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Effects of Taekwondo Training on Growth Factors in Normal Korean Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10020326. [PMID: 36832454 PMCID: PMC9955889 DOI: 10.3390/children10020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The growth of children and adolescents is both an important health indicator and a major public health issue. Many recent studies have investigated the effects of taekwondo on growth factors, but no consensus has yet been reached. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the effects of taekwondo on the growth factors in children and adolescents (aged 8 to 16 years). Randomized controlled trials from PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, the Research Information Sharing Service, the Korea Citation Index, and the Korean-studies Information Service System were analyzed. The effect sizes (standardized mean differences, SMD) were calculated, the risk of bias and publication bias were assessed, and the effect size and subgroup analyses were pooled. We found that the taekwondo group had significantly higher levels of growth hormones (SMD 1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98-2.58, and p < 0.001) and insulin-like growth factors (SMD 1.76, 95% CI 0.60-2.92, and p < 0.001) than the control group. For height, a medium effect size was observed (SMD 0.62, 95% CI -0.56-1.80, and p = 0.300), but the between-group difference was not significant. Thus, taekwondo had significant positive effects on the secretion of growth hormones and insulin-like growth factors in Korean children and adolescents. A longitudinal follow-up is necessary to determine the effect on height. This suggests that taekwondo can be recommended as an appropriate physical exercise for maintaining normal growth in children and adolescents.
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Erfanifar A, Mahjani M, Gohari S, Hassanian-Moghaddam H. Fatal overdose from injection of human growth hormone; a case report and review of the literature. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:271. [PMID: 36348360 PMCID: PMC9644502 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human growth hormone (HGH) is a categorized as a performance-enhancing substance. HGH has been abused by athletes for doping purposes. CASE PRESENTATION We present a first lethal case of HGH acute toxicity. A young-agitated-athlete with a history of somatropin for the past 2-year, who had hallucinations referred to the emergency department reporting to have abused of 300 mg subcutaneous injections of HGH. He was tachycardic with mild hypertension. Lab data revealed hypernatremia (157 mEq/L), hyperkalemia (5.3 mEq/L), high LDH (1448 U/L), and CPK (2620 U/L), in favor of rhabdomyolysis. Routine drug screening tests were negative for all substances. He was intubated due to low O2 saturation and progressive loss of consciousness. After several episodes of hyperthermia, hypertension, and possibly pulmonary embolism, he died subsequent to somatropin overdose. CONCLUSIONS Complications of HGH misuse can be life-threatening and athletes should be warned of its deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Erfanifar
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Mahjani
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Family Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Science, Alborz, Iran
| | - Sepehr Gohari
- Department of Family Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Science, Alborz, Iran
- Student Research Center, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, South Karegar Street, Kamali St, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Maturity-Associated Variations in Resistance Exercise-Induced Hormonal Responses in Young Male Athletes. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2022; 34:28-35. [PMID: 34517342 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2020-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine differences in resistance exercise-induced hormonal responses among young athletes according to their maturity levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 12 collegiate and 32 junior high school male athletes were enrolled. The junior high school participants were divided into pre-peak height velocity (PHV) and post-PHV groups, according to their PHV ages. The salivary testosterone, cortisol, and human growth hormone levels were analyzed before (pre), immediately after (post), and at 15 minutes after performing body weight resistance exercise. RESULTS The testosterone levels were higher in the collegiate than in the junior high school group (P < .01) and increased after 15 minutes of exercise (P < .01). A significant decrease in the cortisol levels postexercise in the junior high school groups (P < .01) and an increase in the human growth hormone levels at 15 minutes after exercise in the post-PHV group were observed (P < .01). In the collegiate and post-PHV groups, the testosterone-to-cortisol ratio increased post and at 15 minutes after exercise (P < .01). The testosterone-to-cortisol ratio values were higher in the collegiate than in the post-PHV (at preexercise and at 15 min after [P < .01]) and pre-PHV groups (at all times [P < .01]). CONCLUSION Exercise-induced acute hormonal responses to resistance exercise may depend on individuals' maturity levels, even in those having the same age.
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Monteiro DPPF, Correa M, Neto TT, Martinelli CE, Filho HT. Serum IGF-I concentrations are low in female bodybuilders in the pre-contest phase. Growth Horm IGF Res 2021; 60-61:101420. [PMID: 34364063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2021.101420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bodybuilding involves athletes performing a series of poses/postures on the stage so that they can be classified according to their best esthetic and physical appearance during the competition. In the weeks prior to the target competition, the athletes subject themselves to restrictive diets and different physical training methods, as well as using dietary supplementation and, in some cases, anabolic steroids, to reduce body fat to low levels and maintain or increase muscle mass. On the other hand, it is known that physical training is a potent stimulator for releasing the components of the GH/IGF-I axis that are directly linked to the anabolic process. Based on these assumptions, this study aimed to verify the kinetics of IGF-I and of its binding protein IGFBP-3 in female bodybuilders. Serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations were recorded before and after standardized training sessions at two different times: in the initial phase (phase 1) and in the final phase of the pre-contest (phase 2) of a 12-week training season. It was possible to conclude that there was a significant reduction in serum IGF-I values at the end of the pre-contest phase that preceded the athletes' participation in a competition. With relation to the serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 values measured before and after the standardized training session, it was only possible to verify significant changes in the IGF-I values in the initial phase of the pre-contest. It seems reasonable to suggest that the caloric restriction used by bodybuilders may be related to the decrease in IGF-I values verified at the end of the pre-contest phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcos Correa
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
| | - Thomaz Talarico Neto
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Eduardo Martinelli
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
| | - Hugo Tourinho Filho
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
