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Gender Disparity in Academic Gastroenterology: Beginning of the End of the Underrepresentation of Women? Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:380-387. [PMID: 33141389 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06692-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though there are an increasing number of female medical graduates, women remain underrepresented in academic medicine. There have been several reasons to explain this gender disparity, including marital status, number of children, number of hours worked, job flexibility, perceptions of women as inferior leaders, gender bias, sexual harassment, and unsupportive academic climates. AIMS This study aimed to investigate the relationship between scholarly productivity and the representation of female gastroenterologists in academia. Specifically, scholarly productivity measured by the h-index and academic rank were explored to determine if there were gender disparities in academic productivity and rank in gastroenterology. METHODS Gastroenterology departmental listings were obtained from the Fellowship and Residency Interactive Database of the American Medical Association. The Scopus database was used to record each physician's h-index. Statistical analyses were conducted with Wilcoxon rank-sum test, which compared matched samples by academic rank, and ANOVA tests, which compared multiple academic ranks. RESULTS Out of 1703 academic gastroenterologists, women account for 25% of academic physicians. Women have statistically lower h-indices at the level of Assistant Professor (p = 0.0012), and at the level of Chair (p = 0.01). There was no difference in h-indices between male and female at the rank of Associate Professor and Professor. CONCLUSIONS While these results mirror patterns appreciated in other fields of medicine, the results at the rank of Chair may suggest that despite the lower h-index compared to their male counterparts, females are perceived as having strong inherent leadership skills outside of academic productivity that are also conducive to leading a department and may be contributing to their rise to Chair.
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Calderwood AH, Roberts JA, Silver JK, Schmitt CM, Enestvedt BK. Representation by Gender of Recognition Award Recipients from Gastroenterology and Hepatology Professional Societies. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2021; 30:1508-1518. [PMID: 33434440 PMCID: PMC8590150 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2020.8627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recognition awards from professional medical societies play an important role in physicians' career advancement. Our aim was to evaluate the gender representation of award recipients from gastroenterology and hepatology societies. Methods: We analyzed the lists of award recipients from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, and American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and determined the gender of these award recipients. The primary outcome was the overall representation of women physician award recipients as compared with the representation of women in the specialty. Results: Between 1941 and 2019, there were 921 awards, of which 77 (8.4%) were given to women and 844 (91.6%) to men. There was a significant increase in the proportion of women recipients over time, from 0% in 1970-1984 to 22.0% in 2015-2019 (p for trend <0.0001). Compared with the concurrent representation of women in the specialty, women physician recipients were underrepresented from 1970 to 1981 and 1984 to 2015, equitably represented from 1981 to 1984, and overrepresented from 2015 to 2019. Of the total number of awards in each category, women received 13.8% of teaching/mentorship awards and 3.8% of the highest achievement awards (p = 0.002). The proportion of women recipients varied among the societies, from 6.8% to 14.5%. Conclusions: The representation of women physician recipients of gastroenterology and hepatology society recognition awards has generally been low until most recently, when it has surpassed the proportion of women in the specialty. Because award recognition is important to career development, professional societies should have transparent processes that aim to identify and reduce various forms of bias, including gender-related bias, in all phases of award recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey H. Calderwood
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dartmouth–Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jane A. Roberts
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dartmouth–Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Julie K. Silver
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Brintha K. Enestvedt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Leung KK, Jawaid N, Bollegala N. Gender differences in gastroenterology and hepatology authorship and editorial boards. Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 94:713-723. [PMID: 34029601 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Women are numerically under-represented in the field of gastroenterology and hepatology. This study aims to characterize the gender distribution of first and senior authors and editorial board members across high impact factor journals in gastroenterology and hepatology. METHODS Publications from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019 were reviewed from 29 journals. Gender of editorial board leadership, editorial board members, first, and senior authors was identified using publicly available data. