1
|
El Abiad R, Ashat M, Khashab M. Complications related to third space endoscopic procedures. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2024; 71:101908. [PMID: 39209411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2024.101908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Third space endoscopy (TSE) encompasses a breadth of procedures for the treatment of a variety of GI disorders. The widespread use of per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) and its diversification to include extended indications and at locations other than the oesophagus has provided an insight into the potential complications encountered. The most common adverse events associated with POEM, the epitome of TSE procedures, include insufflation related injuries, bleeding, failure of mucosal barrier, infections, pain, blown out myotomy and gastroesophageal reflux disease. The purpose of this review is to highlight the pitfalls and to identify the risk factors that may lead to adverse events, and to recommend appropriate salvage interventions in the scope of the current evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rami El Abiad
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Munish Ashat
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mouen Khashab
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Albers D, Witt M, Pandolfino JE, Rösch T, Schachschal G, Beyna T, Neuhaus H, Gerges C, Kandler J, Allescher HD, Martinek J, Repici A, Ebigbo A, Messmann H, Schumacher B, Werner YB. Peroral endoscopic myotomy for hypercontractile (Jackhammer) esophagus: A retrospective multicenter series with long-term follow-up. United European Gastroenterol J 2024. [PMID: 38873948 DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Long-term outcome data are limited for non-achalasia esophageal motility disorders treated by peroral endoscopy myotomy (POEM) as a separate group. We investigated a subset of symptomatic patients with hypercontractile esophagus (Jackhammer esophagus). METHODS Forty two patients (mean age 60.9 years; 57% female, mean Eckardt score 6.2 ± 2.1) treated by primary peroral myotomy for symptomatic Jackhammer esophagus 2012-2018 in seven European centers were retrospectively analyzed; myotomy included the lower esophageal sphincter but did not extend more than 1 cm into the cardia in contrast to POEM for achalasia. Manometry data were re-reviewed by an independent expert. The main outcome was the failure rate defined by retreatment or an Eckardt score >3 after at least two years following POEM. RESULTS Despite 100% technical success (mean intervention time 107 ± 48.9 min, mean myotomy length 16.2 ± 3.7 cm), the 2-year success rate was 64.3% in the entire group. In a subgroup analysis, POEM failure rates were significantly different between Jackhammer-patients without (n = 22), and with esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO, n = 20) (13.6% % vs. 60%, p = 0.003) at a follow-up of 46.5 ± 19.0 months. Adverse events occurred in nine cases (21.4%). 14 (33.3%) patients were retreated, two with surgical fundoplication due to reflux. Including retreatments, an improvement in symptom severity was found in 33 (78.6%) at the end of follow-up (Eckardt score ≤3, mean Eckardt change 4.34, p < 0.001). EGJOO (p = 0.01) and frequency of hypercontractile swallows (p = 0.02) were predictors of POEM failure. The development of a pseudodiverticulum was observed in four cases within the subgroup of EGJOO. CONCLUSIONS Patients with symptomatic Jackhammer without EGJOO benefit from POEM in long-term follow-up. Treatment of Jackhammer with EGJOO, however, remains challenging and probably requires full sphincter myotomy and future studies which should address the pathogenesis of this variant and alternative strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Albers
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Elisabeth-Krankenhaus Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mana Witt
- Department of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - John E Pandolfino
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas Rösch
- Department of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Schachschal
- Department of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Beyna
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Horst Neuhaus
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Gerges
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennis Kandler
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Allescher
- Center for Esophageal and Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders, Center for Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Metabolism, Klinikum Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Jan Martinek
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alessandro Repici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pieve Emanuele, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital -IRCCS-, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Alanna Ebigbo
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Messmann
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Schumacher
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Elisabeth-Krankenhaus Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yuki B Werner
- Department of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Perananthan V, Gupta S, Whitfield A, Craciun A, Cronin O, O'Sullivan T, Byth K, Sidhu M, Hourigan LF, Raftopoulos S, Burgess NG, Bourke MJ. When less is more: lower esophageal sphincter-preserving peroral endoscopic myotomy is effective for non-achalasia esophageal motility disorders. Endoscopy 2024; 56:431-436. [PMID: 38183976 DOI: 10.1055/a-2239-7371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-achalasia esophageal motility disorders (NAEMDs), encompassing distal esophageal spasm (DES) and hypercontractile esophagus (HCE), are rare conditions. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is a promising treatment option. In NAEMDs, unlike with achalasia, the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) functions normally, suggesting the potential of LES preservation during POEM. METHODS This retrospective two-center observational study focused on patients undergoing LES-preserving POEM (LES-POEM) for NAEMD. Eckardt scores were assessed pre-POEM and at 6, 12, and 24 months post-POEM, with follow-up endoscopy at 6 months to evaluate for reflux esophagitis. Clinical success, defined as an Eckardt score ≤3, served as the primary outcome. RESULTS 227 patients were recruited over 84 months until May 2021. Of these, 16 underwent LES-POEM for an NAEMD (9 with HCE and 7 with DES). The median pre-POEM Eckardt score was 6.0 (interquartile range [IQR] 5.0-7.0), which decreased to 1.0 (IQR 0.0-1.8; P<0.001) 6 months post-POEM. This was sustained at 24 months, with an Eckardt score of 1.0 (IQR 0.0-1.8; P<0.001). Two patients (12.5%) developed Los Angeles grade A or B esophagitis. CONCLUSIONS LES-POEM for NAEMD demonstrates favorable clinical outcomes, with infrequent esophagitis and reintervention for LES dysfunction rarely required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varan Perananthan
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Sydney Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sunil Gupta
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Sydney Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anthony Whitfield
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Sydney Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ana Craciun
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centro Hospitalar Universitario de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Oliver Cronin
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Sydney Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
| | - Timothy O'Sullivan
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Sydney Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karen Byth
- Western Sydney Local Health District Research and Education Network, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Mayenaaz Sidhu
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - Luke F Hourigan
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland Greenslopes Clinical Unit, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Spiro Raftopoulos
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Burgess
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Sydney Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael J Bourke
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Sydney Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wessels EM, Nullens S, Bastiaansen BA, Fockens P, Masclee GM, Bredenoord AJ. Routine esophagram to detect early esophageal leakage after peroral endoscopic myotomy. Endosc Int Open 2024; 12:E604-E612. [PMID: 38681147 PMCID: PMC11052647 DOI: 10.1055/a-2294-8607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elise M. Wessels
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sara Nullens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, GZA Hospitals, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Paul Fockens
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gwen M.C. Masclee
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mikulski MF, Morley TJ, Debbink KP, Desilets DJ, Romanelli JR. Impedance planimetry during per-oral endoscopic myotomy is associated with decreased inadvertent capnoperitoneum. Surg Endosc 2024; 38:280-290. [PMID: 37989889 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-023-10526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has become an accepted minimally invasive alternative to Heller myotomy for the treatment of achalasia and other disorders of esophageal dysmotility. One associated adverse event is the inadvertent creation of capnoperitoneum. A proposed mechanism is that extension of the submucosal tunnel below the esophageal hiatus and onto the gastric wall leads to transmural perforation. We hypothesized that the use of impedance planimetry with the endoscopic functional luminal imaging probe (EndoFLIP) more accurately identifies the esophagogastric junction and helps to better define the myotomy's ideal limits, thus lowering the incidence of inadvertent capnoperitoneum. METHODS This is a single-center, retrospective review of consecutive POEM cases from 06/11/2011 to 08/08/2022, with EndoFLIP introduced in 2017. Patient and procedural characteristics, including the incidence of clinically significant capnoperitoneum and decompression, were analyzed using univariate and multivariable linear regression statistics. RESULTS There were 140 POEM cases identified, 74 (52.9%) of which used EndoFLIP. Clinically significant capnoperitoneum was encountered in 26 (18.6%) cases, with no differences in patient characteristics between those who had capnoperitoneum and those who did not. There was a decreased incidence of capnoperitoneum in cases using EndoFLIP compared to those without (n = 6, 23% vs n = 20, 77%, p = 0.001), with zero instances in the final 56 cases. After adjusting for potentially confounding factors, EndoFLIP use was associated with a - 15.93% (95% confidence interval - 30.68%, - 1.18%) decrease in procedure duration. CONCLUSIONS The routine use of EndoFLIP during POEM was associated with decreased incidence of clinically significant capnoperitoneum, potentially due to improved myotomy tailoring and decreased duration of insufflation with shorter procedure times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Mikulski
- Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School - Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA.
