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Walser M, Karlsson L, Motalleb R, Isgaard J, Kuhn HG, Åberg ND. Brain tissue haemoglobin expression in saline-perfused vs non-perfused rodents. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23343. [PMID: 38163098 PMCID: PMC10755301 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Haemoglobin beta (Hbb) and delta-aminolevulinate synthase 2 (Alas2) messenger RNA (mRNA) is mainly found in immature red blood cells, reticulocytes, and not in mature erythrocytes. However, these are also expressed in other tissues such as brain cells, mostly neurons. Therefore, exact quantification of neural tissue homogenates may be confounded by remaining blood in the brain vasculature that may give falsely high values of Hbb/Alas2 expression. To investigate and compare the contribution of local Hbb/Alas2 expression, we investigated mRNA expression locally in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, in post-sacrifice saline-perfused and non-perfused mice and rats. Although there was a higher level of Hbb/Alas2 transcripts in the non-perfused animals, there was a significant mRNA expression in perfused brains that could at most partially be explained by remaining blood. Finally, we suggest that saline-perfusion should be recommended for quantification of brain Hbb/Alas2 transcripts in homogenates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Walser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Reza Motalleb
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Isgaard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Specialist Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - H Georg Kuhn
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute for Public Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - N. David Åberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Acute Medicine and Geriatrics, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Zheng R, Yan Y, Pu J, Zhang B. Physiological and Pathological Functions of Neuronal Hemoglobin: A Key Underappreciated Protein in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169088. [PMID: 36012351 PMCID: PMC9408843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of Hemoglobin (Hb) is not restricted to erythrocytes but is also present in neurons. Hb is selectively enriched in vulnerable mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons of Parkinson's disease (PD) instead of resistant neurons. Controversial results of neuronal Hb levels have been reported in postmortem brains of PD patients: although neuronal Hb levels may decline in PD patients, elderly men with higher Hb levels have an increased risk of developing PD. α-synuclein, a key protein involved in PD pathology, interacts directly with Hb protein and forms complexes in erythrocytes and brains of monkeys and humans. These complexes increase in erythrocytes and striatal cytoplasm, while they decrease in striatal mitochondria with aging. Besides, the colocalization of serine 129-phosphorylated (Pser129) α-synuclein and Hb β chains have been found in the brains of PD patients. Several underlying molecular mechanisms involving mitochondrial homeostasis, α-synuclein accumulation, iron metabolism, and hormone-regulated signaling pathways have been investigated to assess the relationship between neuronal Hb and PD development. The formation of fibrils with neuronal Hb in various neurodegenerative diseases may indicate a common fibrillization pathway and a widespread target that could be applied in neurodegeneration therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiali Pu
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (B.Z.); Fax: +86-571-8778-4752 (J.P. & B.Z.)
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (B.Z.); Fax: +86-571-8778-4752 (J.P. & B.Z.)
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Growth Hormone Treatment Promotes Remote Hippocampal Plasticity after Experimental Cortical Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124563. [PMID: 32604953 PMCID: PMC7349868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is common after stroke, and disturbances in hippocampal function are often involved, even in remote non-hippocampal injuries. In terms of hippocampal function, growth hormone (GH) is known to affects plasticity and cognition. We aimed to investigate whether GH treatment after an experimental cortical stroke could enhance remote hippocampal plasticity and the hippocampal-dependent visual discrimination task. C57BL6 male mice were subjected to cortical photothrombotic stroke. Stroke mice were then treated with either saline or GH at 48 h after occlusion for 28 days. We assessed learning and memory using mouse touchscreen platform for the visual discrimination task. We also evaluated markers of neural progenitor cells, synaptic plasticity and cerebrovascular remodelling in the hippocampal formation. GH treatment significantly improved the performance on visual discrimination task after stroke. We observed a concomitant increased number of bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. We also detected increased protein levels and density of doublecortin, a neuronal precursor cells marker, as well as glutamate receptor 1 (GLuR1), a synaptic marker. These findings provide further neurobiological evidence for how GH treatment could be used to promote hippocampal plasticity in a remote region from the initial cortical injury, and thus enhance cognitive recovery after stroke.