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated to assess for a relationship among editorial board, first author, and senior author gender and impact factor. RESULTS Of 29 journals (median impact factor 5.55) with 357 journal issues and 8036 articles, there were 3 of 39 female chief editors (7.7%), 601 of 3455 female editorial board members (17.4%), 2547 of 8036 female first authors (31.7%), and 1390 of 7335 female senior authors (19%). No statistically significant correlations existed between impact factor and chief editor gender with gender distribution of editorial boards, first authors, or senior authors. Positive correlations existed between male-dominated editorial boards and male first (+.52, P = .005) and senior authorship (+.56, P = .002), whereas negative correlations occurred between male-dominated editorial boards and female first (-.51, P = .006) and senior authorship (-.56, P = .002). Positive correlations also existed between publication of first and senior authors of the same gender (+.57, men [P = .001]; +.58, women [P = .001]). CONCLUSIONS Although gender distribution of female first authorship approaches current distributions in the field of gastroenterology and hepatology, editor-in-chief positions, editorial board membership, and senior authorship continue to be primarily men. Future endeavors to improve proportionate gender representation include improved journal leadership selection transparency, targeted diversity statements, and enhanced mentorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel K Leung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Noor Jawaid
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha Bollegala
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Jamorabo DS, Chen R, Gurm H, Jahangir M, Briggs WM, Mohanty SR, Renelus BD. Women remain underrepresented in leadership positions in academic gastroenterology throughout the United States. Ann Gastroenterol 2021; 34:316-322. [PMID: 33948055 PMCID: PMC8079863 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2021.0597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Publication history is a key factor in securing academic promotion, but historical underrepresentation of women in gastroenterology may be an ongoing obstacle to achieving gender parity in leadership positions. Methods We carried out a cross-sectional study of gastroenterology programs in the United States, with data including faculty and trainee names, leadership positions, Hirsch indices, and year of first gastroenterology certification gathered from 1 February 2020 to 1 March 2020. Our outcomes of interest were: 1) sex representation in various leadership positions in academic gastroenterology departments; and 2) mean difference in Hirsch indices between men and women, for which we used univariate and multivariate regression models. Results Our cohort included 3655 faculty members and trainees across 163 academic gastroenterology programs in the United States. Women comprised 28.7% (1049/3655) of the cohort, including 713/2657 (26.8%) of faculty and 56/289 (19.4%) of all fellowship program directors and divisional/departmental chairs and chiefs. Male faculty had higher mean Hirsch indices compared to women (11.4 vs. 5.5, P<0.001), and when adjusted for year of first gastroenterology certification, men had a larger Hirsch index by 2.8 (95% confidence interval 1.3-4.1, P<0.001). Women were also underrepresented in various subspecialties of gastroenterology, particularly advanced endoscopy. Conclusions Women in academic gastroenterology remain underrepresented in leadership positions and have lower Hirsch indices than men. Our findings may stem not only from differences in mentorship and career goals, but also from underlying structural factors that disadvantage women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Jamorabo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY (Daniel S. Jamorabo)
| | - Richy Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, New York-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY (Richy Chen, Smruti R. Mohanty)
| | - Hashroop Gurm
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK (Hashroop Gurm)
| | - Muntasir Jahangir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX (Muntasir Jahangir)
| | - William M Briggs
- Department of Biostatistics, New York-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY (William M. Briggs)
| | - Smruti R Mohanty
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, New York-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY (Richy Chen, Smruti R. Mohanty)
| | - Benjamin D Renelus
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (Benjamin D. Renelus), USA
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Adams MA. Don't fix the women, fix the system: recognizing and addressing implicit gender bias in gastroenterology training and practice. Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 93:1057-1059. [PMID: 33685625 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Adams
- VA Ann Arbor Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Miyasaki JM, Maplethorpe E, Yuan Y, Keran C, Gross RA. Leadership, recognition awards, and publication by men and women in the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2020; 95:e3313-e3320. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo study sex differences with respect to publications, leadership, and recognition awards in the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) in light of recent research highlighting inequities in these domains.MethodsWe examined medical school graduation, neurology residency (using American Medical Association and American Council for Graduate Medical Education data), membership in the AAN, first and last authorship in Neurology®, membership on AAN committees, and AAN recognition awards by sex for 1997, 2007, and 2017.ResultsFemale medical students were less likely to enter neurology residency in 1997 only. In 2007 and 2017, there was no proportionate difference between men and women as last author, a surrogate for senior member of the author panel. In 2017, women were proportionately more likely to be first authors than men, a surrogate for principal investigator of the study. Committee membership was less for women in 1997 and 2007 (p < 0.001) but was not proportionately different in 2017 (p = 0.534). Women were proportionately more likely to receive recognition awards in all years studied (1997 p = 0.008, 2007 p < 0.001, 2017 p < 0.001), although absolute numbers of women were lower.ConclusionsFemale membership, leadership (through committee membership), and publications as last author were lower in 1997 in the AAN. These same metrics demonstrated substantial proportionate changes, with no differences in last authorship in 2007 and 2017, greater likelihood for women to be first author in 2017, no differences in committee membership in 2017, and greater likelihood of receiving awards determined by merit in all 3 years.