- Baystate Medical Center, Surgery Education Office, 759 Chestnut Street, Springfield, MA, 01199, USA.
| | - Timothy J Morley
- Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School - Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Kaitlin P Debbink
- Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School - Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - David J Desilets
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School - Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - John R Romanelli
- Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School - Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang L, Liu ZQ, Zhang JY, Chen SY, Zhong YS, Zhang YQ, Chen WF, Ma LL, Qin WZ, Hu JW, Cai MY, Yao LQ, Li QL, Zhou PH. Management of delayed bleeding of upper gastrointestinal endoscopic submucosal tunneling procedures: a retrospective single-center analysis and brief meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 38:2174-2184. [PMID: 37816538 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Delayed bleeding is a rare but important major adverse event (mAE) after endoscopic submucosal tunneling procedures (ESTP), which is scarcely reported. We aimed to characterize the clinical characteristics of delayed bleeding and provide better management of this mAE. METHOD From August 2010 to October 2022, we reviewed 3852 patients with achalasia receiving peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) and 1937 patients with upper gastrointestinal tumors receiving submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection (STER). Among these, records of 22 patients (15 POEM, 7 STER) with delayed bleeding were collected. Clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of delayed bleeding were analyzed. RESULTS The mean age was 43.6 years. Ten patients (45.5%) were intratunnel bleeding, seven (31.8%) were intratunnel bleeding accompanied by mucosal bleeding, and five (22.7%) were mucosal bleeding. The most common accompanied symptoms were hematemesis, fever, and melena. The most common accompanied mAEs were fistula, pulmonary inflammation, and pleural effusion with atelectasis. The mean duration from ESTP to endoscopic intervention was 5.3 ± 4.9 days. Active bleeding was identified in 21 patients (95.5%). The bleeding was successfully controlled by electrocoagulation (19 cases), endoscopic clipping (six cases), and Sengstaken-Blakemore tube insertion (three cases), and no patient required surgical intervention. The mean hemostatic procedure duration was 61.8 ± 45.8 min. The mean post-bleeding hospital stay was 10.0 ± 6.2 days. A brief meta-analysis of previous studies showed the pooled estimate delayed bleeding rate after POEM, STER, and G-POEM was 0.4%. CONCLUSIONS Delayed bleeding is uncommon and could be effectively managed by timely emergency endoscopic procedures without requiring subsequent surgical interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Zu-Qiang Liu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Yao Chen
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Shi Zhong
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Qun Zhang
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Feng Chen
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Li Ma
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Zheng Qin
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Wei Hu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Yan Cai
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Qing Yao
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan-Lin Li
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-Hong Zhou
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wessels EM, Masclee GMC, Bredenoord AJ. An overview of the efficacy, safety, and predictors of achalasia treatments. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:1241-1254. [PMID: 37978889 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2023.2286279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Achalasia is a rare esophageal motility disorder characterized by abnormal esophageal peristalsis and the inability of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax, resulting in poor esophageal emptying. This can be relieved by endoscopic and surgical treatments; each comes with certain advantages and disadvantages. AREAS COVERED This review aims to guide the clinician in clinical decision making on the different treatment options for achalasia regarding the efficacy, safety, and important predictors. EXPERT OPINION Botulinum toxin injection is only recommended for a selective group of achalasia patients because of the short term effect. Pneumatic dilation improves achalasia symptoms, but this effect diminishes over time and requiring repeated dilations to maintain clinical effect. Heller myotomy combined with fundoplication and peroral endoscopic myotomy are highly effective on the long term but are more invasive than dilations. Gastro-esophageal reflux complaints are more often encountered after peroral endoscopic myotomy. Patient factors such as age, comorbidities, and type of achalasia must be taken into account when choosing a treatment. The preference of the patient is also of great importance and therefore shared decision making has to play a fundamental role in deciding about treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise M Wessels
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University Medical Centers Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gwen M C Masclee
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University Medical Centers Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Albert J Bredenoord
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University Medical Centers Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mandarino FV, Vespa E, Barchi A, Fasulo E, Sinagra E, Azzolini F, Danese S. Precision Endoscopy in Peroral Myotomies for Motility Disorders of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract: Current Insights and Prospective Avenues-A Comprehensive Review. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2143. [PMID: 38004283 PMCID: PMC10672509 DOI: 10.3390/life13112143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Our review delves into the realm of peroral endoscopic myotomies (POEMs) in the upper gastrointestinal tract (UGT). In recent years, POEMs have brought about a revolution in the treatment of UGT motility disorders. Esophageal POEM, the first to be introduced, has now been validated as the primary treatment for achalasia. Subsequently developed, G-POEM displays promising results in addressing refractory gastroparesis. Over time, multiple endoscopic myotomy techniques have emerged for the treatment of Zenker's diverticulum, including Z-POEM, POES, and hybrid approaches. Despite the well-established efficacy outcomes, new challenges arise in the realm of POEMs in the UGT. For esophageal POEM, the future scenario lies in customizing the myotomy extent to the minimum necessary, while for G-POEM, it involves identifying patients who can optimally benefit from the treatment. For ZD, it is crucial to validate an algorithm that considers various myotomy options according to the diverticulum's size and in relation to individual patients. These challenges align with the concept of precision endoscopy, personalizing the technique for each subject. Within our text, we comprehensively examine each myotomy technique, analyzing indications, outcomes, and adverse events. Additionally, we explore the emerging challenges posed by myotomies within the context of the evolving field of precision endoscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Vito Mandarino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vespa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Barchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ernesto Fasulo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Sinagra
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto San Raffaele Giglio, 90015 Cefalù, Italy
| | - Francesco Azzolini
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvio Danese
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Khaiser A, Baig M, Forcione D, Bechtold M, Puli SR. Efficacy and Safety of Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM) in Achalasia: An Updated Meta-analysis. Middle East J Dig Dis 2023; 15:235-241. [PMID: 38523886 PMCID: PMC10955992 DOI: 10.34172/mejdd.2023.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Heller myotomy has been considered the standard surgical treatment for patients with achalasia. Since the initiation of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM), it has represented an alternative for treating patients with achalasia. Over the years, numerous prospective and retrospective studies with POEM use for achalasia have been published. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of POEM in patients with achalasia. Methods: Publications investigating the safety and efficacy of POEM in patients with achalasia were searched in Medline, Ovid Journals, Medline non-indexed citations, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Database of Systematic Reviews. Pooling was conducted by both fixed and random effects models. Results: The initial search identified 328 reference articles; of these, 34 relevant articles were selected and reviewed. Data was extracted from 20 studies (n=1753) which met the inclusion criteria. In pooled analysis, the clinical success of POEM at 3 months was 94% (95% CI=93-95). The pooled clinical success of POEM at 12 months was 91% (95% CI=90-92). The pooled rate of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was 21% (95% CI=19-23), esophagitis was reported in 16% (95% CI=15-18), pneumomediastinum in 4% (95% CI=3-6), cervical emphysema in 12% (95% CI=10-13), pneumoperitoneum in 8% (95% CI=7-10), pneumothorax in 5% (95% CI=4 - 6), pleural effusion in 3% (95% CI=2-3), post-operative bleeding in 4.29% (95% CI=1.91 -7.61) and aspiration pneumonia in 3.08% (95% CI=1.13-5.97) of the patients after POEM. Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests that POEM is a highly effective and safe endoscopic treatment for patients with achalasia and a reasonable alternative to Heller myotomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Khaiser
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Muhammad Baig
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - David Forcione
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Boca Raton Regional Hospital, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Matthew Bechtold
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Srinivas R. Puli
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dawley N. Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy: What Nurses Need to Know to Provide Preeminent Perioperative Care. Gastroenterol Nurs 2023; 46:197-207. [PMID: 37261923 DOI: 10.1097/sga.0000000000000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This article aims to explore details of research, evidence, and key concepts intended for nurses and other healthcare clinicians surrounding the paradigm shift in therapeutic endoscopy relating to the third-space endoscopic procedure, peroral endoscopic myotomy. Although many medical publications detail the procedure, there are no specific guidelines for nurses to reference when caring for the patient undergoing peroral endoscopic myotomy. With scant published resources available to direct nurses distinctly in the delivery of exceptional care to patients undergoing peroral endoscopic myotomy, there is an identified need for collated information to be accessible to all nurses providing perioperative teaching and care. As peroral endoscopic myotomy continues to transpire as a mainstream or preferred standard treatment for patients who suffer from achalasia, relevant education remains to be fully understood and assessed in the nursing arena. By examining nursing considerations for patient care, indications, techniques, and advancements regarding this ever-emergent breakthrough, readers will discover guidance in comprehensive care encompassing patients undergoing the peroral endoscopic myotomy procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Dawley
- Natalie Dawley, BSN-RN, CGRN, is Registered Nurse, Department of Endoscopy, Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Simkova D, Mares J, Vackova Z, Hucl T, Stirand P, Kieslichova E, Ryska O, Spicak J, Drazilova S, Veseliny E, Martinek J. Periprocedural safety profile of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM)-a retrospective analysis of adverse events according to two different classifications. Surg Endosc 2023; 37:1242-1251. [PMID: 36171448 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-022-09621-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is nowadays a standard method for treatment of achalasia; nevertheless, it remains an invasive intervention with corresponding risk of adverse events (AEs). The classification and grading of AEs are still a matter of discussion. The aim of our retrospective study was to assess the occurrence of all "undesirable" events and "true" adverse events in patients undergoing POEM and to compare the outcomes when either Clavien-Dindo classification (CDC) or American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) lexicon classification applied. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively managed database of all patients who had undergone POEM between December 2012 and August 2018. We assessed the pre-, peri-, and early-postoperative (up to patient's discharge) undesirable events (including those not fulfilling criteria for AEs) and "true" AEs according the definition in either of the classifications. RESULTS A total of 231 patients have successfully undergone 244 POEM procedures (13 × re-POEM). Twenty-nine procedures (11.9%) passed uneventfully, while in 215 procedures (88.1%), a total of 440 undesirable events occurred. The CDC identified 27 AEs (17 minor, 10 major) occurring in 23/244 (9.4%) procedures. The ASGE lexicon identified identical 27 AEs (21 mild or moderate, 6 severe or fatal) resulting in the severity distribution of AEs being the only difference between the two classifications. Only the absence of previous treatment was found to be a risk factor [p = 0.047, OR with 95% CI: 4.55 (1.02; 20.25)] in the combined logistic regression model. CONCLUSION Undesirable events are common in patients undergoing POEM but the incidence of true AEs is low according to both classifications. Severe adverse events are infrequent irrespective of the classification applied. CDC may be more appropriate than ASGE lexicon for classifying POEM-related AEs given a surgical nature of this procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Simkova