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Growth Hormone Promotes Motor Function after Experimental Stroke and Enhances Recovery-Promoting Mechanisms within the Peri-Infarct Area. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020606. [PMID: 31963456 PMCID: PMC7013985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor impairment is the most common and widely recognised clinical outcome after stroke. Current clinical practice in stroke rehabilitation focuses mainly on physical therapy, with no pharmacological intervention approved to facilitate functional recovery. Several studies have documented positive effects of growth hormone (GH) on cognitive function after stroke, but surprisingly, the effects on motor function remain unclear. In this study, photothrombotic occlusion targeting the motor and sensory cortex was induced in adult male mice. Two days post-stroke, mice were administered with recombinant human GH or saline, continuing for 28 days, followed by evaluation of motor function. Three days after initiation of the treatment, bromodeoxyuridine was administered for subsequent assessment of cell proliferation. Known neurorestorative processes within the peri-infarct area were evaluated by histological and biochemical analyses at 30 days post-stroke. This study demonstrated that GH treatment improves motor function after stroke by 50%–60%, as assessed using the cylinder and grid walk tests. Furthermore, the observed functional improvements occurred in parallel with a reduction in brain tissue loss, as well as increased cell proliferation, neurogenesis, increased synaptic plasticity and angiogenesis within the peri-infarct area. These findings provide new evidence about the potential therapeutic effects of GH in stroke recovery.
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Walser M, Svensson J, Karlsson L, Motalleb R, Åberg M, Kuhn HG, Isgaard J, Åberg ND. Growth Hormone and Neuronal Hemoglobin in the Brain-Roles in Neuroprotection and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:606089. [PMID: 33488521 PMCID: PMC7821093 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.606089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, evidence for hemoglobin (Hb) synthesis in both animal and human brains has been accumulating. While circulating Hb originating from cerebral hemorrhage or other conditions is toxic, there is also substantial production of neuronal Hb, which is influenced by conditions such as ischemia and regulated by growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and other growth factors. In this review, we discuss the possible functions of circulating and brain Hb, mainly the neuronal form, with respect to the neuroprotective activities of GH and IGF-I against ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases. The molecular pathways that link Hb to the GH/IGF-I system are also reviewed, although the limited number of reports on this topic suggests a need for further studies. In summary, GH and/or IGF-I appear to be significant determinants of systemic and local brain Hb concentrations through mediating responses to oxygen and metabolic demand, as part of the neuroprotective effects exerted by GH and IGF-I. The nature and quantity of the latter deserve further exploration in specific experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Walser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Marion Walser,
| | - Johan Svensson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Reza Motalleb
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Åberg
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - H Georg Kuhn
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute for Public Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörgen Isgaard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - N David Åberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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6
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Ong LK, Chow WZ, TeBay C, Kluge M, Pietrogrande G, Zalewska K, Crock P, Åberg ND, Bivard A, Johnson SJ, Walker FR, Nilsson M, Isgaard J. Growth Hormone Improves Cognitive Function After Experimental Stroke. Stroke 2018; 49:1257-1266. [PMID: 29636425 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.020557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cognitive impairment is a common outcome for stroke survivors. Growth hormone (GH) could represent a potential therapeutic option as this peptide hormone has been shown to improve cognition in various clinical conditions. In this study, we evaluated the effects of peripheral administration of GH at 48 hours poststroke for 28 days on cognitive function and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Experimental stroke was induced by photothrombotic occlusion in young adult mice. We assessed the associative memory cognitive domain using mouse touchscreen platform for paired-associate learning task. We also evaluated neural tissue loss, neurotrophic factors, and markers of neuroplasticity and cerebrovascular remodeling using biochemical and histology analyses. RESULTS Our results show that GH-treated stroked mice made a significant improvement on the paired-associate learning task relative to non-GH-treated mice at the end of the study. Furthermore, we observed reduction of neural tissue loss in GH-treated stroked mice. We identified that GH treatment resulted in significantly higher levels of neurotrophic factors (IGF-1 [insulin-like growth factor-1] and VEGF [vascular endothelial growth factor]) in both the circulatory and peri-infarct regions. GH treatment in stroked mice not only promoted protein levels and density of presynaptic marker (SYN-1 [synapsin-1]) and marker of myelination (MBP [myelin basic protein]) but also increased the density and area coverage of 2 major vasculature markers (CD31 and collagen-IV), within the peri-infarct region. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide compelling preclinical evidence for the usage of GH as a potential therapeutic tool in the recovery phase of patients after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Kooi Ong
- From the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury (L.K.O., F.R.W., M.N., J.I.) .,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.).,National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Australia (F.R.W., M.N., L.K.O.)