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Edgar DT, Gill ND, Beaven CM, Zaslona JL, Driller MW. Sleep duration and physical performance during a 6-week military training course. J Sleep Res 2021; 30:e13393. [PMID: 34031933 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is vital in influencing effective training adaptations in the military. This study aimed to assess the relationship between sleep and changes in physical performance over 6 weeks of military training. A total of 22 officer-trainees (age: 24 ± 5 years) from the New Zealand Defence Force were used for this prospective cohort study. Participants wore wrist-actigraphs to monitor sleep, completed subjective wellbeing questionnaires weekly, and were tested for: 2.4-km run time-trial, maximum press-up and curl-ups before and after 6 weeks of training. Average sleep duration was calculated over 36 nights (6:10 ± 0:28 hr:min), and sleep duration at the mid-point (6:15 hr:min) was used to stratify the trainees into two quantile groups (UNDERS: 5:51 ± 0:29 hr:min, n = 11) and (OVERS: 6:27 ± 0:09 hr:min, n = 11). There were no significant group × time interactions for 2.4-km run, press-ups or curl-ups (p > .05); however, small effects were observed in favour of OVERS for 2.4-km run (59.8 versus 44.9 s; d = 0.26) and press-ups (4.7 versus 3.2 reps; d = 0.45). Subjective wellbeing scores resulted in a significant group × time interaction (p < .05), with large effect sizes in favour of the OVERS group for Fatigue in Week 1 (d = 0.90) and Week 3 (d = 0.87), and Soreness in Week 3 (d = 1.09) and Week 4 (d = 0.95). Sleeping more than 6:15 hr:min per night over 6 weeks was associated with small benefits to aspects of physical performance, and moderate to large benefits on subjective wellbeing measures when compared with sleeping < 6:15 hr:min.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Edgar
- Division of Health, Engineering, Computing & Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand.,New Zealand Defence Force, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas D Gill
- Division of Health, Engineering, Computing & Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Christopher Martyn Beaven
- Division of Health, Engineering, Computing & Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | | | - Matthew W Driller
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Sleep and Performance during a Preseason in Elite Rugby Union Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094612. [PMID: 33925307 PMCID: PMC8123709 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background: Preseason training optimises adaptations in the physical qualities required in rugby union athletes. Sleep can be compromised during periods of intensified training. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between sleep quantity and changes in physical performance over a preseason phase in professional rugby union athletes. Methods: Twenty-nine professional rugby union athletes (Mean ± SD, age: 23 ± 3 years) had their sleep duration monitored for 3 weeks using wrist actigraphy. Strength and speed were assessed at baseline and at week 3. Aerobic capacity and body composition were assessed at baseline, at week 3 and at week 5. Participants were stratified into 2 groups for analysis: <7 h 30 min sleep per night (LOW, n = 15) and >7 h 30 min sleep per night (HIGH, n = 14). Results: A significant group x time interaction was determined for aerobic capacity (p = 0.02, d = 1.25) at week 3 and for skinfolds at week 3 (p < 0.01, d = 0.58) and at week 5 (p = 0.02, d = 0.92), in favour of the HIGH sleep group. No differences were evident between groups for strength or speed measures (p ≥ 0.05). Conclusion: This study highlights that longer sleep duration during the preseason may assist in enhancing physical qualities including aerobic capacity and body composition in elite rugby union athletes.
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Meienberg F, Loher H, Bucher J, Jenni S, Krüsi M, Kreis R, Boesch C, Betz MJ, Christ E. The effect of exercise on intramyocellular acetylcarnitine (AcCtn) concentration in adult growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Sci Rep 2019; 9:19431. [PMID: 31857652 PMCID: PMC6923484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55942-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To cover increasing energy demands during exercise, tricarboxylic cycle (TCA) flux in skeletal muscle is markedly increased, resulting in the increased formation of intramyocellular acetylcarnitine (AcCtn). We hypothesized that reduced substrate availability within the exercising muscle, reflected by a diminished increase of intramyocellular AcCtn concentration during exercise, might be an underlying mechanism for the impaired exercise performance observed in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). We aimed at assessing the effect of 2 hours of moderately intense exercise on intramyocellular AcCtn concentrations, measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), in seven adults with GHD compared to seven matched control subjects (CS). Compared to baseline levels AcCtn concentrations significantly increased after 2 hours of exercise, and significantly decreased over the following 24 hours (ANOVA p for effect of time = 0.0023 for all study participants; p = 0.067 for GHD only, p = 0.045 for CS only). AcCtn concentrations at baseline, as well as changes in AcCtn concentrations over time were similar between GHD patients and CS (ANOVA p for group effect = 0.45). There was no interaction between group and time (p = 0.53). Our study suggests that during moderately intense exercise the availability of energy substrate within the exercising muscle is not significantly different in GHD patients compared to CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Meienberg
- Endocrinology & Diabetology, Kantonsspital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Hannah Loher
- Innere Medizin, Kantonsspital, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Stefan Jenni
- Praxis Endokrinologie Diabetologie Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marion Krüsi
- Praxis Endokrinologie & Diabetologie, Zürich Unterland, Embrach, Switzerland
| | - Roland Kreis
- Departments of Biomedical Research and Radiology, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chris Boesch
- Departments of Biomedical Research and Radiology, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Johannes Betz
- Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emanuel Christ
- Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Sato T, Nemoto T, Hasegawa K, Ida T, Kojima M. A new action of peptide hormones for survival in a low-nutrient environment. Endocr J 2019; 66:943-952. [PMID: 31564683 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej19-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition occurs when nutrient intake is too low for any reason and occurs regardless of gender or age. Therefore, besides loss of eating or digestive functionality due to illness, malnutrition can occur when a healthy individual undergoes an extreme diet and biases their nutrition, or when athletes exerts more energy than they can replenish through food. It has recently been reported that in Japan, the mortality rate of leaner individuals is equal to or higher than that of obese people. It is important to understand what homeostatic maintenance mechanism is behind this when the body is under hypotrophic conditions. Such mechanisms are generally endocranially controlled. We address this fundamental concern in this paper by focusing on peptide hormones. We introduce a mechanism for survival in a malnourished state via the regulation of food intake and temperature. Additionally, we will discuss the latest findings and future prospects for research on changes in the endocrine environment associated with malnutrition associated with exercise. We also review changes in next-generation endocrine environments when caused by malnutrition brought on by dieting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sato
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nemoto
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Kazuya Hasegawa
- Faculty of Nutritional Science, The University of Morioka, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0694, Japan
| | - Takanori Ida
- Division for Searching and Identification of Bioactive Peptides, Department of Bioactive Peptides, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Masayasu Kojima
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