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Enestvedt BK, Diamond S, Laird A, Rodriguez SA. A gender comparison of motivations for seeking leadership positions among gastroenterologists. Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 91:26-32.e5. [PMID: 31525361 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2019.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A gender gap exists in leadership positions in gastroenterology. However, individual motivations for seeking leadership positions within the gastroenterology community among men and women have not been explored. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether motivations for pursuing and attaining leadership positions in gastroenterology differ by gender. METHODS A 20-question survey was created by the authors and shared with gastroenterologists electronically via a social media group (Facebook) and emails gathered through publicly available society websites and professional and social contacts. Data gathered from the survey included demographics, practice characteristics, presence of spouse or domestic partner, past and present leadership positions, motivations for pursuit of leadership positions, and reasons for lack of desire for a leadership position. RESULTS The survey was sent to 981 gastroenterologists (679 women, 302 men). The overall response rate was 21.4% (n = 210) (20.9% for women, 22.5% for men). Overall, 41% of respondents (84 of 206) currently hold a leadership position, including more males than females (52% vs 36%, respectively; P = .03). However, among those who completed their training in the past 5 years, more women than men hold a current leadership role (25% vs 6%; P = .11). Other factors associated with currently holding a leadership position included age and years since completion of training, practice type, full-time status, and having a spouse who is not a physician. The positive factors of leadership cited most frequently were (1) ability to effect change, (2) furthering the goals of the organization, and (3) opportunity for career advancement. The negative factors cited most frequently were increased workload and decreased time for personal life. These reported positive and negative factors were similar for male and female respondents. Forty-nine respondents did not desire a leadership position now or in the future. The most common reason cited was lack of interest in the responsibilities, long hours, or stress that accompanies a leadership position (22 of 42, 52%). The second most common reason was that respondents were too busy at home or work to take on the extra responsibilities. CONCLUSIONS A gender gap in gastroenterology leadership exists but is closing. There is fairly equal representation of men and women in leadership positions among those who completed training in the last 5 years. Many gastroenterologists are motivated for a leadership position and at the same time, many qualified individuals do not desire a leadership position because of factors that affect work-life balance. Ongoing efforts to engage motivated individuals into leadership positions and to revise the nature of leadership positions may allow for a larger talent pool from which to recruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brintha K Enestvedt
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Sarah Diamond
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Amy Laird
- Department of Biostatistics & Design Program, OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Sarah A Rodriguez
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology, The Oregon Clinic West, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Waseem Y, Mahmood S, Siddiqi R, Usman MS, Fatima K, Acob C, Khosa F. Gender differences amongst board members of endocrinology and diabetes societies. Endocrine 2019; 64:496-499. [PMID: 30788668 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-01861-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although women's status has shown marked improvement over the years in many areas, women still face a gender bias, especially in the workforce. Despite the best efforts of organizations to promote diversity and equality, women still dominate the lower-paying administrative ranks while men continue to dominate at the executive level. The present study examines gender disparity in the leadership positions in the national and international endocrinology and diabetes societies across the globe. METHODS We first composed a list of Diabetes and Endocrinology societies from online databases, including the International Diabetes Federation, European Society of Endocrinology, and other similar online directories. The Scopus database author search was used to find the total number of publications, publication range (in years), h-indices, number of citations, and years of active research of each member. RESULTS Our study included 524 board members of whom 31.3% (164/524) were women. The institutional academic rank of 310 of the total board members was found. The proportion of women in higher-faculty ranks (Assistant Professor, Associate Professors, and Professors) is much lower than males. Female endocrinologists also have fewer publications, citations, and years of active research. CONCLUSIONS Endocrinology is becoming a female-predominant subspecialty of internal medicine. As women are becoming a more significant portion of the endocrinology workforce, it is imperative to study and mitigate gender differences and disparities to optimize the endocrinology workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamna Waseem
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Samar Mahmood
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rabbia Siddiqi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shariq Usman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kaneez Fatima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Christine Acob