| | - Wei Zhen Chow
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z.).,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.)
| | - Clifford TeBay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z.).,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.)
| | - Murielle Kluge
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z.).,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.)
| | - Giovanni Pietrogrande
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z.).,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.)
| | - Katarzyna Zalewska
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z.).,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.)
| | - Patricia Crock
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Priority Research Centre Grow Up Well, John Hunter Children's Hospital (P.C.)
| | - N David Åberg
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (N.D.A.)
| | - Andrew Bivard
- Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital (A.B.), University of Newcastle, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.)
| | - Sarah J Johnson
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computing (S.J.J.).,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.)
| | - Frederick R Walker
- From the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury (L.K.O., F.R.W., M.N., J.I.).,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.).,National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Australia (F.R.W., M.N., L.K.O.)
| | - Michael Nilsson
- From the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury (L.K.O., F.R.W., M.N., J.I.).,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.).,National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Australia (F.R.W., M.N., L.K.O.)
| | - Jörgen Isgaard
- From the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury (L.K.O., F.R.W., M.N., J.I.) .,Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology and Department of Internal Medicine (J.I.)
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Martínez-Moreno CG, Calderón-Vallejo D, Harvey S, Arámburo C, Quintanar JL. Growth Hormone (GH) and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) in the Central Nervous System: A Potential Neurological Combinatory Therapy? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E375. [PMID: 29373545 PMCID: PMC5855597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This brief review of the neurological effects of growth hormone (GH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the brain, particularly in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, cerebellum, spinal cord, neural retina, and brain tumors, summarizes recent information about their therapeutic potential as treatments for different neuropathologies and neurodegenerative processes. The effect of GH and GnRH (by independent administration) has been associated with beneficial impacts in patients with brain trauma and spinal cord injuries. Both GH and GnRH have demonstrated potent neurotrophic, neuroprotective, and neuroregenerative action. Positive behavioral and cognitive effects are also associated with GH and GnRH administration. Increasing evidence suggests the possibility of a multifactorial therapy that includes both GH and GnRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro 76230, Mexico.
| | - Denisse Calderón-Vallejo
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes 20131, Mexico.
| | - Steve Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Carlos Arámburo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro 76230, Mexico.
| | - José Luis Quintanar
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes 20131, Mexico.