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Giagulli VA, Castellana M, Perrone R, Guastamacchia E, Iacoviello M, Triggiani V. GH Supplementation Effects on Cardiovascular Risk in GH Deficient Adult Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2018; 17:285-296. [PMID: 28925898 PMCID: PMC5925873 DOI: 10.2174/1871530317666170919121729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The current meta-analysis aims at evaluating whether the existing clinical evidence may ascertain the effects of growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy on cardiovascular risk, both in isolated GH deficiency (GHD) and in compensated panhypopituitarism including GH deficit. METHODS Original articles published from 1991 to 2015 were searched on Medline (Pubmed). Among an overall number of 181 potentially suitable studies, 24 fulfilled the selection criteria and were included in the analysis. Data aggregation was carried out through the calculation of the absolute risk reduction. The meta-analysis was then conducted by means of a fixed-effects model, according to the heterogeneity test (Chi-square statistic). RESULTS Fat-free mass (FFM) increase and fat mass (FM) reduction were found, together with a C-LDL reduction, a wide variation in glycaemia and a neutral effect on glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and blood pressure. These effects were valid both for isolated GHD patients and for those with compensated panhypopituitarism. The global outcome D showed a nonsignificant reduction of the overall cardiovascular risk (0.53; 95% C.I. -1.23, 2.85). CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis shows no signnificatly positive trend in cardiovascular risk after both short and long-term GH supplementation therapy in adult GHD patients. However, a reduction of LDL cholesterol levels has been found. No differences were found between isolated GHD participants and those affected by panhypopituitarism well compensated since at least 3 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito A Giagulli
- Outpatient Clinic for Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Conversano Hospital, ASL Bari Via De Amicis, 70014 Conversano, Italy.,Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Castellana
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Edoardo Guastamacchia
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Iacoviello
- Cardiology Unit, Cardiothoracic Department, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Triggiani
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
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Roli L, De Vincentis S, Rocchi MBL, Trenti T, De Santis MC, Savino G. Testosterone, cortisol, hGH, and IGF-1 levels in an Italian female elite volleyball team. Health Sci Rep 2018; 1:e32. [PMID: 30623067 PMCID: PMC6266423 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the transferability of the reference intervals (RI) of testosterone (T), cortisol (C), human growth hormone (hGH), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, calculated on a normal healthy population, to a population of female elite volleyball players. Secondary aim of this study is the evaluation of the T/C ratio as predictive tool of overtraining during the annual regular season. METHODS A retrospective, longitudinal, observational study was performed, enrolling 58 professional female volleyball players periodically evaluated during the regular sportive season, which lasts from September to May. RESULTS Statistically significant differences between the volleyball players and reference populations for T (P = .010), C (P < .001), and IGF-1 (P < .001) were found. Three different statistical approaches to calculate the RI in the athlete group showed a high degree of concordance and pointed out a shift upwards of both lower and upper reference limits. The T/C ratio significantly changed among visits (P = .009). In particular, an overall decrease of about 30% was observed for this ratio during the season, suggesting a state of overtraining. CONCLUSION T, C, hGH, and IGF-1 reference values calculated on elite volleyball female players are higher than those of the reference population used in normal clinical practice, suggesting that the health status of highly trained subjects needs the definition of tailored RI for these variables. Moreover, the utility of T/C ratio in the evaluation of overtraining is confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Roli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyAzienda USL of ModenaItaly
| | - Sara De Vincentis
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaItaly
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and GeriatricsAzienda Ospedaliero‐Universitaria of ModenaItaly
| | | | - Tommaso Trenti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyAzienda USL of ModenaItaly
| | | | - Gustavo Savino
- Department of Public Healthcare, Sport Medicine ServiceAzienda USL of ModenaItaly
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Capalbo D, Barbieri F, Improda N, Giallauria F, Di Pietro E, Rapacciuolo A, Di Mase R, Vigorito C, Salerno M. Growth Hormone Improves Cardiopulmonary Capacity and Body Composition in Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:4080-4088. [PMID: 28938456 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in children may be associated with early cardiovascular risk factors and alterations in left ventricular (LV) structure and function; data on cardiopulmonary functional capacity are lacking. OBJECTIVES Aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of GHD and growth hormone (GH) therapy on cardiopulmonary functional capacity, left and right cardiac structure and function, and body composition in children and adolescents. DESIGN Prospective, case-control study. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-one untrained GHD children (11.3 ± 0.8 years) underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing, echocardiography and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, before and after 12 months of GH therapy. Twenty-one controls matched for sex, pubertal status, body mass index, and physical activity (PA) were evaluated at baseline and after 1 year. RESULTS At baseline, GHD patients showed reduced LV mass (LVM; 63.32 ± 7.80 vs 80.44 ± 26.29 g/m2, P = 0.006), peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak; 22.92 ± 4.80 vs 27.48 ± 6.71 mL/Kg/min, P = 0.02), peak workload (80.62 ± 29.32 vs 103.76 ± 36.20 W, P = 0.02), and O2 pulse (4.93 ± 1.30 vs 7.67 ± 2.93 mL/beat, P = 0.0003), compared with controls. GHD patients also exhibited lower lean body mass (LBM 65.36 ± 7.84% vs 76.13 ± 8.23%, P < 0.001), and higher fat mass (FM 30.84 ± 7.92% vs 22.19 ± 8.18%, P = 0.001) than controls. GH therapy resulted in a significant increase of LVM (72.01 ± 15.88, P = 0.03), VO2peak (26.80 ± 4.97; P = 0.01), peak workload (103.67 ± 32.24, P = 0.001), O2 pulse (6.64 ± 1.68, P = 0.0007), and LBM (75.36 ± 7.59%, P = 0.0001), with a reduction in FM (22.62 ± 7.73%, P = 0.001). No difference was found in either left or right ventricular function. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that cardiac structure, body composition and cardiopulmonary functional capacity are impaired in children with untreated GHD and can be restored after short-term GH replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Capalbo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Barbieri
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Improda
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Giallauria
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Elisa Di Pietro
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Rapacciuolo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Di Mase
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Vigorito
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariacarolina Salerno