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine IKEM, Videnska 1921, 140 21, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mares
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine IKEM, Videnska 1921, 140 21, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Vackova
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine IKEM, Videnska 1921, 140 21, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Hucl
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine IKEM, Videnska 1921, 140 21, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Stirand
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine IKEM, Videnska 1921, 140 21, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kieslichova
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine IKEM, Videnska 1921, 140 21, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Ryska
- Royal Lancaster Infirmary, University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Foundation Trust, Lancaster, UK
| | - Julius Spicak
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine IKEM, Videnska 1921, 140 21, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Sylvia Drazilova
- 2Nd Department of Internal Medicine, PJ Safarik University and L. Pasteur University Hospital, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Eduard Veseliny
- 2Nd Department of Internal Medicine, PJ Safarik University and L. Pasteur University Hospital, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Jan Martinek
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine IKEM, Videnska 1921, 140 21, Prague 4, Czech Republic. .,Institute of Physiology, 1St Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Medicine, Ostrava University, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nabi Z, Reddy DN. Submucosal endoscopy: the present and future. Clin Endosc 2023; 56:23-37. [PMID: 36617645 PMCID: PMC9902679 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2022.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Submucosal endoscopy or third-space endoscopy utilizes the potential space between the mucosal and muscularis layers of the gastrointestinal tract to execute therapeutic interventions for various diseases. Over the last decade, endoscopic access to the submucosal space has revolutionized the field of therapeutic endoscopy. Submucosal endoscopy was originally used to perform endoscopic myotomy in patients with achalasia cardia, and its use has grown exponentially since. Currently, submucosal endoscopy is widely used to resect subepithelial tumors and to manage refractory gastroparesis and Zenker's diverticulum. While the utility of submucosal endoscopy has stood the test of time in esophageal motility disorders and subepithelial tumors, its durability remains to be established in conditions such as Zenker's diverticulum and refractory gastroparesis. Other emerging indications for submucosal endoscopy include esophageal epiphrenic diverticulum, Hirschsprung's disease, and esophageal strictures not amenable to conventional endoscopic treatment. The potential of submucosal endoscopy to provide easy and safe access to the mediastinum and peritoneal spaces may open doors to novel indications and rejuvenate the interest of endoscopists in natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery in the future. This review focuses on the current spectrum, recent updates, and future direction of submucosal endoscopy in the gastrointestinal tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaheer Nabi
- Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Duvvur Nageshwar Reddy
- Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India,Correspondence: Duvvur Nageshwar Reddy Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, 6-3-661 Somajiguda, Hyderabad 500 082, India E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sarkis Y, Al-Haddad MA, Siwiec R, Kessler WR, Wo JM, Stainko S, Perkins A, DeWitt JM. Safety of same-day discharge after peroral endoscopic myotomy. Dis Esophagus 2022; 36:6747074. [PMID: 36190182 DOI: 10.1093/dote/doac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There are limited data on the safety of same-day discharge (SDD) after peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). The aim of our study is to assess the frequency and relationship to POEM for emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations after SDD in these patients. We retrospectively identified consecutive patients between November 2019 and August 2021 who underwent POEM with SDD and at least 6 months follow-up. Criteria for SDD includes: (1) no serious procedure-related adverse event; (2) post-POEM esophagram without leak; (3) stable vital signs; (4) ability to take liquids orally; (5) pain controlled without IV analgesia; (6) adequate social support; (7) American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class I-III. A causative relationship between POEM and ED visits and hospitalizations was assigned by consensus. Out of 185 POEMs performed, 78 (41.7%, 42M, mean 51±16 years) had SDD. Within 30 days of POEM, 8 ED visits occurred in 7/78 (9%) patients and 2 (25%) were considered related to POEM; hospitalization was required in 3 (38%). After 30 days, 11 ED visits occurred in 10/78 (12.8%) patients and 1 (9%) was considered related to POEM; hospitalization was required in 5 (45%). In this study of consecutive SDD patients after POEM, 3/19 (16%) ED visits and 2/8 (25%) hospitalizations within 6 months were considered related to the procedure. Therefore, eligible patients who follow and fulfill a strict protocol after POEM may be safely discharged the same day.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yara Sarkis
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Health Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mohammad A Al-Haddad
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Health Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert Siwiec
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Health Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - William R Kessler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Health Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - John M Wo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Health Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sarah Stainko
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Health Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Anthony Perkins
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Health Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - John M DeWitt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Health Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Parsa N, Friedel D, Stavropoulos SN. POEM, GPOEM, and ZPOEM. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:1500-1520. [PMID: 35366120 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Our tripartite narrative review discusses Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM), gastric POEM (GPOEM) and POEM for Zenker's diverticula (ZPOEM). POEM is the prototypical procedure that launched the novel "3rd space endoscopy" field of advanced endoscopy. It revolutionized achalasia therapy by offering a much less invasive version of the prior gold standard, the laparoscopic Heller myotomy (HM). We review in detail indications, outcomes, technique variations and comparative data between POEM and HM particularly with regard to the hotly debated issue of GERD. We then proceed to discuss two less illustrious but nevertheless important offshoots of the iconic POEM procedure: GPOEM for gastroparesis and ZPOEM for the treatment of hypopharyngeal diverticula. For GPOEM, we discuss the rationale of pylorus-directed therapies, briefly touch on GPOEM technique variations and then focus on the importance of proper patient selection and emerging data in this area. On the third and final part of our review, we discuss ZPOEM and expound on technique variations including our "ultra-short tunnel technique". Our review emphasizes that, despite the superiority of endoscopy over surgery for the treatment of hypopharyngeal diverticula, there is no clear evidence yet of the superiority of the newfangled ZPOEM technique compared to the conventional endoscopic myotomy technique practiced for over two decades prior to the advent of ZPOEM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Parsa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri Health System, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - David Friedel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, NYU-Winthrop Hospital, 222 Station Plaza N Suite 429, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - Stavros N Stavropoulos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, NYU-Winthrop Hospital, 222 Station Plaza N Suite 429, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Weng CY, He CH, Zhuang MY, Xu JL, Lyu B. Peroral endoscopic longer vs shorter esophageal myotomy for achalasia treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastrointest Surg 2022; 14:247-259. [PMID: 35432766 PMCID: PMC8984519 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v14.i3.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has been demonstrated to be safe and effective in the treatment of achalasia. Longer myotomy is the standard POEM procedure for achalasia but when compared with shorter myotomy, its effectiveness is not as well known.
AIM To compare the clinical effectiveness of longer and shorter myotomy.
METHODS PubMed, EmBase, Cochrane Library, web of science and clinicaltrials.gov were queried for studies comparing shorter and longer POEM for achalasia treatment. The primary outcome was clinical success rate. Secondary outcomes comprised of operative time, adverse events (AEs) rate, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and procedure-related parameters. The Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effects model was primarily used for the analysis. Publication bias was assessed.
RESULTS Six studies were included in this analysis with a total of 514 participants. During the follow-up period of 1-28.7 mo, longer and shorter myotomy in treating achalasia showed similar excellent effectiveness [overall clinical success (OR = 1, 95%CI: 0.46-2.17, P = 1, I2: 0%; subgroup of abstract (OR = 1.19, 95%CI: 0.38 to 3.73; P = 0.76; I2: 0%); subgroup of full text (OR = 0.86 95%CI: 0.30 to 2.49; P = 0.78; I2: 0%)]. Shorter myotomy had significantly reduced mean operative time compared with the longer procedure. There were no statistically significant differences in AEs rates, including GERD (overall OR = 1.21, 95%CI: 0.76-1.91; P = 0.42; I2: 9%; subgroup of abstract OR = 0.77, 95%CI: 0.40-1.47; P = 0.43; I2: 0%; subgroup of full text OR = 1.91, 95%CI: 0.98-3.75; P = 0.06; I2: 0%), hospital stay (overall MD = -0.07, 95%CI: -0.30 to 0.16; P = 0.55; I2: 24%; subgroup of abstract MD = 0.20, 95%CI: -0.25 to 0.65; P = 0.39; I2: 0; subgroup of full text MD = -0.16, 95%CI: -0.42 to 0.10; P = 0.23; I2: 42%), and major bleeding (overall OR = 1.25, 95%CI: 0.58-2.71; P = 0.56; I2: 0%) between the two procedures. These differences remained statistically non-significant in all sensitivity analyses.
CONCLUSION POEM was effective in treating achalasia. Shorter and longer myotomy procedures provided similar therapeutic effects in terms of long-term effectiveness. In addition, shorter myotomy reduced the operative time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Weng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Cheng-Hai He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ming-Yang Zhuang
- Internal Medicine of Chinese Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing-Li Xu
- Department of Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bin Lyu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Staudenmann D, Choi KKH, Kaffes AJ, Saxena P. Current endoscopic closure techniques for the management of gastrointestinal perforations. Ther Adv Gastrointest Endosc 2022; 15:26317745221076705. [PMID: 35252863 PMCID: PMC8891873 DOI: 10.1177/26317745221076705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute gastrointestinal perforations occur either from spontaneous or iatrogenic
causes. However, particular attention should be made in acute iatrogenic
perforations as timely diagnosis and endoscopic closure prevent morbidity and
mortality. With the increasing use of diagnostic endoscopy and advances in
therapeutic endoscopy worldwide, the endoscopist must be able to recognize and
manage perforations. Depending on the size and location of the defect, a variety
of endoscopic clips, stents, and suturing devices are available. This review
aims to prepare and guide the endoscopist to use the right tools and techniques
for optimal patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Staudenmann
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Praxis Intesto, Bern, Switzerland; Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Kyung Ho Choi
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arthur John Kaffes
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Payal Saxena
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, 50 Missenden Road, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Khanna P, Sarkar S, Gunjan D. Anesthesia for Per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) – not so poetic! J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2022; 38:28-34. [PMID: 35706641 PMCID: PMC9191809 DOI: 10.4103/joacp.joacp_179_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is a promising natural orifice transluminal endoscopic procedure for the treatment of esophageal motility disorders, with similar effectiveness as of Heller myotomy. It is performed under general anesthesia in endoscopy suite. Creation of submucosal tunnel in the esophageal wall is a key component. The continuous insufflation of CO2 inadvertently tracks into surrounding tissues and leads to capno mediastinum, capno thorax, capno peritoneum, and subcutaneous emphysema. Thus, the challenges, for an anesthesiologist are not only providing remote location anesthesia, increased risk of aspiration during induction, but also early detection of these complications and specific emergency management. Though a therapeutic innovation, POEM remains an interdisciplinary challenge with no specific anesthesia care algorithms and evidence-based recommendations. The purpose of this review is to outline the anesthesia and periprocedural practices based on existing evidence.