- Department of Internal Medicine, John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Dumitra TC, Alam R, Fiore JF, Mata J, Fried GM, Vassiliou MC, Mueller C, Lee L, Feldman LS. Is there a gender bias in the advancement to SAGES leadership? Surg Endosc 2019; 34:458-463. [PMID: 31037338 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-019-06802-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proportion of women in surgery has risen significantly yet there remains gender discrepancies in upper leadership positions in academia. Specialty societies play an important role in academic advancement but the progression of women in surgical societies has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to determine if there are gender differences in advancement within the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) leadership. METHODS A retrospective audit of all SAGES committee members (CM) from 1992 to 2018 was performed. The overall membership gender distribution was available from 2010 to 2018. Leadership positions included Committee Chair/Co-chair, Board of Governors, and Executive Committee. Three phenomena were investigated: "pipeline," by determining the change in women CMs compared to overall membership over time; "sticky floors," by comparing advancement beyond CM by gender; "glass-ceiling," by analyzing the promotion trajectory and time to leadership positions between genders. Statistical analysis comparing trends over time was performed using Kendall-tau. RESULTS There were 1546 surgeons who served on at least one committee during the study period. Women represented 21% of CMs, 18% of chairs/co-chairs, 16% of board members and 14% of executives, with one woman President. The proportion of women CMs has significantly increased over time from 3% in 1992 to 27% in 2018 (p-trend < 0.001). A similar proportion of women and men advanced beyond CM (17% vs. 14%, p = 0.194), with no difference in time to advancement. From 2010 to 2018, the increase in the proportion of women CMs and board members outpaced that of overall women members (p < 0.05). Women executives surpassed overall women members in 2018 (29% vs. 19%). A similar proportion of men and women "skipped ranks" to reach the Board/Executive (37% vs. 25%, p = 0.307). CONCLUSION The proportion of women in leadership positions within SAGES is higher than in the overall membership. There were no gender differences in the advancement of CMs to leadership positions. While these data are encouraging, SAGES should continue to foster the advancement of women surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora C Dumitra
- Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Ave, L9.309, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Roshni Alam
- Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Ave, L9.309, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Julio F Fiore
- Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Ave, L9.309, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Juan Mata
- Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Ave, L9.309, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gerald M Fried
- Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Ave, L9.309, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Melina C Vassiliou
- Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Ave, L9.309, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carmen Mueller
- Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Ave, L9.309, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lawrence Lee
- Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Ave, L9.309, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Liane S Feldman
- Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Ave, L9.309, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Enestvedt BK, DeVivo RS, Schmitt CM, Calderwood AH. Increase in female faculty in American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy-sponsored programming over time. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 87:952-955. [PMID: 28987546 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2017.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Female representation in medicine is increasing across all levels of medical training, yet women hold fewer senior leadership positions than men. National recognition, including participation as faculty in society-sponsored programs, is one component of academic advancement. The aim of this study was to characterize female representation among faculty in courses sponsored by the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE). METHODS We performed a retrospective review of demographic data, including faculty gender and role, year, and program type, from the ASGE database of its sponsored programs between 2009 and 2014. Female faculty rates were compared with the rate of female membership in the ASGE and by faculty role and course type over time. RESULTS Between 2009 and 2014 there were a total of 2020 ASGE course faculty positions of which women comprised 19%. There was a significant increase in the proportion of women that served as course faculty over time (P < .0005). Female faculty participation exceeded the ASGE female domestic membership rate in all years. Women were more likely to serve as course directors than lecturers (25% vs 18%, P = .004) and to participate in smaller courses (P = .0003). CONCLUSIONS We found an increase in female participation in ASGE programming over time, suggesting that specialty societies are making efforts to improve female representation at the national level. Future work should evaluate whether or not these opportunities translate into leadership roles for women within their own institutions or lead to promotions for women over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brintha K Enestvedt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Rebecca S DeVivo
- American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Audrey H Calderwood