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Miletta MC, Flück CE, Mullis PE. Targeting GH-1 splicing as a novel pharmacological strategy for growth hormone deficiency type II. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 124:1-9. [PMID: 27457999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Isolated growth hormone deficiency type II (IGHD II) is a rare genetic splicing disorder characterized by reduced growth hormone (GH) secretion and short stature. It is mainly caused by autosomal dominant-negative mutations within the growth hormone gene (GH-1) which results in missplicing at the mRNA level and the subsequent loss of exon 3, producing the 17.5-kDa GH isoform: a mutant and inactive GH protein that reduces the stability and the secretion of the 22-kDa GH isoform, the main biologically active GH form. At present, patients suffering from IGHD II are treated with daily injections of recombinant human GH (rhGH) in order to reach normal height. However, this type of replacement therapy, although effective in terms of growth, does not prevent the toxic effects of the 17.5-kDa mutant on the pituitary gland, which may eventually lead to other hormonal deficiencies. As the severity of the disease inversely correlates with the 17.5-kDa/22-kDa ratio, increasing the inclusion of exon 3 is expected to ameliorate disease symptoms. This review focuses on the recent advances in experimental and therapeutic strategies applicable to treat IGHD II in clinical and preclinical contexts. Several avenues for alternative IGHD II therapy will be discussed including the use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs that specifically target the exon 3-deleted transcripts as well as the application of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) and antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) to enhance full-length GH-1 transcription, correct GH-1 exon 3 splicing and manipulate GH pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Consolata Miletta
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Christa E Flück
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Primus-E Mullis
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Improda N, Capalbo D, Esposito A, Salerno M. Muscle and skeletal health in children and adolescents with GH deficiency. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 30:771-783. [PMID: 27974190 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In addition to promoting linear growth, GH plays a key role in the regulation of bone and muscle development and metabolism. Although GH deficiency is frequently listed among the causes of secondary osteoporosis in children, its impact on bone and muscle health and on fracture risk is still not completely established. Current data suggest that childhood-onset GH deficiency can affect bone and muscle mass and strength, with GH replacement therapy exerting beneficial effects. Moreover, GH withdrawal at final height can result in reduced peak bone and muscle mass, potentially leading to increased fracture risk in adulthood. Thus, the muscle-bone unit in GH deficient subjects should be monitored during childhood and adolescence in order to prevent osteoporosis and increased fracture risk and GH replacement should be tailored to ensure an optimal bone and muscle health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Improda
- Department of Medical Translational Sciences, Paediatric Endocrinology Section, Federico II University, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Donatella Capalbo
- Department of Paediatrics, Federico II University, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Andrea Esposito
- Department of Medical Translational Sciences, Paediatric Endocrinology Section, Federico II University, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Mariacarolina Salerno
- Department of Medical Translational Sciences, Paediatric Endocrinology Section, Federico II University, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Bird SR, Goebel C, Burke LM, Greaves RF. Doping in sport and exercise: anabolic, ergogenic, health and clinical issues. Ann Clin Biochem 2015; 53:196-221. [DOI: 10.1177/0004563215609952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of doping agents is evident within competitive sport in senior and junior age groups, where they are taken by non-elite as well as elite participants. They are also taken in non-sporting contexts by individuals seeking to ‘improve’ their physique through an increase in muscle and/or decrease in fat mass. While attaining accurate data on the prevalence of their use has limitations, studies suggest the illicit use of doping agents by athletes and non-athletes may be 1–5% in the population and greater than 50% in some groups; with the prevalence being higher in males. There is conclusive evidence that some doping agents are anabolic and ergogenic. There is also evidence that the use of doping agents such as anabolic androgenic steroids, growth hormone and other anabolic agents, erythropoietin and stimulants conveys considerable health risks that include, but are not limited to: cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, mental health issues, virilisation in females and the suppression of naturally produced androgens in males. This review will outline the anabolic, ergogenic and health impacts of selected doping agents and methods that may be used in both the sporting and physique development contexts. It also provides a brief tabulated overview of the history of doping and how doping agents may impact upon the analyses of clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Bird
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catrin Goebel
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Ronda F Greaves
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Gough L, Castell LM, Gatti R, Godfrey RJ. Growth Hormone Concentrations in Different Body Fluids Before and After Moderate Exercise. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2015; 2:30. [PMID: 27547716 PMCID: PMC4980399 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-016-0054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth hormone (GH) has many direct and indirect actions and roles including substrate regulation and priming of some cells of the immune system, and the expected aspects of growth and repair. Different concentrations in human body fluids reflect the exercise-induced growth hormone response (EIGR) after exercise. In populations such as elite athletes, the invasive nature of venous sampling is poorly accepted. Thus, this study examines possible viable alternatives such as urine and saliva samples and the GH concentration. METHODS A heterogeneous group of 11 males (age 26.0 ± 5.0 years; body mass 76.5 ± 9.3 kg; VO2peak 57.0 ± 6.0 mL kg-1 min-1) ran for 40 min on a treadmill at 5 % below their individually indentified lactate threshold pace. Samples of urine, saliva and blood were collected immediately pre- and post-test and at 30 and 60 min post-test. RESULTS Salivary GH was correlated with serum pre- and post-exercise (p < 0.001); urinary GH was correlated with serum (p < 0.05). However, despite being significantly correlated, it is clear from the large differences in absolute concentration in the three media that the appearance of serum GH due to exercise is different from that of the appearance of salivary and urinary GH. This aspect of compartmental exchanges is very difficult to define and to investigate. Differences in any analyte concentration in different compartments are to be expected between different media, and hence the same medium should be used where the same 'pattern of response' can be tracked. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that urinary and saliva sampling cannot substitute for venous sampling with respect to exercise-induced changes in GH concentration. The use of the analyses in these three areas may be appropriate for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz Gough
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Lindy M. Castell
- Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rosalba Gatti
- Endocrinology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Richard J. Godfrey
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