Collapse
|
18
|
AGA Clinical Practice Update on Endoscopic Management of Perforations in Gastrointestinal Tract: Expert Review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19:2252-2261.e2. [PMID: 34224876 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 1: For all procedures, especially procedures carrying an increased risk for perforation, a thorough discussion between the endoscopist and the patient (preferably together with the patient's family) should include details of the procedural techniques and risks involved. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 2: The area of perforation should be kept clean to prevent any spillage of gastrointestinal contents into the perforation by aspirating liquids and, if necessary, changing the patient position to bring the perforation into a non-dependent location while minimizing insufflation of carbon dioxide to avoid compartment syndrome. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 3: Use of carbon dioxide for insufflation is encouraged for all endoscopic procedures, especially any endoscopic procedure with increased risk of perforation. If available, carbon dioxide should be used for all endoscopic procedures. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 4: All endoscopists should be aware of the procedures that carry an increased risk for perforation such as any dilation, foreign body removal, any per oral endoscopic myotomy (Zenker's, esophageal, pyloric), stricture incision, thermal coagulation for hemostasis or tumor ablation, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, ampullectomy, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), endoluminal stenting with self-expanding metal stent (SEMS), full-thickness endoscopic resection, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in surgically altered anatomy, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided biliary and pancreatic access, EUS-guided cystogastrostomy, and endoscopic gastroenterostomy using a lumen apposing metal stent (LAMS). BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 5: Urgent surgical consultation should be highly considered in all cases with perforation even when endoscopic repair is technically successful. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 6: For all upper gastrointestinal perforations, the patient should be considered to be admitted for observation, receive intravenous fluids, be kept nothing by mouth, receive broad-spectrum antibiotics (to cover Gram-negative and anaerobic organisms), nasogastric tube (NGT) placement (albeit some exceptions), and surgical consultation. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 7: For upper gastrointestinal tract perforations, a water-soluble upper gastrointestinal series should be considered to confirm the absence of continuing leak at the perforation site before initiating a clear liquid diet. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 8: Endoscopic closure of esophageal perforations should be pursued when feasible, utilizing through-the-scope clips (TTSCs) or over-the-scope clips (OTSCs) for perforations <2 cm and endoscopic suturing for perforations >2 cm, reserving esophageal stenting with SEMS for cases where primary closure is not possible. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 9: Endoscopic closure of gastric perforations should be pursued when feasible, utilizing TTSCs or OTSCs for perforations <2 cm and endoscopic suturing or combination of TTSCs and endoloop for perforations >2 cm. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 10: For large type 1 duodenal perforations (lateral duodenal wall tear >3 cm), being cognizant of the difficulty in closing them endoscopically, urgent surgical consultation should be made while the feasibility of endoscopic closure is assessed. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 11: Because type 2 periampullary (retroperitoneal) perforations are subtle and can be easily missed, the endoscopist should carefully assess the gas pattern on fluoroscopy to avoid delays in treatment and request a computed tomography scan if there is a concern for such a perforation; identified perforations of this type at the time of ERCP may be closed with TTSCs if feasible and/or by placing a fully covered SEMS into the bile duct across the ampulla. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 12: For the management of large duodenal polyps, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) should only be performed by experienced endoscopists and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) only by experts because both EMR and ESD in the duodenum require proficiency in resection and mucosal defect closure techniques to manage immediate and/or delayed perforations (caused by the proteolytic enzymes of the pancreas). BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 13: Endoscopists should be aware that colon perforations occurring during diagnostic colonoscopy are most commonly located in the sigmoid colon due to direct trauma from forceful advancement of the colonoscope. Such tears recognized at the time of colonoscopy may be closed by TTSCs or OTSCs if the bowel preparation is good and the patient is stable. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 14: Although colon perforation is responsive to various endoscopic tools such as TTSC, OTSC, and endoscopic suturing, perforations in the right colon, especially in the cecum, have been relegated to using only TTSCs because of inability to reach the site of the perforation with an endoscopic suturing device or OTSC if the colon is tortuous or unclean. Recently a new suture-based device for defect closure has been introduced allowing deep submucosal and intramuscular enhanced fixation through a standard gastroscope or colonoscope. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 15: Patients with perforations who are hemodynamically unstable or who have suffered a delayed perforation with peritoneal signs or frank peritonitis should be surgically managed without any attempt at endoscopic closure. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 16: In any adverse event including perforation, it is paramount to ensure accurate documentation, prompt discussion with the patient and family, and swift reporting to the quality officer (or equivalent) and risk management team of the institution (in major adverse events).
Collapse
|
19
|
Maselli R, Oliva A, Badalamenti M, Galtieri PA, Belletrutti PJ, Spadaccini M, Nicoletti R, Finati E, Vetrano S, Fosso F, Correale C, Pellegatta G, Hassan C, Repici A. Single-dose versus short-course prophylactic antibiotics for peroral endoscopic myotomy: a randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 94:922-929. [PMID: 34119499 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2021.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has been recommended for achalasia treatment. To prevent the potential of infective risk, antibiotic prophylaxis is usually administered, whereas the additional need of antibiotic therapy after POEM is uncertain. The primary endpoint was to determine whether prophylaxis versus prophylaxis plus short therapy was needed after POEM. METHODS Consecutive patients scheduled for POEM were randomly assigned (1:1) to group A (prophylactic cefazolin 2 g IV) or group B (prophylaxis + cefazolin 2 g IV × 3 followed by oral amoxicillin/clavulanate 3 g/day). Infective risk was assessed by means of host response, namely body temperature and serum levels of white blood cells and C-reactive protein; immune response (the cytokines interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α and microbial translocation mediators lipopolysaccharide binding protein and soluble CD14); and blood cultures at time points before (t0) and after (t1, t2) POEM. RESULTS After POEM, none of the 124 enrolled patients (54.6 ± 12.6 years old; 64 men) developed any fever (body temperature: t0, 36.56± .49°C; t1, 36.53± .52°C; t2, 36.48± .41°C), without any differences between groups at any time point. Regarding systemic inflammation, no difference was reported between groups in serum levels of C-reactive protein and white blood cells. Considering microbial translocation mediated response, lipopolysaccharide binding protein (group A: t0, 1539 ± 168.6 pg/mL; t1, 1321 ± 149.1 pg/mL; t2, 2492 ± 283.2 pg/mL; group B: t0, 1318 ± 115.9 pg/mL; t1, 1492 ± 163.8 pg/mL; t2, 2600 ± 328.2 pg/mL) and soluble CD14 (group A: t0, 2.16 ± .15 μg/mL; t1, 1.89 ± .15 μg/mL; t2, 2.2 ± .15 μg/mL; group B: t0, 2.1 ± .13 μg/mL; t1, 2 ± .13 μg/mL; t2, 2.5 ± .2 μg/mL) were similar between the 2 groups; the immune response cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α also were similar in the 2 groups. In relation to blood cultures, at t1 the group B bacteremia rate was 3.2% (2/62) and group A was 1.6% (1/62) with no difference (P = .6). All subsequent blood cultures were negative at t2. CONCLUSIONS According to our study, postprophylactic short-term antimicrobial therapy after POEM is not required because of a very low residual infective risk. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT03587337.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Maselli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy; Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Oliva
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Badalamenti
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Piera Alessia Galtieri
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Paul James Belletrutti
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Spadaccini
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosangela Nicoletti
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Finati
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Vetrano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy; Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Fosso
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Correale
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Pellegatta
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Hassan
- Endoscopy Unit, Nuovo Regina Margherita Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Repici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy; Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu X, Yao L, Cheng J, Xu M, Chen S, Zhong Y, He M, Chen W, Zhang Y, Qin W, Hu J, Cai M, Yao L, Zhou P, Li Q. Landscape of Adverse Events Related to Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy in 3135 Patients and a Risk-Scoring System to Predict Major Adverse Events. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19:1959-1966.e3. [PMID: 33905769 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This article systemically describes the landscape of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM)-related adverse events (AEs) and compares the different grading systems; and establishes and validates a combined risk factor model and a simplified risk-scoring system to predict POEM-related major AEs. METHODS A total of 3135 patients with achalasia treated with POEM were included and the AEs were systemically described and graded. A predictive model and risk-scoring system was developed using logistic regression and then internally validated using bootstrapping approaches. RESULTS A total of 258 out of 3135 patients, accounting for 8.23% of the total patients, presented with 297 AEs. According to Clavien-Dindo grading, 175 (67.83%), 23 (8.91%), 56 (21.71%), 4 (1.55%), and 0 (0.00%) patients were graded as grade I-V, respectively. By American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy lexicon, 175 (67.83%) patients were classified with mild AE, 66 (25.58%) were classified with moderate AE, and 17 (6.59%) were classified with severe AE, respectively. Sixty-eight (2.17%) patients were classified with major AE. Air insufflation, selective myotomy, mucosal injury, and long operation time were selected into the predictive model with an area under the curve of 0.795. They were assigned with scores of 18, 5, 3, and 5 in the risk-scoring system, respectively. By applying the risk scoring system, patients with higher scores had higher rates of major AEs. The model showed little evidence for overfitting and was well-calibrated. CONCLUSIONS Based on a systematic landscape analysis, POEM is a safe procedure with low rates of severe AEs. Our prediction model and risk-scoring system demonstrated good performance in predicting major AEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Liu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Yao