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8
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Walser M, Schiöler L, Oscarsson J, Åberg MAI, Wickelgren R, Svensson J, Isgaard J, Åberg ND. Mode of GH administration and gene expression in the female rat brain. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:187-196. [PMID: 28275169 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous secretion of growth hormone (GH) is sexually dimorphic in rats with females having a more even and males a more pulsatile secretion and low trough levels. The mode of GH administration, mimicking the sexually dimorphic secretion, has different systemic effects. In the brains of male rats, we have previously found that the mode of GH administration differently affects neuron-haemoglobin beta (Hbb) expression whereas effects on other transcripts were moderate. The different modes of GH administration could have different effects on brain transcripts in female rats. Hypophysectomised female rats were given GH either as injections twice daily or as continuous infusion and GH-responsive transcripts were assessed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in the hippocampus and parietal cortex (cortex). The different modes of GH-administration markedly increased Hbb and 5'-aminolevulinate synthase 2 (Alas2) in both brain regions. As other effects were relatively moderate, a mixed model analysis (MMA) was used to investigate general effects of the treatments. In the hippocampus, MMA showed that GH-infusion suppressed glia- and neuron-related transcript expression levels, whereas GH-injections increased expression levels. In the cortex, GH-infusion instead increased neuron-related transcripts, whereas GH-injections had no significant effect. Interestingly, this contrasts to previous results obtained from male rat cortex where GH-infusion generally decreased expression levels. In conclusion, the results indicate that there is a small but significant difference in response to mode of GH administration in the hippocampus as compared to the cortex. For both modes of GH administration, there was a robust effect on Hbb and Alas2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Walser
- Department of Internal MedicineInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linus Schiöler
- Department for Public Health and Community MedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Maria A I Åberg
- Department of Primary Health CareInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ruth Wickelgren
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion MedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Svensson
- Department of Internal MedicineInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Isgaard
- Department of Internal MedicineInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - N David Åberg
- Department of Internal MedicineInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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9
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The mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (Igf1) is decreased in the rat frontal cortex following gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) administration. Neurosci Lett 2017; 646:15-20. [PMID: 28249788 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, growth hormone (GH), together with its secondary mediators insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2), have been highlighted for their beneficial effects in the central nervous system (CNS), in particular as cognitive enhancers. Cognitive processes, such as learning and memory, are known to be impaired in individuals suffering from substance abuse. In the present study, we investigated the effect of gamma-hydroxybuturate (GHB), an illicit drug used for its sedating and euphoric properties, on genes associated with the somatotrophic axis in regions of the brain important for cognitive function. Sprague Dawley rats (n=36) were divided into three groups and administered either saline, GHB 50mg/kg or GHB 300mg/kg orally for seven days. The levels of Ghr, Igf1 and Igf2 gene transcripts were analyzed using qPCR in brain regions involved in cognition and dependence. The levels of IGF-1 in blood plasma were also determined using ELISA. The results demonstrated a significant down-regulation of Igf1 mRNA expression in the frontal cortex in high-dose treated rats. Moreover, a significant correlation between Igf1 and Ghr mRNA expression was found in the hippocampus, the frontal cortex, and the caudate putamen, indicating local regulation of the GH/IGF-1 axis. To summarize, the current study concludes that chronic GHB treatment influences gene expression of Ghr and Igf1 in brain regions involved in cognitive function.