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Miletta MC, Schöni MH, Kernland K, Mullis PE, Petkovic V. The role of zinc dynamics in growth hormone secretion. Horm Res Paediatr 2014; 80:381-9. [PMID: 24296719 DOI: 10.1159/000355408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human growth hormone (GH) causes a variety of physiological and metabolic effects in humans and plays a pivotal role in postnatal growth. In somatotroph cells of the anterior pituitary, GH is stored in concentrated forms in secretory granules to be rapidly released upon GH-releasing hormone stimulation. During the process of secretory granule biogenesis, self-association of GH occurs in the compartments of the early secretory pathway (endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex). Since this process is greatly facilitated by the presence of zinc ions, it is of importance to understand the potential role of zinc transporters that participate in the fine-tuning of zinc homeostasis and dynamics, particularly in the early secretory pathway. Thus, the role of zinc transporters in supplying the secretory pathway with the sufficient amount of zinc required for the biogenesis of GH-containing secretory granules is essential for normal secretion. This report, illustrated by a clinical case report on transient neonatal zinc deficiency, focuses on the role of zinc in GH storage in the secretory granules and highlights the role of specific zinc transporters in the early secretory pathway. © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Consolata Miletta
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Clinical Research, University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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Oöpik V, Timpmann S, Kreegipuu K, Unt E, Tamm M. Heat acclimation decreases the growth hormone response to acute constant-load exercise in the heat. Growth Horm IGF Res 2014; 24:2-9. [PMID: 24176485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The major objective of this study was to elucidate the effect of heat acclimation on blood growth hormone (GH) response to moderate intensity exhausting exercise in the heat. In addition, the potential relationship between inter-individual differences in GH response to exercise and variability in exercise-induced sweat loss was investigated. DESIGN Twenty young men completed three exercise tests on a treadmill: H1 (walk at 60% VO₂peak until exhaustion at 42 °C), N (walk at 22 °C; duration equal to H1) and H2 (walk until exhaustion at 42 °C after a 10-day heat acclimation program). Core temperature (T(c)) was recorded continuously and venous blood samples were taken before, during and after each exercise test. Exercise-induced sweat production was calculated on the basis of body mass change taking into account water intake and the volume of blood samples drawn. RESULTS Lower pre-exercise T(c), lower rate of rise in T(c) during exercise, and prolonged time to exhaustion in H2 compared with H1 revealed that the subjects successfully achieved an acclimated state. Overall, serum GH level was higher in H1 compared with both N and H2 (p<0.001) but did not differ between the two latter trials (p>0.05). T(c) correlated with serum GH concentration (r=0.615, p<0.01). Analysis of the individual data revealed a group (n=9) possessing a threshold-like pattern of the relationship between T(c) and blood GH response, whereas a plateau-like pattern was evident in the rest of the subjects (n=11). Both sweat production (r=0.596; p<0.001) and the rate of sweat production (r=0.457; p<0.001) correlated with the growth hormone area under the curve. CONCLUSION Heat acclimation decreases the GH response to moderate intensity exhausting exercise in the heat. GH may have a modest stimulating effect on whole-body sweat production during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahur Oöpik
- Institute of Exercise Biology and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia; Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Saima Timpmann
- Institute of Exercise Biology and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia; Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kairi Kreegipuu
- Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eve Unt
- Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia; Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia; Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Estonia
| | - Maria Tamm
- Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
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Shin YH, Jung HL, Ryu JW, Kim PS, Ha TY, An JY, Kang HY. Effects of a Pre-Exercise Meal on Plasma Growth Hormone Response and Fat Oxidation during Walking. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2014; 18:175-80. [PMID: 24471129 PMCID: PMC3892495 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2013.18.3.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a pre-exercise meal on the plasma human growth hormone (hGH) response and fat oxidation during walking. Subjects (n=8) were randomly provided with either 1 g/kg body weight of glucose in 200 mL water (CHO) or 200 mL water alone (CON) 30 min prior to exercise and subsequently walked on a treadmill at 50% of VO2max for 60 min. Plasma hGH concentrations were significantly higher in subjects who received CHO compared to those who received CON at 15 and 30 min. The fat oxidation rate in the CHO was significantly lower than the CON while walking for 5~15, 25~35 and 45~55 min. Plasma FFA levels were also significantly lower in the CHO compared to the CON at 30, 45 and 60 min. Plasma glucose levels in the CHO were significantly lower while plasma insulin levels were significantly higher than in the CON at 15 and 30 min. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that the elevation of plasma hGH levels due to the intake of a pre-exercise meal may not be strongly related to fat oxidation and plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels during low-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ho Shin
- Exercise Metabolism Laboratory, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Hyun-Lyung Jung
- Exercise Metabolism Laboratory, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Jong-Woo Ryu
- Exercise Metabolism Laboratory, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Pan-Soo Kim
- Department of Judo, Yong In University, Gyeonggi 449-714, Korea
| | - Tae-Yeol Ha
- Division of Metabolism and Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi 463-746, Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon An
- Division of Metabolism and Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi 463-746, Korea
| | - Ho-Youl Kang
- Exercise Metabolism Laboratory, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
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Silva Jr. AJ, Souza MVC, Tomaz LM, Bertucci DR, Souza GSD, Vanevazzi GHR, Conceicao Filho J, Campanholi Neto J, Ruffoni LD, Sousa NMFD, Arakelian VM, Ramos APP, Neiva CM, Baldissera V. Estudo do comportamento cortisol, gh e insulina apos uma sessao de exercicio resistido agudo. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922014000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: Muitos trabalhos têm estudado o comportamento hormonal nos exercício resistido, entretanto poucos relacionam os hormônios cortisol, GH e insulina. OBJETIVO: Estudar os ajustes das concentrações plasmáticas dos hormônios cortisol, GH e insulina em exercícios resistidos de mesma intensidade com relação à massas musculares distintas. MÉTODOS: Dez voluntários, com 20,3 ± 4,2 anos, 74,1 ± 10,2 kg de peso, 177,2 ± 4,6 cm de estatura e 23,8 ± 3,2 kg/m2 de IMC, realizaram uma sessão de leg press (LP) e supino reto (SR) com quatro séries com 10 repetições a 70% 1 RM com três minutos de intervalo. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue para dosagem das concentrações plasmáticas de cortisol, GH e insulina em repouso (Pré) e em 0' (Rec. 0'), 30' (Rec. 30') e 90' (Rec. 90') de recuperação. RESULTADOS: As concentrações plasmáticas de cortisol foram significativamente reduzidas ao final da recuperação em LP (2,20±0,37 ng/dl para 1,33±0,38ng/dl) em relação à pré-dosagem. As concentrações de GH e insulina elevaram-se significativamente durante a recuperação. GH em LP foi significativamente maior em Rec. 0' (2,75±3,29 ng/ml para 9,60±5,32 ng/dl) do que em pré. A insulina elevou-se significativamente em Rec. 30' em LP (14,70±7,92 ulU/ml para 21,66 ± 8,61 ulU/ml) e em SR (6,17 ± 2,99 ulU/ml para 19,70 ± 13,8 ulU/ml) em relação à pré. As concentrações plasmáticas de insulina pré em LP foram significativamente superiores a SR (14,70 ulU/ml e 6,17 ± 2,99 ulU/ml). CONCLUSÃO: O exercício resistido promoveu diferentes ajustes nas concentrações hormonais de cortisol, GH e insulina durante o período de recuperação.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autran Jose Silva Jr.