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meidong Xu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyao Chen
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunshi Zhong
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjiang He
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Chen
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzheng Qin
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianwei Hu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyan Cai
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqing Yao
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pinghong Zhou
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Quanlin Li
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nabi Z, Ramchandani M, Chavan R, Basha J, Reddy M, Darisetty S, Reddy ND. Double tunnel technique reduces technical failure during POEM in cases with severe submucosal fibrosis. Endosc Int Open 2021; 9:E1335-E1341. [PMID: 34466356 PMCID: PMC8367433 DOI: 10.1055/a-1499-6817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and study aims Submucosal fibrosis (SMF) is one of the major reasons for technical failure during per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of double tunnel technique (DT-POEM) on the technical success of POEM in cases with severe SMF. Patients and methods Data from patients with achalasia in whom SMF was encountered during POEM from Jan 2013 to Jan 2020 at our center were retrospectively evaluated. The technical success and adverse events (AEs) were analyzed and compared between cases with SMF who underwent POEM via single tunnel versus DT-POEM technique. Results A total of 1,150 patients underwent POEM during the study period. There were 14 technical failures (1.2 %). SMF and severe SMF was found in 104 (9 %) and 21 (1.8 %) patients, respectively. The majority of patients (17, 80.9 %) with severe SMF had type I achalasia. Overall, technical failures occurred in 14 cases (1.2 %) and severe SMF resulted in the majority of the technical failures (10, 71.4 %). DT-POEM was utilized in 11 cases (52.4 %) with severe SMF. The median procedure time with DT-POEM was 150 minutes (85-210). There were no major AEs and DT-POEM was technically successful in all the patients. The technical success of POEM in cases with SMF improved after the adoption of the double tunnel technique (98.4 % vs 68.3 %, P = 0.0001). Conclusions Severe SMF is the most common reason for technical failure during POEM. DT-POEM improves the technical success rates of POEM in patients with severe SMF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaheer Nabi
- Asian institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | | | - Manohar Reddy
- Asian institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yurtlu DA, Aslan F. Challenges in Anesthesia Management for Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy: A Retrospective Analysis. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2021; 31:729-733. [PMID: 34310556 DOI: 10.1097/sle.0000000000000978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is used to treat achalasia with efficacy and reliability. However, during the procedure potential complications require attention in terms of anesthesia. This study aimed to investigate complications of the POEM procedure and its effects on arterial blood gas (ABG) parameters, peak airway pressures (PIP), hemodynamics, and postoperative analgesia requirements. METHODS Data from 220 patients who underwent POEM between 2014 and 2017 were retrospectively assessed. During the procedure, ABG samples, PIP, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate were recorded. The effects of the procedure and paracentesis on ABG, PIP, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, perioperative complications, and postoperative analgesia requirements were assessed. RESULTS Data from 220 POEM patients were analyzed. During the procedure, the mean PaCO2 was 48.27±6.34 mm Hg, which was significantly higher than the PaCO2 values before and after the procedure. The mean increase in maximum PIP was 5.90±3.49 cmH2O during the procedure. However, there was a significant decrease in PaCO2 and PIP values in cases with paracentesis compared with those without paracentesis. With regards to complications, subcutaneous emphysema (48, 21.8%), pneumoperitoneum requiring decompression (66, 30%), pneumothorax (1, 0.5%), aspiration pneumonia (1, 0.5%), and bronchospasm (5, 2.2%) were observed during the procedure. In the postoperative period, 58 patients (26%) had additional analgesia requirements because of visual analog scale values >3. CONCLUSION Periprocedural abdominal decompression with veress needle led to a reduction in arterial PaCO2 and PIP, and improved postoperative analgesia. Serious complications because of perioperative aspiration and CO2 insufflation were observed during the POEM procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derya A Yurtlu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Izmir Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Katip Çelebi University, İzmir
| | - Fatih Aslan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Koç University Hospital, Zeytinburnu/İstanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Long-term outcomes of treatments for achalasia. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2021; 37:408-413. [PMID: 33859101 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0000000000000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Idiopathic achalasia is a primary motility disorder of the esophagus that results in dysphagia, weight loss, and impaired quality of life. Several treatment options are available to gastroenterologists, and insights on the long-term outcome of these modalities are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) represents a novel endoscopic technique in the treatment of achalasia. Studies on long-term outcomes and comparison to other well-known treatment modalities such as laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) and pneumodilation have recently been published. POEM and LHM both have excellent 2-year success rates for relieving achalasia symptoms, but reflux disease and erosive esophagitis are more prevalent following POEM. SUMMARY Several treatment modalities with excellent long-term outcomes are available for the treatment of achalasia. The different options should be discussed with patients and treatments should be tailored to their individual needs.
Collapse
|
24
|
Ofosu A, Mohan BP, Ichkhanian Y, Masadeh M, Febin J, Barakat M, Ramai D, Chandan S, Haiyeva G, Khan SR, Aghaie Meybodi M, Facciorusso A, Repici A, Wani S, Thosani N, Khashab MA. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) vs pneumatic dilation (PD) in treatment of achalasia: A meta-analysis of studies with ≥ 12-month follow-up. Endosc Int Open 2021; 9:E1097-E1107. [PMID: 34222636 PMCID: PMC8216779 DOI: 10.1055/a-1483-9406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and study aims Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is increasingly being used as the preferred treatment option for achalasia. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the efficacy and safety of POEM versus pneumatic balloon dilation (PD). Methods We performed a comprehensive review of studies that reported clinical outcomes of POEM and PD for the treatment of achalasia. Measured outcomes included clinical success (improvement of symptoms based on a validated scale including an Eckardt score ≤ 3), adverse events, and post-treatment gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Results Sixty-six studies (6268 patients) were included in the final analysis, of which 29 studies (2919 patients) reported on POEM and 33 studies (3050 patients) reported on PD and 4 studies (299 patients) compared POEM versus PD. Clinical success with POEM was superior to PD at 12, 24, and 36 months (92.9 %, vs 76.9 % P = 0.001; 90.6 % vs 74.8 %, P = 0.004; 88.4 % vs 72.2 %, P = 0.006, respectively). POEM was superior to PD in type I, II and III achalasia (92.7 % vs 61 %, P = 0.01; 92.3 % vs 80.3 %, P = 0.01; 92.3 %v 41.9 %, P = 0.01 respectively) Pooled OR of clinical success at 12 and 24 months were significantly higher with POEM (8.97; P = 0.001 & 5.64; P = 0.006). Pooled OR of GERD was significantly higher with POEM (by symptoms: 2.95, P = 0.02 and by endoscopic findings: 6.98, P = 0.001). Rates of esophageal perforation (0.3 % vs 0.6 %, P = 0.8) and significant bleeding (0.4 % vs 0.7 %, P = 0.56) were comparable between POEM and PD groups. Conclusions POEM is more efficacious than PD in the treatment of patients with achalasia during short-term and long-term follow-up, albeit with higher risk of abnormal esophageal acid exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ofosu
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Babu P. Mohan
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Yervant Ichkhanian
- Internal Medicine, Henry Ford University Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Maen Masadeh
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, California, United States
| | - John Febin
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Mohamed Barakat
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Daryl Ramai
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Saurabh Chandan
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nebraska, United States
| | - Gulara Haiyeva
- Beneficts Hospital Inc., Great Falls, Montana, United States
| | - Shahab R. Khan
- Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, John Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Antonio Facciorusso
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Repici
- Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sachin Wani
- Gastroenterology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Nirav Thosani
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Mouen A. Khashab
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, John Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Elmunzer BJ, Lewis BR, Miller KF, Wolf BJ, Zeiler L, Gutman DA, Elias P, Tansel A, Moran RA, Bolin ED. Paravertebral anesthetic nerve block for pain control after peroral endoscopic myotomy. TECHNIQUES AND INNOVATIONS IN GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY 2021; 23:297-303. [PMID: 34870251 PMCID: PMC8635293 DOI: 10.1016/j.tige.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess post-operative opioid medication use can delay recovery and is associated with long-term misuse, addiction, and overdose. We aimed to explore the effect of pre-procedural thoracic paravertebral nerve block (PNB) on pain-related outcomes after POEM. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, consecutive patients who did and did not receive a PNB prior to POEM were compared. The outcomes were peak and cumulative pain scores, total opioid use during hospitalization, and length of stay. After adjusting for confounders, the associations between nerve block and the outcomes of interest were explored. RESULTS Forty-nine consecutive patients were enrolled; 25 patients received a block whereas the subsequent 24 did not. There were no differences in baseline characteristics between the study groups. In unadjusted analyses, there was no significant difference between patients who did and did not undergo PNB in peak pain score (7.8 vs. 8.7, p=0.14), cumulative pain score in the first 12 hours (area under curve 66.5 vs. 75.8, p=0.22), median total opioid use (38.9 mg morphine equivalent dosing vs. 42, p=1.00), and median length of hospitalization (26.5 hours vs. 24, p=0.35). In multivariable regression models, PNB was not associated with a reduction in pain scores, opioid use, or hospitalization. There were no adverse events related to the block. CONCLUSIONS In this exploratory, observational study, paravertebral nerve block immediately before POEM did not result in a statistically significant reduction in pain-related outcomes or hospitalization. Additional observational studies may elucidate whether higher anesthetic doses or longer acting formulations would be of value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B. Joseph Elmunzer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Briana R. Lewis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kristen F. Miller