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10
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Walser M, Schiöler L, Oscarsson J, Aberg MAI, Svensson J, Aberg ND, Isgaard J. Different modes of GH administration influence gene expression in the male rat brain. J Endocrinol 2014; 222:181-90. [PMID: 24872576 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous secretion pattern in males of GH is episodic in rats and in humans, whereas GH administration is usually even. Different types of GH administration have different effects on body mass, longitudinal bone growth, and liver metabolism in rodents, whereas possible effects on brain plasticity have not been investigated. In this study, GH was administered as a continuous infusion or as two daily injections in hypophysectomized male rats. Thirteen transcripts previously known to respond to GH in the hippocampus and parietal cortex (cortex) were assessed by RT-PCR. To investigate the effects of type of GH administration on several transcripts with different variations, and categories of transcripts (neuron-, glia-, and GH-related), a mixed model analysis was applied. Accordingly, GH injections increased overall transcript abundance more than GH infusions (21% in the hippocampus, P<0.001 and 10% in the cortex, P=0.09). Specifically, GH infusions and injections robustly increased neuronal hemoglobin beta (Hbb) expression significantly (1.8- to 3.6-fold), and GH injections were more effective than GH infusions in increasing Hbb in the cortex (41%, P=0.02), whereas a 23% difference in the hippocampus was not significant. Also cortical connexin 43 was higher in the group with GH injections than in those with GH infusions (26%, P<0.007). Also, there were differences between GH injections and infusions in GH-related transcripts of the cortex (23%, P=0.04) and glia-related transcripts of the hippocampus (15%, P=0.02). Thus, with the exception of Hbb there is a moderate difference in responsiveness to different modes of GH administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Walser
- Laboratory of Experimental EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 5, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment for Public Health and Community MedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenAstraZeneca R&DSE-431 83 Mölndal, Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute for Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy, Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Primary Health CareInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linus Schiöler
- Laboratory of Experimental EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 5, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment for Public Health and Community MedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenAstraZeneca R&DSE-431 83 Mölndal, Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute for Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy, Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Primary Health CareInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Oscarsson
- Laboratory of Experimental EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 5, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment for Public Health and Community MedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenAstraZeneca R&DSE-431 83 Mölndal, Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute for Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy, Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Primary Health CareInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria A I Aberg
- Laboratory of Experimental EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 5, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment for Public Health and Community MedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenAstraZeneca R&DSE-431 83 Mölndal, Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute for Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy, Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Primary Health CareInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenLaboratory of Experimental EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 5, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment for Public Health and Community MedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenAstraZeneca R&DSE-431 83 Mölndal, Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute for Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy, Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Primary Health CareInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Svensson
- Laboratory of Experimental EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 5, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment for Public Health and Community MedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenAstraZeneca R&DSE-431 83 Mölndal, Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute for Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy, Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Primary Health CareInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - N David Aberg
- Laboratory of Experimental EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 5, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment for Public Health and Community MedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenAstraZeneca R&DSE-431 83 Mölndal, Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute for Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy, Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Primary Health CareInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenLaboratory of Experimental EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 5, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment for Public Health and Community MedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenAstraZeneca R&DSE-431 83 Mölndal, Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute for Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy, Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Primary Health CareInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Isgaard
- Laboratory of Experimental EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 5, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment for Public Health and Community MedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenAstraZeneca R&DSE-431 83 Mölndal, Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute for Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy, Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Primary Health CareInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Arámburo C, Alba-Betancourt C, Luna M, Harvey S. Expression and function of growth hormone in the nervous system: a brief review. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 203:35-42. [PMID: 24837495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that growth hormone (GH) expression is not confined exclusively to the pituitary somatotrophs as it is synthesized in many extrapituitary locations. The nervous system is one of those extrapituitary sites. In this brief review we summarize data that substantiate the expression, distribution and characterization of neural GH and detail its roles in neural function, including cellular growth, proliferation, differentiation, neuroprotection and survival, as well as its functional roles in behavior, cognition and neurotransmission. Although systemic GH may exert some of these effects, it is increasingly evident that locally expressed neural GH, acting through intracrine, autocrine or paracrine mechanisms, may also be causally involved as a neurotrophic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Arámburo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México.