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Brasil; Centro Universitario da Fundacao Educacional de Guaxupe, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vilmar Baldissera
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Brasil
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Adams GR, Bamman MM. Characterization and regulation of mechanical loading-induced compensatory muscle hypertrophy. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:2829-70. [PMID: 23720267 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian systems, skeletal muscle exists in a dynamic state that monitors and regulates the physiological investment in muscle size to meet the current level of functional demand. This review attempts to consolidate current knowledge concerning development of the compensatory hypertrophy that occurs in response to a sustained increase in the mechanical loading of skeletal muscle. Topics covered include: defining and measuring compensatory hypertrophy, experimental models, loading stimulus parameters, acute responses to increased loading, hyperplasia, myofiber-type adaptations, the involvement of satellite cells, mRNA translational control, mechanotransduction, and endocrinology. The authors conclude with their impressions of current knowledge gaps in the field that are ripe for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Adams
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
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Abstract
Athletes have been misusing growth hormone (GH) for its anabolic and metabolic effects since the early 1980s, at least a decade before endocrinologists began to treat adults with GH deficiency. Although there is an ongoing debate about whether GH is performance enhancing, recent studies suggest that GH improves strength and sprint capacity, particularly when combined with anabolic steroids. The detection of GH misuse is challenging because it is an endogenous hormone. Two approaches have been developed to detect GH misuse; the first is based on the measurement of pituitary GH isoforms and the ratio of 22-kDa isoform to total GH. The second is based on the measurement of insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and N-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen (P-III-NP) which increase in a dose-dependent manner in response to GH administration. Both methodologies have been approved by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and have led to the detection of a number of athletes misusing GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard I. G. Holt
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
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Decrease in lean body mass in men with prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy: mechanism and biomarkers. Urology 2013; 81:376-80. [PMID: 23374809 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the mechanism of the androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)-related decrease in lean body mass (LBM). MATERIALS AND METHODS The LBM and blood samples were studied before and after 6 months of ADT in 72 patients with localized prostate cancer. The LBM was assessed using a foot-to-foot bioelectrical impedance analyzer. RESULTS Before ADT, the LBM correlated with none of the serum sex steroid levels; however, it correlated closely with serum 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol glucuronide (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient = 0.409, P = .001) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient = 0.329, P = .005). After ADT, the LBM decreased by 0.9% (P = .036), and the serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone had decreased by 96.8% and 94.3%, respectively (P <.001 for both), and the IGF-I had increased by 11.6% (from 19.9 to 22.2 nmol/L, P = .001). The serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D] levels decreased after ADT by 9.8% (from 66.2 to 59.7 pg/mL, P = .008), and the post-treatment LBM correlated inversely with 1,25(OH)2D (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient = -0.343, P = .003). The post-treatment LBM was dissociated with 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol glucuronide and IGF-I. The pretreatment and post-treatment LBMs both correlated inversely with serum sex hormone-binding globulin (P = .024 and P = .016, respectively). CONCLUSION The deficiency in androgen levels was suggested to be a link to the ADT-related decrease in LBM; the androgen metabolite 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol glucuronide has a potential value for assessing the LBM in untreated men. IGF-I also promotes muscle building and is positively regulated during ADT. Sex hormone-binding globulin possibly accelerates the ADT-related decrease in LBM. Although the mechanism for the decrease in 1,25(OH)2D and its inverse correlation with LBM during ADT is unclear, 1,25(OH)2D might be a biomarker reflecting the ADT-related decrease in LBM.