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Bethany J. Wolf
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Lydia Zeiler
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - David A. Gutman
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Pooja Elias
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Aylin Tansel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Robert A. Moran
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Eric D. Bolin
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gong EJ, Na HK, Ahn JY, Jung KW, Kim DH, Choi KD, Song HJ, Jung HY. Prospective evaluation of the efficacy of peroral endoscopic myotomy in patients with achalasia. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26248. [PMID: 34115014 PMCID: PMC8202605 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is an endoscopic alternative to surgical myotomy in patients with achalasia. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and clinical outcomes of POEM.A total of 20 patients with achalasia who underwent POEM between October 2016 and November 2017 were prospectively recruited. The intraoperative esophagogastric junction distensibility index (mm2/mm Hg) was measured pre- and post-myotomy using an endoluminal functional lumen imaging probe. Clinical response was defined as Eckardt score ≤3. Health-related quality of life was measured by the 36-item short-form health survey score.POEM was successfully completed in all cases. The median procedure time was 68.5 minutes (range 50.0-120.0), and the median myotomy length was 13 cm (range 11-18). Major adverse events were encountered in 2 cases. Overall, clinical responses were observed in all patients during a median follow-up of 11.9 months (range 1.2-26.2). Postoperative esophagogastric junction distensibility index was significantly higher than baseline (from 1.3 [range 0.8-6.9] to 6.3 [range 25-19.2], P < .001). The median Eckardt scores were decreased after POEM (5 [range 2-11] to 1 [range 0-3], P < .001), and the 36-item short-form health survey score was also improved significantly after POEM (67.5 [range 34.5-93.9] to 85.7 [range 53.4-93.3], P = .004).POEM is an effective treatment for achalasia, based on the improvement of both symptoms and objective measures.Clinicaltrial.gov NCT02989883.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Gong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung
| | - Hee Kyong Na
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Yong Ahn
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kee Wook Jung
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Do Hoon Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kee Don Choi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ho June Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hwoon-Yong Jung
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ushimaru Y, Matsuura N, Yamasaki Y, Takeuchi Y, Yamashita K, Saito T, Tanaka K, Makino T, Takahashi T, Kurokawa Y, Yamasaki M, Eguchi H, Doki Y, Nakajima K. Optimization of insufflation and pressure control in third-space endoscopy. Surg Endosc 2021; 36:817-825. [PMID: 33523268 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-021-08319-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Third-space endoscopy requires a delicate and accurate insufflation technique to secure the endoscopic visualization and maintain the working space. However, optimal third-space insufflation parameters have yet to be determined. The aim of this study was to assess: (1) the diversity of endoluminal third-space pressure by manual insufflation, and (2) the performance of the insufflation settings for third-space endoscopy. METHODS A submucosal tunnel was created in the upper posterior wall of the porcine stomach. Using two-channel esophagogastroduodenoscopy, one channel was used for insufflation and the other was used for pressure measurement. Experiment 1 Endoluminal submucosal tunnel pressure was measured in a 10-cm submucosal tunnel of a single porcine. Six board-certified endoscopists in turn maintained what they considered sufficient exposure under manual insufflation. Experiment 2 Endoluminal submucosal tunnel pressure and number of insufflations were measured using the pressure-regulated insufflation device; the differences in the submucosal tunnel length (long: 10-cm, short: 4-cm) and the insufflation route diameter (large: 3.8-mm, small: 2.2-mm) were compared. RESULTS Experiment 1 The endoluminal submucosal tunnel pressure profiles during third-space endoscopy varied between endoscopists. Experiment 2 Longer submucosal tunnels and larger insufflation route diameters lead to stable endoluminal submucosal tunnel pressure. The gap with the preset pressure of the insufflator and endoluminal pressure narrowed, and the required number of insufflations decreased with longer tunnel length and larger route diameter. CONCLUSIONS The pressure dynamics in third-space endoscopy differed among endoscopists. Longer submucosal tunnels and larger insufflation route diameters lead to stable endoluminal submucosal tunnel pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ushimaru
- Department of Next Generation Endoscopic Intervention (Project ENGINE), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriko Matsuura
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yamasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoji Takeuchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kotaro Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuro Saito
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoki Makino
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukinori Kurokawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamasaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Nakajima
- Department of Next Generation Endoscopic Intervention (Project ENGINE), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan. .,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hashimoto R, Inoue H, Shimamura Y, Sakuraba A, Tomizawa Y. Per oral endoscopic myotomy as salvage therapy in patients with achalasia refractory to endoscopic or surgical therapy is technically feasible and safe: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Endosc 2020; 32:1042-1049. [PMID: 32012360 DOI: 10.1111/den.13643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS Per oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has been reported as an effective and safe salvage therapy for achalasia but there is limited composite data. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that reported the rates of clinical success and adverse events among patients who underwent POEM after failed conventional endoscopic or surgical therapy. METHODS Electronic literature search was conducted from inception through December 2018 for articles reporting the efficacy and safety of POEM in patients with achalasia who failed endoscopic or surgical therapy. Primary outcome was the pooled estimated rates of clinical success, defined as Eckardt score ≤ 3 after POEM. Secondary outcomes were procedural time, the rates of POEM-related gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and procedure-related adverse events. RESULTS Seven studies reporting outcomes on 487 patients met our criteria. Pooled estimated rate of clinical success of POEM was 88% (95% confidence interval (CI) 79-94%). Mean procedural time was 64 minutes (95% CI 44-85 minutes). POEM-related GERD was found in 20% (95% CI 16-24%) of patients. Estimated incidence of overall adverse events was 10% (95% CI 5-18%) with individual risk of bleeding, mucosotomy, pneumothorax, pneumoperitoneum hydrothorax/mediastinitis, and subcutaneous emphysema ranging from 1 to 4%. CONCLUSIONS Per oral endoscopic myotomy after failed endoscopic or surgical therapy in patients with achalasia is an effective and safe treatment. Further long-term follow-up studies in a larger number of patients are warranted to validate the sustainable efficacy of POEM for achalasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rintaro Hashimoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, USA
| | - Haruhiro Inoue
- Digestive Diseases Center, Showa University Koto-Toyosu Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuto Shimamura
- Digestive Diseases Center, Showa University Koto-Toyosu Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sakuraba
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Yutaka Tomizawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Uchima H, Colan J, Marín I, Moreno V, Larios G, Tazi R, Serra J. Underwater peroral endoscopic myotomy (u-POEM) after tension capnoperitoneum and capnothorax during POEM. Endoscopy 2020; 52:E396-E397. [PMID: 32303086 DOI: 10.1055/a-1144-2547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Uchima
- Endoscopy Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Colan
- Endoscopy Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ingrid Marín
- Endoscopy Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Moreno
- Endoscopy Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Larios
- Anesthesiology Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rachid Tazi
- Respiratory Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Serra
- Motility Disorders Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Löser B, Werner YB, Löser A, Rösch T, Petzoldt M. [Anesthesia in gastrointestinal endoscopy: peroral endoscopic myotomy]. Anaesthesist 2020; 68:607-614. [PMID: 31520094 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-019-00655-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic achalasia is a motility disorder of the esophagus characterized by a dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter, which typically manifests as dysphagia. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is an interventional endoscopic procedure for achalasia, which was introduced in 2010. Although results from randomized studies comparing short-term and long-term safety and efficacy are yet to be published, POEM is regarded to be less invasive than the standard treatment of achalasia (laparoscopic Heller myotomy). POEM is the first endoscopic procedure routinely performed with the patient under general anesthesia. During the preoperative assessment particular attention must be paid to the specific fasting intervals and the risk of aspiration during induction of anesthesia. For the purpose of temporary surgical access, the integrity of the esophageal wall is deliberately interrupted to create a long submucosal tunnel. As a result, unwanted fistulas can arise between the esophageal lumen, the mediastinum, the pleura or the intraperitoneal cavity. Endoscopically insufflated CO2 may escape into these surrounding compartments with subsequent systemic CO2 accumulation, capnomediastinum, tension capnoperitoneum or pneumothorax. As a result substantial cardiorespiratory instability can arise. Thus, the attending anesthesiologist must be familiar with these typical complications and with specific emergency measures, such as compensatory hyperventilation, percutaneous needle decompression and thoracic drainage. The POEM procedure is a therapeutic innovation and interdisciplinary challenge. However, anesthesia standards of care have not yet been specified. The aim of this review is therefore to outline some clinical recommendations for the daily clinical practice based on existing evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Löser
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivtherapie, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057, Rostock, Deutschland
| | - Y B Werner
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Interdisziplinäre Endoskopie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - A Löser
- Onkologisches Zentrum, Klinik für Strahlentherapie und Radioonkologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - T Rösch
