in insulin synthesis and secretion, lipid metabolism and body fat remodeling. In this review, we will summarize the tissue-specific metabolic effects of GH, with emphasis on recent targets identified to mediate these effects. Furthermore, we will discuss what role GH plays in obesity and present possible mechanisms by which this may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Vijayakumar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Shoshana Yakar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Derek LeRoith
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- *Correspondence: Derek LeRoith, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustav Levy Place, Box 1055, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA. e-mail:
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Vijayakumar A, Novosyadlyy R, Wu Y, Yakar S, LeRoith D. Biological effects of growth hormone on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Growth Horm IGF Res 2010; 20:1-7. [PMID: 19800274 PMCID: PMC2815161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This review will summarize the metabolic effects of growth hormone (GH) on the adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle with focus on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. The metabolic effects of GH predominantly involve the stimulation of lipolysis in the adipose tissue resulting in an increased flux of free fatty acids (FFAs) into the circulation. In the muscle and liver, GH stimulates triglyceride (TG) uptake, by enhancing lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expression, and its subsequent storage. The effects of GH on carbohydrate metabolism are more complicated and may be mediated indirectly via the antagonism of insulin action. Furthermore, GH has a net anabolic effect on protein metabolism although the molecular mechanisms of its actions are not completely understood. The major questions that still remain to be answered are (i) What are the molecular mechanisms by which GH regulates substrate metabolism? (ii) Does GH affect substrate metabolism directly or indirectly via IGF-1 or antagonism of insulin action?
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Vijayakumar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Savas Ü, Machemer DEW, Hsu MH, Gaynor P, Lasker JM, Tukey RH, Johnson EF. Opposing roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and growth hormone in the regulation of CYP4A11 expression in a transgenic mouse model. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:16541-16552. [PMID: 19366684 PMCID: PMC2713544 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m902074200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP4A11 transgenic mice (CYP4A11 Tg) were generated to examine in vivo regulation of the human CYP4A11 gene. Expression of CYP4A11 in mice yields liver and kidney P450 4A11 levels similar to those found in the corresponding human tissues and leads to an increased microsomal capacity for omega-hydroxylation of lauric acid. Fasted CYP4A11 Tg mice exhibit 2-3-fold increases in hepatic CYP4A11 mRNA and protein, and this response is absent in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) null mice. Dietary administration of either of the PPARalpha agonists, fenofibrate or clofibric acid, increases hepatic and renal CYP4A11 levels by 2-3-fold, and these responses were also abrogated in PPARalpha null mice. Basal liver CYP4A11 levels are reduced differentially in PPARalpha-/- females (>95%) and males (<50%) compared with PPARalpha-/+ mice. Quantitative and temporal differences in growth hormone secretion are known to alter hepatic lipid metabolism and to underlie sexually dimorphic gene expression, respectively. Continuous infusion of low levels of growth hormone reduced CYP4A11 expression by 50% in PPARalpha-proficient male and female transgenic mice. A larger decrease was observed for the expression of CYP4A11 in PPARalpha-/- CYP4A11 Tg male mice to levels similar to that of female PPARalpha-deficient mice. These results suggest that PPARalpha contributes to the maintenance of basal CYP4A11 expression and mediates CYP4A11 induction in response to fibrates or fasting. In contrast, increased exposure to growth hormone down-regulates CYP4A11 expression in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Üzen Savas
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Daniel E W Machemer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Mei-Hui Hsu
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Pryce Gaynor
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey 07601
| | - Jerome M Lasker
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey 07601
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Eric F Johnson
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037.
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Effects of uremia and inflammation on growth hormone resistance in patients with chronic kidney diseases. Kidney Int 2008; 74:937-45. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008; 19:314-21. [PMID: 18460925 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e328303e27e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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