| | - Clara Alba-Betancourt
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México
| | - Maricela Luna
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México
| | - Steve Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada
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12
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Alatzoglou KS, Webb EA, Le Tissier P, Dattani MT. Isolated growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in childhood and adolescence: recent advances. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:376-432. [PMID: 24450934 DOI: 10.1210/er.2013-1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of GH deficiency (GHD) in childhood is a multistep process involving clinical history, examination with detailed auxology, biochemical testing, and pituitary imaging, with an increasing contribution from genetics in patients with congenital GHD. Our increasing understanding of the factors involved in the development of somatotropes and the dynamic function of the somatotrope network may explain, at least in part, the development and progression of childhood GHD in different age groups. With respect to the genetic etiology of isolated GHD (IGHD), mutations in known genes such as those encoding GH (GH1), GHRH receptor (GHRHR), or transcription factors involved in pituitary development, are identified in a relatively small percentage of patients suggesting the involvement of other, yet unidentified, factors. Genome-wide association studies point toward an increasing number of genes involved in the control of growth, but their role in the etiology of IGHD remains unknown. Despite the many years of research in the area of GHD, there are still controversies on the etiology, diagnosis, and management of IGHD in children. Recent data suggest that childhood IGHD may have a wider impact on the health and neurodevelopment of children, but it is yet unknown to what extent treatment with recombinant human GH can reverse this effect. Finally, the safety of recombinant human GH is currently the subject of much debate and research, and it is clear that long-term controlled studies are needed to clarify the consequences of childhood IGHD and the long-term safety of its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki S Alatzoglou
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (K.S.A., E.A.W., M.T.D.), Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, and Birth Defects Research Centre (P.L.T.), UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Life Sciences (P.L.T.), University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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13
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Grönbladh A, Johansson J, Nyberg F, Hallberg M. Administration of growth hormone and nandrolone decanoate alters mRNA expression of the GABAB receptor subunits as well as of the GH receptor, IGF-1, and IGF-2 in rat brain. Growth Horm IGF Res 2014; 24:60-66. [PMID: 24480470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The illicit use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), especially among young adults, is of major concern. Among AAS users it is common to combine the AAS nandrolone decanoate (ND), with intake of growth hormone (GH) and a connection between gonadal steroids and the GH system has been suggested. Both AAS and GH affect functions in the brain, for example those associated with the hypothalamus and pituitary, and several GH actions are mediated by growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2). The GABAergic system is implicated in actions induced by AAS and previous studies have provided evidence for a link between GH and GABAB receptors in the brain. Our aim was to examine the impact of AAS administration and a subsequent administration of GH, on the expression of GABAB receptors and important GH mediators in rat brain. DESIGN The aim was to investigate the CNS effects of a high-dose ND, and to study if a low, but physiological relevant, dose of GH could reverse the ND-induced effects. In the present study, male rats were administered a high dose of ND every third day during three weeks, and subsequently the rats were given recombinant human GH (rhGH) during ten days. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to analyze gene expression in hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, and amygdala. RESULTS In the pituitary gland, the expression of GABAB receptor subunits was affected differently by the steroid treatment; the GABAB1 mRNA expression was decreased whereas a distinct elevation of the GABAB2 expression was found. Administration of ND also caused a decrease of GHR, IGF-1, and IGF-2 mRNA expression in the pituitary while the corresponding expression in the hypothalamus, caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, and amygdala was unaffected. The rhGH administration did not alter the GABAB2 expression but increased the GABAB1 gene expression in the hypothalamus as compared to the AAS treated group. CONCLUSIONS These results provide new insights on the impact of ND and GH on the brain and highlight the interaction of these hormones with systems influencing GABAB receptor expression. The physiological significance of the observed effects of these hormones is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfhild Grönbladh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jenny Johansson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fred Nyberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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miR-139-5p modulates cortical neuronal migration by targeting Lis1 in a rat model of focal cortical dysplasia. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:1407-14. [PMID: 24647639 PMCID: PMC4055601 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) play important roles in the developing rat brain. In this study, we investigated the role of miRNAs in the brains of immature (20–80 days) rats with liquid nitrogen lesion-induced focal cortical dysplasia. miRNA microarray demonstrated that the expression of miR-139-5p was associated with cortical development. Bioinformatic analysis and luciferase assays revealed that the Lis1 gene is a likely target of miR-139-5p. It is known that Lis1 plays a role in cell proliferation and migration and can lead to cortical dysplasia when mutated. Our data demonstrated an inhibitory effect of miR-139-5p on the expression of Lis1 in PC12 cells 24 h following transfection with pre-miR-139-5p. However, when the PC12 cells were transfected with anti-miR-139-5p, an increase was observed in the expression of Lis1. Cell migration assay revealed that miR-139-5p significantly inhibited the migration of PC12 and HCN-2 cells treated with or without Lis1 protein. In addition, a rat model of focal cortical dysplasia was established, wherein miR-139-5p was administered and Lis1 expression was found to be markedly reduced. Moreover, the injured cortex showed a certain degree of recovery following the administration of miR-139-5p, demonstrating that the reduction in miR-139-5p was at least partially responsible for the upregulation of Lis1 in the rat brains. Our data suggest that miR-139-5p modulates cortical neuronal migration by targeting Lis1.