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Sartorio A, Agosti F, Patrizi A, Tringali G, Marazzi N, Giunta M, Muller EE, Rigamonti AE. GH responses to two consecutive bouts of respiratory muscle endurance training in healthy adults. J Endocrinol Invest 2013; 36:255-60. [PMID: 22842679 DOI: 10.3275/8523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Repetition of voluntary exercise bouts and of different pharmacological GH-releasing stimuli at 2-h intervals is associated with a complete abolishment of GH responsiveness. By contrast, a different pattern is observed after repeated neuromuscular electrostimulation, which is characterized by preservation of GH responsiveness. Aim of the study was to evaluate GH responses to repeated bouts of respiratory muscle endurance training (RMET) by mean of a specific commercially available device (Spiro Tiger®). Eight healthy men underwent an incremental progressive RMET protocol of 11 daily sessions. Blood samplings for GH, cortisol and lactate (LA) determinations were collected during the 12th session, which was composed of two consecutive bouts of RMET (of identical intensity and duration: 1 min at a respiration rate of 28 acts/min, 5 min at 32 acts/min, 5 min at 34 acts/min, 4 min at 36 acts/min) at a 2 h interval. Baseline GH levels (mean: 0.9±0.4 ng/ml) significantly (p<0.01) increased after the first bout of RMET (peak: 15.7±4.0 ng/ml). The administration of the second bout of RMET resulted in a significantly lower (p<0.05) GH increase (peak: 3.9±0.8 ng/ml) in comparison with the first one. Baseline LA levels (mean: 1.2±0.1 mmol/l) significantly increased (p<0.001) after the first bout of RMET (peak: 2.3±0.2 mmol/l). The administration of the second RMET bout resulted in a comparable LA increase (from a basal value of 1.2±0.1 mmol/l up to a peak of 2.0±0.1 mmol/l, p<0.001). The first bout of RMET caused a significant increase of cortisol levels (p<0.01), starting from a basal mean value of 142.9±9.4 ng/ml up to a peak of 188.8±10.3 ng/ml. By contrast, the second bout of RMET did not induce any significant change of cortisol levels (basal: 149.1±9.0 ng/ml, peak: 168.5±5.1 ng/ml). In conclusion, a single bout of RMET is capable of stimulating GH and cortisol secretions and LA production. When a second bout is repeated after 2 h, there is a blunting of GH and cortisol responses with a preservation of LA release. Further studies are needed to schedule long-term RMET protocols capable of persistently stimulating GH-IGF-I release and to maximally enhance the ergogenic and metabolic benefits of this intervention either in normal subjects (e.g. athletes) or patients with an impairment of motor capabilities requested to perform normal daily activities (i.e. severely obese and elderly people).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sartorio
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Milan and Verbania, Italy
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Apicella JM, Lee EC, Bailey BL, Saenz C, Anderson JM, Craig SAS, Kraemer WJ, Volek JS, Maresh CM. Betaine supplementation enhances anabolic endocrine and Akt signaling in response to acute bouts of exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:793-802. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Hansen D, Meeusen R, Mullens A, Dendale P. Effect of Acute Endurance and Resistance Exercise on Endocrine Hormones Directly Related to Lipolysis and Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthesis in Adult Individuals with Obesity. Sports Med 2012; 42:415-31. [DOI: 10.2165/11599590-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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26
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Turgut S, Erken HA, Erken G, Ayada C, Genc O, Turgut G. The effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and exercise on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I serum levels during chronic hypoxia in rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 22:103-107. [PMID: 22865430 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp.2011.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study we examined the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in response to chronic hypoxia and exercise training in hypoxic conditions. METHODS Thirty-five rats were divided into five groups; control group (C), hypoxia group (H), hypoxia-exercise group (HE), hypoxia-docosahexaenoic acid group (HD), hypoxia-exercise-docosahexaenoic acid group (HED). A treadmill exercise was performed as 30 m/min for 20 min/day, 5 days per week for 28 days at level grade for the exercising groups (HE and HED). DHA was given to the HD and HED groups every day orally (36 mg/kg). The animals, except for the C group, were exposed to hypoxia for 28 days. RESULTS Serum levels of GH and IGF-I in the H group decreased after chronic hypoxia (p<0.001). GH and IGF-I in the HD group also decreased compared with the C group (p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively). GH in C group did not show significant difference compared with the HE and HED groups. Decreased serum level of IGF-I was observed for the HED group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS According to our findings, chronic hypoxia exposure decreases serum levels of GH, and IGF-I and exercise training have a slightly positive effect on GH/IGF-I axis during hypoxia. In addition, DHA supplementation slightly increases GH and IGF-I serum levels in hypoxic conditions. However, this effect on GH/IGF-I axis during hypoxia is not strong compared with exercise. Therefore, we concluded that exercise and/or DHA supplementation does not have additional positive effect on these hormones in hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebahat Turgut
- Department of Physiology, University of Pamukkale, Denizli, Turkey.
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Detecting growth hormone abuse in athletes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:449-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Muslin AJ. Akt2: a critical regulator of cardiomyocyte survival and metabolism. Pediatr Cardiol 2011; 32:317-22. [PMID: 21279637 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-010-9879-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Akt proteins are serine/threonine protein kinases that participate in several important intracellular signal transduction cascades. Akt1 and Akt2 are expressed in cardiomyocytes, and both are activated by the action of a variety of growth factors and extracellular ligands. In work with genetically modified mice that had targeted disruption of the genes encoding Akt1 or Akt2, findings showed that Akt1 specifically regulated the physiologic growth of cardiomyocytes that occurred in response to exercise training. In contrast, Akt2 does not regulate physiologic growth but instead regulates glucose metabolism in response to insulin stimulation in cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, Akt2 plays a critical role in antagonizing cardiomyocyte apoptosis that occurs in response to a variety of stimuli, including pathologic remodeling after experimental myocardial infarction. In addition, the protein tribbles 3 (TRB3), an Akt antagonist, was found to be expressed in cardiomyocytes and to be induced by stimuli that cause endoplasmic reticulum stress. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated antagonism of Akt signaling in cardiomyocytes was dependent on TRB3 induction. Finally, myocardial infarction caused endoplasmic reticulum stress in the infarct border zone that was associated with TRB3 induction. These results demonstrate the differential roles of Akt family members and the importance of Akt2 in cardiomyocyte survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Muslin
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8086, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Sartorio A, Agosti F, De Col A, Marazzi N, Rastelli F, Chiavaroli S, Lafortuna CL, Cella SG, Rigamonti AE. Growth hormone and lactate responses induced by maximal isometric voluntary contractions and whole-body vibrations in healthy subjects. J Endocrinol Invest 2011; 34:216-21. [PMID: 20820130 DOI: 10.1007/bf03347069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In contrast with maximal voluntary resistance exercise, which is allegedly considered a potent GH stimulus in young subjects, evaluation of GH response to whole-body vibrations (WBV) has yielded conflicting results. METHODS The acute effects of WBV alone (test A), maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVC) (test B), and combination of WBV and MVC (test C) on serum GH and blood lactate (LA) levels were studied in 9 healthy adult males. Muscle soreness was assessed 24 and 48 h after exercise by a visual analogue scale. RESULTS GH responses were significantly higher after tests B and C than after test A (GH peaks: 18.8 ± 9.5 ng/ml or 20.8 ± 13.7 ng/ml, respectively, vs 4.3 ± 3.5 ng/ml; p<0.05), with no difference between tests B and C. LA concentrations significantly increased after tests A, B, and C, being significantly higher after tests B and C than after test A (LA peaks: 2.0 ± 0.5 mmol/l or 6.7 ± 2.3 mmol/l, respectively, vs 7.6 ± 0.9 mmol/l; p<0.05). Peak LA values were significantly correlated to GH peaks in the 3 tests (r=0.48; p<0.05). Muscle soreness was significantly higher 24-48 h after tests B and C than after test A, no significant differences being present between tests B and C. CONCLUSIONS WBV stimulates GH secretion and LA production, with no additive effect when combined with repeated isometric voluntary contractions. Optimization of protocols based on WBV seems important to maximize the positive effects of this intervention on the somatotropic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sartorio
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Laboratorio Sperimentale di Ricerche Auxo-endocrinologiche, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Genetic defects causing functional and structural isolated growth hormone deficiency. Transl Neurosci 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/s13380-011-0013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractNormal somatic growth requires the integrated function of many of the hormonal, metabolic, and other growth factors involved in the hypothalamo-pituitary-somatotrope axis. Human growth hormone (hGH) causes a variety of physiological and metabolic effects in humans and its pivotal role in postnatal growth is undisputed. Disturbances that occur during this process often cause subnormal GH secretion and/or subnormal GH sensitivity/responsiveness resulting in short stature. Despite the complexity of this linear growth process, the growth pattern of children, if evaluated in the context of normal standards, is rather predictable. Children presenting with short stature (i.e out of normal standards) are treated with daily injections of recombinant human GH (rhGH), which leads in almost all cases to an increase of height velocity. Although it is becoming more and more evident that many genes are involved in controlling the regulation of growth, the main aim of this review is to focus on the GH-1 gene, the various gene alterations and their important physiological and pathophysiological role in growth.