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Interdisziplinäre Endoskopie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - M Petzoldt
- Zentrum für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Paspatis GA, Arvanitakis M, Dumonceau JM, Barthet M, Saunders B, Turino SY, Dhillon A, Fragaki M, Gonzalez JM, Repici A, van Wanrooij RLJ, van Hooft JE. Diagnosis and management of iatrogenic endoscopic perforations: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Position Statement - Update 2020. Endoscopy 2020; 52:792-810. [PMID: 32781470 DOI: 10.1055/a-1222-3191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
1: ESGE recommends that each center implements a written policy regarding the management of iatrogenic perforations, including the definition of procedures that carry a higher risk of this complication. This policy should be shared with the radiologists and surgeons at each center. 2 : ESGE recommends that in the case of an endoscopically identified perforation, the endoscopist reports its size and location, with an image, and statement of the endoscopic treatment that has been applied. 3: ESGE recommends that symptoms or signs suggestive of iatrogenic perforation after an endoscopic procedure should be rapidly and carefully evaluated and documented with a computed tomography (CT) scan. 4 : ESGE recommends that endoscopic closure should be considered depending on the type of the iatrogenic perforation, its size, and the endoscopist expertise available at the center. Switch to carbon dioxide (CO2) endoscopic insufflation, diversion of digestive luminal content, and decompression of tension pneumoperitoneum or pneumothorax should also be performed. 5 : ESGE recommends that after endoscopic closure of an iatrogenic perforation, further management should be based on the estimated success of the endoscopic closure and on the general clinical condition of the patient. In the case of no or failed endoscopic closure of an iatrogenic perforation, and in patients whose clinical condition is deteriorating, hospitalization and surgical consultation are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregorios A Paspatis
- Gastroenterology Department, Venizelion General Hospital, Heraklion, Crete-Greece
| | - Marianna Arvanitakis
- Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology, and Digestive Oncology, Erasme Hospital, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marc Dumonceau
- Gastroenterology Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium
| | | | - Brian Saunders
- St Mark's Hospital, Wolfson Unit for Endoscopy, North West London Hospitals University Trust, Harrow, London, UK
| | | | - Angad Dhillon
- St Mark's Hospital, Wolfson Unit for Endoscopy, North West London Hospitals University Trust, Harrow, London, UK
| | - Maria Fragaki
- Gastroenterology Department, Venizelion General Hospital, Heraklion, Crete-Greece
| | | | - Alessandro Repici
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Milan, Italy
| | - Roy L J van Wanrooij
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AG&M Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanin E van Hooft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Outcomes of peroral endoscopic myotomy in challenging achalasia patients: a long-term follow-up study. Surg Endosc 2020; 35:3732-3743. [PMID: 32794046 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-020-07864-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has been shown to be effective for achalasia patients. Our study aimed to analyze the clinical outcomes of POEM for challenging patients. METHODS We retrospectively enrolled 278 challenging achalasia patients who underwent POEM from January 2011 to July 2019. The outcomes of POEM such as procedure time, adverse events, and risk factors of adverse events were analyzed. RESULTS Of the 278 patients (134 males and 144 females) with a mean age of 47.0 years, 103, 223, 93, and 98 patients had prior treatment and were Ling classification IIc/III, submucosal fibrosis (SMF) classification 2/3, and esophageal mucosa in achalasia (EMIA) classification c/d/e/f, respectively. The mean procedure time was 45.9 min (range, 15-158 min). The mean length of the tunnel and myotomy were 10.1 cm (range, 7-17 cm) and 6.6 cm (range, 5-13 cm), respectively. The major adverse event rate was 14.1%, while the minor adverse event rate was 4.7%. SMF classification 2/3 was an independent risk factor for incomplete tunneling, adverse events, and procedure time ≥ 90 min. The mean follow-up time was 37.2 months (range 1-99 months). The mean Eckardt score and esophageal sphincter pressure were both significantly declined postoperatively. The clinical success rate was 95.6%. CONCLUSION POEM is safe and effective for challenging achalasia patients. SMF classification grade 2/3 was shown to be an independent risk factor for incomplete tunneling, adverse events, and procedure time ≥ 90 min. For these patients, POEM should be performed by experienced endoscopists, some cases are better served with traditional surgery, such as minimally invasive Heller with Dor fundoplication.
Collapse
|
33
|
Attaar M, Su B, Wong HJ, Kuchta K, Denham W, Haggerty SP, Linn J, Ujiki MB. Factors associated with admission after implementation of a same-day discharge pathway in patients undergoing peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). Surg Endosc 2020; 35:3971-3980. [DOI: 10.1007/s00464-020-07866-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
34
|
Löser B, Recio Ariza O, Saugel B, Reuter DA, Zöllner C, Werner YB, Rösch T, Petzoldt M. Anesthesia for Patients Undergoing Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy Procedures. Anesth Analg 2020; 130:1331-1340. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000004420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
35
|
Chavan R, Nabi Z, Reddy DN. Adverse events associated with third space endoscopy: Diagnosis and management. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GASTROINTESTINAL INTERVENTION 2020. [DOI: 10.18528/ijgii200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Chavan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Zaheer Nabi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
The field of third space endoscopy (TSE), also called submucosal endoscopy using a mucosal flap valve, allows secure access to the submucosal and deeper layers of the gastrointestinal tract without the risk of a full-thickness perforation. Since the first description of per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for the treatment of achalasia cardia 10 years ago, this field has expanded rapidly. Several new procedures, submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection, gastric-POEM, Zenker POEM, per-rectal endoscopic myotomy, diverticular POEM, and recanalization for complete esophageal obstruction (per-oral endoscopic tunneling for restoration of the esophagus), have been performed. All TSE procedures employ a similar technique-after a mucosal incision, a submucosal tunnel is created, a myotomy is performed, or a subepithelial tumor is resected distal to the site of mucosal incision, after which the mucosal incision is closed. Potential indications for TSE include resection of subepithelial tumors in the esophagus, gastroesophageal junction, or stomach; refractory gastroparesis; Zenker diverticulum; Hirschsprung disease or other forms of megacolon; and recanalization for complete esophageal obstruction. Data are currently available for POEM, submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection, and gastric-POEM, although mainly in the form of retrospective studies, and randomized trials and long-term follow-up data are limited. Submucosal endoscopy has an excellent safety profile with very few intraoperative adverse events, the majority being related to insufflation, although bleeding, perforation, and sepsis have been reported. TSE procedures require special training and have demonstrated a learning curve.
Collapse
|
37
|
Werner YB, Hakanson B, Martinek J, Repici A, von Rahden BHA, Bredenoord AJ, Bisschops R, Messmann H, Vollberg MC, Noder T, Kersten JF, Mann O, Izbicki J, Pazdro A, Fumagalli U, Rosati R, Germer CT, Schijven MP, Emmermann A, von Renteln D, Fockens P, Boeckxstaens G, Rösch T. Endoscopic or Surgical Myotomy in Patients with Idiopathic Achalasia. N Engl J Med 2019; 381:2219-2229. [PMID: 31800987 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1905380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumatic dilation and laparoscopic Heller's myotomy (LHM) are established treatments for idiopathic achalasia. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is a less invasive therapy with promising early study results. METHODS In a multicenter, randomized trial, we compared POEM with LHM plus Dor's fundoplication in patients with symptomatic achalasia. The primary end point was clinical success, defined as an Eckardt symptom score of 3 or less (range, 0 to 12, with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms of achalasia) without the use of additional treatments, at the 2-year follow-up; a noninferiority margin of -12.5 percentage points was used in the primary analysis. Secondary end points included adverse events, esophageal function, Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index score (range, 0 to 144, with higher scores indicating better function), and gastroesophageal reflux. RESULTS A total of 221 patients were randomly assigned to undergo either POEM (112 patients) or LHM plus Dor's fundoplication (109 patients). Clinical success at the 2-year follow-up was observed in 83.0% of patients in the POEM group and 81.7% of patients in the LHM group (difference, 1.4 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -8.7 to 11.4; P = 0.007 for noninferiority). Serious adverse events occurred in 2.7% of patients in the POEM group and 7.3% of patients in the LHM group. Improvement in esophageal function from baseline to 24 months, as assessed by measurement of the integrated relaxation pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter, did not differ significantly between the treatment groups (difference, -0.75 mm Hg; 95% CI, -2.26 to 0.76), nor did improvement in the score on the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (difference, 0.14 points; 95% CI, -4.01 to 4.28). At 3 months, 57% of patients in the POEM group and 20% of patients in the LHM group had reflux esophagitis, as assessed by endoscopy; at 24 months, the corresponding percentages were 44% and 29%. CONCLUSIONS In this randomized trial, POEM was noninferior to LHM plus Dor's fundoplication in controlling symptoms of achalasia at 2 years. Gastroesophageal reflux was more common among patients who underwent POEM than among those who underwent LHM. (Funded by the European Clinical Research Infrastructure Network and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01601678.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki B Werner
- From the Departments of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy (Y.B.W., T.N., T.R.), Epidemiology and Statistics (J.F.K.), and General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery (O.M., J.I.), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, and the Department of Surgery, Israelitic Hospital (A.E.), Hamburg, the Department of Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg (B.H.A.R., C.-T.G.), and the Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.M.) - all in Germany; the Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm (B.H.); the Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.M.), and the 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol (A.P.) - all in Prague, Czech Republic; the Departments of Gastroenterology (A.R.) and Digestive Surgery (U.F.), Istituto Clinico Humanitas Rozzano, and the Department of Digestive Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (R.R.) - both in Milan; Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (A.J.B., P.F.) and Surgery (M.P.S.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.B., G.B.); the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.C.V.); and the Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal University Hospital and Research Center, Montreal (D.R.)