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Grönbladh A, Johansson J, Nyberg F, Hallberg M. Recombinant human growth hormone affects the density and functionality of GABAB receptors in the male rat brain. Neuroendocrinology 2013; 97:203-11. [PMID: 22710737 DOI: 10.1159/000339821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of growth hormone (GH) on memory and learning have previously been confirmed in both humans and in animal models. An important role of GABAB receptors for multiple forms of learning and memory has also been reported. In this study, we examined the effect of GH on the density and functionality of the metabotropic GABAB receptors in the rat brain. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 24) divided into 3 groups were injected twice daily with recombinant human GH (0.07 or 0.7 IU/kg) for 7 days. The effects of the hormone were determined by quantitative autoradiography and by GABAB stimulated [(35)S]-GTPγS binding using the selective GABAB receptor agonist baclofen. The results demonstrate moderate but significant alterations in both receptor density and functionality in a number of brain regions. For example, a dose-dependent upregulation of GABAB receptors was found in the cingulate cortex, primary motor cortex and caudate putamen, whereas attenuation in the receptor density was encountered in, for example, the medial geniculate nucleus. Although the GH-induced effects on the GABAB receptor in brain areas associated with cognition were fairly pronounced, they were significant and we propose that the physiological responses observed after GH administration at least partly can be mediated through a mechanism involving GABAB receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfhild Grönbladh
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Walser M, Samà MT, Wickelgren R, Aberg M, Bohlooly-Y M, Olsson B, Törnell J, Isgaard J, Aberg ND. Local overexpression of GH and GH/IGF1 effects in the adult mouse hippocampus. J Endocrinol 2012; 215:257-68. [PMID: 22917932 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
GH therapy improves hippocampal functions mainly via circulating IGF1. However, the roles of local GH and IGF1 expression are not well understood. We investigated whether transgenic (TG) overexpression in the adult brain of bovine GH (bGH) under the control of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter affected cellular proliferation and the expression of transcripts known to be induced by systemic GH in the hippocampus. Cellular proliferation was examined by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine immunohistochemistry. Quantitative PCR and western blots were performed. Although robustly expressed, bGH-Tg did not increase either cell proliferation or survival. However, bGH-Tg modestly increased Igf1 and Gfap mRNAs, whereas other GH-associated transcripts were unaffected, i.e. the GH receptor (Ghr), IGF1 receptor (Igf1r), 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (Cnp), ionotropic glutamate receptor 2a (Nr2a (Grin2a)), opioid receptor delta (Dor), synapse-associated protein 90/postsynaptic density-95-associated protein (Sapap2 (Dlgap2)), haemoglobin beta (Hbb) and glutamine synthetase (Gs (Glul)). However, IGF1R was correlated with the expression of Dor, Nr2a, Sapap2, Gs and Gfap. In summary, although local bGH expression was robust, it activated local IGF1 very modestly, which is probably the reason for the low response of previous GH-associated response parameters. This would, in turn, indicate that hippocampal GH is less important than endocrine GH. However, as most transcripts were correlated with the expression of IGF1R, there is still a possibility for endogenous circulating or local GH to act via IGF1R signalling. Possible reasons for the relative bio-inactivity of bGH include the bell-shaped dose-response curve and cell-specific expression of bGH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Walser
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Gröna Stråket Göteborg, Sweden
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