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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Ellinas EH, Fouad N, Byars-Winston A. Women and the Decision to Leave, Linger, or Lean In: Predictors of Intent to Leave and Aspirations to Leadership and Advancement in Academic Medicine. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2017; 27:324-332. [PMID: 29048981 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2017.6457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Association of American Medical Colleges reports continued low rates of female faculty as professors and in leadership positions. While attrition and discrimination have both been proposed as explanations, recent literature has suggested that women's professional motivations, ingrained behavior, and perceptions of organizational support may also play a role. METHODS The authors employed a series of scales informed by the turnover theory (which predicts intent to leave an organization), previously validated and used in business and engineering studies, but rarely used in academic medicine. The authors proposed and tested a multiple regression model to assess predictors (role strain, work-life balance, and organizational climate) for three outcome variables: seeking promotion, seeking leadership, and intent to leave. RESULTS Survey results from 614 faculty members indicated that gender significantly influenced both promotion and leadership seeking, but not intent to leave. Perceived work-family conflict was negatively correlated with leadership seeking for women, but not for men. Positive views of organizational support and commitment were associated with promotion seeking and persistence for all participants. Role strain was positively correlated with desire for promotion and leadership, as well as with intent to leave. CONCLUSIONS Female faculty may not be leaning in to promotion and leadership roles because of increased role conflict, work-life concerns, and organizational factors; this seems to be more of a factor for female clinical rather than research faculty. Work-family conflict affects male and female faculty differently and should be addressed in efforts to retain faculty and to remove barriers for female faculty seeking leadership opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Ellinas
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Office of Faculty Affairs, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Nadya Fouad
- 2 Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Angela Byars-Winston
- 3 Department of Medicine, UW Center for Women's Health Research, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
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Woodward Z, Rodriguez Z, Jou JH, Keyashian K, Chen Y, Thomas CR, Elta GH, D'Souza SL. Gender disparities in gastroenterology fellowship director positions in the United States. Gastrointest Endosc 2017; 86:595-599. [PMID: 28153570 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Despite a paucity of women occupying leadership positions in academic medicine, studies have shown a higher ratio of female representation in the program director position compared with division chief in multiple specialties. This study aims to determine whether this trend exists in 3-year gastroenterology fellowships in the United States and to evaluate for any factors that may affect these differences. METHODS In 2015, data were collected for the 163 U.S. gastroenterology fellowship programs including program director, associate program director, division chief, gender distribution, program size, academic center affiliation, and geographic region. RESULTS A higher percentage of men than women held the role of program director (82% vs 18%), associate program director (72% vs 28%), and division chief (93% vs 7%). Women in program leadership held lower academic rank than their male counterparts (P < .0001). The program director was more likely to be female if the division chief also was female (P = .03). Programs with a higher number of trainees tended to be led by a female program director (P = .06). CONCLUSIONS A gender disparity exists in all gastroenterology leadership roles, although the magnitude is smaller for program director and associate program director than the role of division chief. Further studies are needed to investigate the impact of this disparity on promotion and academic productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibing Woodward
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; The Oregon Clinic-GI South, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Zaida Rodriguez
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Portland VA Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Janice H Jou
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Portland VA Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Kian Keyashian
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Portland VA Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Yiyi Chen
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Grace H Elta
- University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sharlene L D'Souza
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Portland VA Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Silver JK, Slocum CS, Bank AM, Bhatnagar S, Blauwet CA, Poorman JA, Villablanca A, Parangi S. Where Are the Women? The Underrepresentation of Women Physicians Among Recognition Award Recipients From Medical Specialty Societies. PM R 2017; 9:804-815. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Women in gastroenterology: involvement in our national organizations. Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 84:384. [PMID: 27425805 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2016.03.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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15
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Menees SB, Elta GH. Is the glass ceiling in gastroenterology gone? Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 83:734-5. [PMID: 26975280 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2016.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy B Menees
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Grace H Elta
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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