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Hansen J, Brandt C, Nielsen AR, Hojman P, Whitham M, Febbraio MA, Pedersen BK, Plomgaard P. Exercise induces a marked increase in plasma follistatin: evidence that follistatin is a contraction-induced hepatokine. Endocrinology 2011; 152:164-71. [PMID: 21068158 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Follistatin is a member of the TGF-β super family and inhibits the action of myostatin to regulate skeletal muscle growth. The regulation of follistatin during physical exercise is unclear but may be important because physical activity is a major intervention to prevent age-related sarcopenia. First, healthy subjects performed either bicycle or one-legged knee extensor exercise. Arterial-venous differences were assessed during the one-legged knee extensor experiment. Next, mice performed 1 h of swimming, and the expression of follistatin was examined in various tissues using quantitative PCR. Western blotting assessed follistatin protein content in the liver. IL-6 and epinephrine were investigated as drivers of follistatin secretion. After 3 h of bicycle exercise, plasma follistatin increased 3 h into recovery with a peak of 7-fold. No net release of follistatin could be detected from the exercising limb. In mice performing a bout of swimming exercise, increases in plasma follistatin as well as follistatin mRNA and protein expression in the liver were observed. IL-6 infusion to healthy young men did not affect the follistatin concentration in the circulation. When mice were stimulated with epinephrine, no increase in the hepatic mRNA of follistatin was observed. This is the first study to demonstrate that plasma follistatin is increased during exercise and most likely originates from the liver. These data introduce new perspectives regarding muscle-liver cross talk during exercise and during recovery from exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Hansen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Doessing S, Holm L, Heinemeier KM, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Schjerling P, Qvortrup K, Larsen JO, Nielsen RH, Flyvbjerg A, Kjaer M. GH and IGF1 levels are positively associated with musculotendinous collagen expression: experiments in acromegalic and GH deficiency patients. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 163:853-62. [PMID: 20858702 DOI: 10.1530/eje-10-0818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disproportionate growth of musculoskeletal tissue is a major cause of morbidity in both acromegalic (ACRO) and GH-deficient (GHD) patients. GH/IGF1 is likely to play an important role in the regulation of tendon and muscle collagen. We hypothesized that the local production of collagen is associated with the level of GH/IGF1. DESIGN AND METHODS As primary outcomes, collagen mRNA expression and collagen protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) were determined locally in skeletal muscle and tendon in nine ACRO and nine GHD patients. Moreover, muscle myofibrillar protein synthesis and tendon collagen morphology were determined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Muscle collagen I and III mRNA expression was higher in ACRO patients versus GHD patients (P<0.05), whereas collagen protein FSR did not differ significantly between ACRO and GHD patients in muscle (P=0.21) and tendon (P=0.15). IGF1Ea and IGF1Ec mRNA expression in muscle was higher in ACRO patients versus GHD patients (P<0.01). Muscle IGF1Ea mRNA expression correlated positively with collagen I mRNA expression (P<0.01). Tendon collagen fibrillar area tended to be higher in GHD patients relative to ACRO patients (P=0.07). Thus, we observed a higher expression for collagen and IGF1 mRNA in local musculotendinous tissue in ACRO patients relative to GHD patients. Moreover, there was a tendency towards a higher collagen protein FSR and a smaller collagen fibril diameter in ACRO patients relative to GHD patients. The results indicate a collagen-stimulating role of local IGF1 in human connective tissue and add to the understanding of musculoskeletal pathology in patients with either high or low GH/IGF1 axis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Doessing
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Sports Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital and Centre for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Copenhagen DK-2400, Denmark.
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Nikolopoulos DD, Spiliopoulou C, Theocharis SE. Doping and musculoskeletal system: short-term and long-lasting effects of doping agents. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2010; 25:535-63. [PMID: 21039821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2010.00881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Doping is a problem that has plagued the world of competition and sports for ages. Even before the dawn of Olympic history in ancient Greece, competitors have looked for artificial means to improve athletic performance. Since ancient times, athletes have attempted to gain an unfair competitive advantage through the use of doping substances. A Prohibited List of doping substances and methods banned in sports is published yearly by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Among the substances included are steroidal and peptide hormones and their modulators, stimulants, glucocorticosteroids, β₂-agonists, diuretics and masking agents, narcotics, and cannabinoids. Blood doping, tampering, infusions, and gene doping are examples of prohibited methods indicated on the List. Apart from the unethical aspect of doping, as it abrogates fair-play's principle, it is extremely important to consider the hazards it presents to the health and well-being of athletes. The referred negative effects for the athlete's health have to do, on the one hand, by the high doses of the performance-enhancing agents and on the other hand, by the relentless, superhuman strict training that the elite or amateur athletes put their muscles, bones, and joints. The purpose of this article is to highlight the early and the long-lasting consequences of the doping abuse on bone and muscle metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios D Nikolopoulos
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
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