| | - Bengt Hakanson
- From the Departments of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy (Y.B.W., T.N., T.R.), Epidemiology and Statistics (J.F.K.), and General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery (O.M., J.I.), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, and the Department of Surgery, Israelitic Hospital (A.E.), Hamburg, the Department of Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg (B.H.A.R., C.-T.G.), and the Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.M.) - all in Germany; the Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm (B.H.); the Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.M.), and the 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol (A.P.) - all in Prague, Czech Republic; the Departments of Gastroenterology (A.R.) and Digestive Surgery (U.F.), Istituto Clinico Humanitas Rozzano, and the Department of Digestive Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (R.R.) - both in Milan; Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (A.J.B., P.F.) and Surgery (M.P.S.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.B., G.B.); the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.C.V.); and the Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal University Hospital and Research Center, Montreal (D.R.)
| | - Jan Martinek
- From the Departments of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy (Y.B.W., T.N., T.R.), Epidemiology and Statistics (J.F.K.), and General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery (O.M., J.I.), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, and the Department of Surgery, Israelitic Hospital (A.E.), Hamburg, the Department of Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg (B.H.A.R., C.-T.G.), and the Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.M.) - all in Germany; the Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm (B.H.); the Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.M.), and the 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol (A.P.) - all in Prague, Czech Republic; the Departments of Gastroenterology (A.R.) and Digestive Surgery (U.F.), Istituto Clinico Humanitas Rozzano, and the Department of Digestive Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (R.R.) - both in Milan; Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (A.J.B., P.F.) and Surgery (M.P.S.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.B., G.B.); the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.C.V.); and the Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal University Hospital and Research Center, Montreal (D.R.)
| | - Alessandro Repici
- From the Departments of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy (Y.B.W., T.N., T.R.), Epidemiology and Statistics (J.F.K.), and General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery (O.M., J.I.), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, and the Department of Surgery, Israelitic Hospital (A.E.), Hamburg, the Department of Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg (B.H.A.R., C.-T.G.), and the Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.M.) - all in Germany; the Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm (B.H.); the Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.M.), and the 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol (A.P.) - all in Prague, Czech Republic; the Departments of Gastroenterology (A.R.) and Digestive Surgery (U.F.), Istituto Clinico Humanitas Rozzano, and the Department of Digestive Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (R.R.) - both in Milan; Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (A.J.B., P.F.) and Surgery (M.P.S.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.B., G.B.); the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.C.V.); and the Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal University Hospital and Research Center, Montreal (D.R.)
| | - Burkhard H A von Rahden
- From the Departments of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy (Y.B.W., T.N., T.R.), Epidemiology and Statistics (J.F.K.), and General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery (O.M., J.I.), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, and the Department of Surgery, Israelitic Hospital (A.E.), Hamburg, the Department of Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg (B.H.A.R., C.-T.G.), and the Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.M.) - all in Germany; the Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm (B.H.); the Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.M.), and the 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol (A.P.) - all in Prague, Czech Republic; the Departments of Gastroenterology (A.R.) and Digestive Surgery (U.F.), Istituto Clinico Humanitas Rozzano, and the Department of Digestive Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (R.R.) - both in Milan; Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (A.J.B., P.F.) and Surgery (M.P.S.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.B., G.B.); the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.C.V.); and the Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal University Hospital and Research Center, Montreal (D.R.)
| | - Albert J Bredenoord
- From the Departments of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy (Y.B.W., T.N., T.R.), Epidemiology and Statistics (J.F.K.), and General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery (O.M., J.I.), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, and the Department of Surgery, Israelitic Hospital (A.E.), Hamburg, the Department of Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg (B.H.A.R., C.-T.G.), and the Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.M.) - all in Germany; the Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm (B.H.); the Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.M.), and the 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol (A.P.) - all in Prague, Czech Republic; the Departments of Gastroenterology (A.R.) and Digestive Surgery (U.F.), Istituto Clinico Humanitas Rozzano, and the Department of Digestive Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (R.R.) - both in Milan; Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (A.J.B., P.F.) and Surgery (M.P.S.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.B., G.B.); the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.C.V.); and the Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal University Hospital and Research Center, Montreal (D.R.)
| | - Raf Bisschops
- From the Departments of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy (Y.B.W., T.N., T.R.), Epidemiology and Statistics (J.F.K.), and General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery (O.M., J.I.), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, and the Department of Surgery, Israelitic Hospital (A.E.), Hamburg, the Department of Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg (B.H.A.R., C.-T.G.), and the Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.M.) - all in Germany; the Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm (B.H.); the Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.M.), and the 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol (A.P.) - all in Prague, Czech Republic; the Departments of Gastroenterology (A.R.) and Digestive Surgery (U.F.), Istituto Clinico Humanitas Rozzano, and the Department of Digestive Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (R.R.) - both in Milan; Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (A.J.B., P.F.) and Surgery (M.P.S.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.B., G.B.); the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.C.V.); and the Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal University Hospital and Research Center, Montreal (D.R.)
| | - Helmut Messmann
- From the Departments of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy (Y.B.W., T.N., T.R.), Epidemiology and Statistics (J.F.K.), and General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery (O.M., J.I.), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, and the Department of Surgery, Israelitic Hospital (A.E.), Hamburg, the Department of Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg (B.H.A.R., C.-T.G.), and the Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.M.) - all in Germany; the Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm (B.H.); the Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.M.), and the 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol (A.P.) - all in Prague, Czech Republic; the Departments of Gastroenterology (A.R.) and Digestive Surgery (U.F.), Istituto Clinico Humanitas Rozzano, and the Department of Digestive Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (R.R.) - both in Milan; Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (A.J.B., P.F.) and Surgery (M.P.S.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.B., G.B.); the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.C.V.); and the Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal University Hospital and Research Center, Montreal (D.R.)
| | - Marius C Vollberg
- From the Departments of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy (Y.B.W., T.N., T.R.), Epidemiology and Statistics (J.F.K.), and General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery (O.M., J.I.), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, and the Department of Surgery, Israelitic Hospital (A.E.), Hamburg, the Department of Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg (B.H.A.R., C.-T.G.), and the Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.M.) - all in Germany; the Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm (B.H.); the Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.M.), and the 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol (A.P.) - all in Prague, Czech Republic; the Departments of Gastroenterology (A.R.) and Digestive Surgery (U.F.), Istituto Clinico Humanitas Rozzano, and the Department of Digestive Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (R.R.) - both in Milan; Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (A.J.B., P.F.) and Surgery (M.P.S.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.B., G.B.); the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.C.V.); and the Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal University Hospital and Research Center, Montreal (D.R.)
| | - Tania Noder
- From the Departments of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy (Y.B.W., T.N., T.R.), Epidemiology and Statistics (J.F.K.), and General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery (O.M., J.I.), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, and the Department of Surgery, Israelitic Hospital (A.E.), Hamburg, the Department of Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg (B.H.A.R., C.-T.G.), and the Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.M.) - all in Germany; the Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm (B.H.); the Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.M.), and the 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol (A.P.) - all in Prague, Czech Republic; the Departments of Gastroenterology (A.R.) and Digestive Surgery (U.F.), Istituto Clinico Humanitas Rozzano, and the Department of Digestive Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (R.R.) - both in Milan; Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (A.J.B., P.F.) and Surgery (M.P.S.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.B., G.B.); the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.C.V.); and the Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal University Hospital and Research Center, Montreal (D.R.)
| | - Jan F Kersten
- From the Departments of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy (Y.B.W., T.N., T.R.), Epidemiology and Statistics (J.F.K.), and General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery (O.M., J.I.), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, and the Department of Surgery, Israelitic Hospital (A.E.), Hamburg, the Department of Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg (B.H.A.R., C.-T.G.), and the Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.M.) - all in Germany; the Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm (B.H.); the Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.M.), and the 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol (A.P.) - all in Prague, Czech Republic; the Departments of Gastroenterology (A.R.) and Digestive Surgery (U.F.), Istituto Clinico Humanitas Rozzano, and the Department of Digestive Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (R.R.) - both in Milan; Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (A.J.B., P.F.) and Surgery (M.P.S.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.B., G.B.); the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.C.V.); and the Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal University Hospital and Research Center, Montreal (D.R.)
| | - Oliver Mann
- From the Departments of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy (Y.B.W., T.N., T.R.), Epidemiology and Statistics (J.F.K.), and General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery (O.M., J.I.), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, and the Department of Surgery, Israelitic Hospital (A.E.), Hamburg, the Department of Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg (B.H.A.R., C.-T.G.), and the Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.M.) - all in Germany; the Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm (B.H.); the Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.M.), and the 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol (A.P.) - all in Prague, Czech Republic; the Departments of Gastroenterology (A.R.) and Digestive Surgery (U.F.), Istituto Clinico Humanitas Rozzano, and the Department of Digestive Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (R.R.) - both in Milan; Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (A.J.B., P.F.) and Surgery (M.P.S.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.B., G.B.); the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.C.V.); and the Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal University Hospital and Research Center, Montreal (D.R.)
| | - Jakob Izbicki
- From the Departments of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy (Y.B.W., T.N., T.R.), Epidemiology and Statistics (J.F.K.), and General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery (O.M., J.I.), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, and the Department of Surgery, Israelitic Hospital (A.E.), Hamburg, the Department of Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg (B.H.A.R., C.-T.G.), and the Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.M.) - all in Germany; the Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm (B.H.); the Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.M.), and the 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol (A.P.) - all in Prague, Czech Republic; the Departments of Gastroenterology (A.R.) and Digestive Surgery (U.F.), Istituto Clinico Humanitas Rozzano, and the Department of Digestive Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (R.R.) - both in Milan; Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (A.J.B., P.F.) and Surgery (M.P.S.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.B., G.B.); the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.C.V.); and the Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal University Hospital and Research Center, Montreal (D.R.)
| | - Alexander Pazdro
- From the Departments of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy (Y.B.W., T.N., T.R.), Epidemiology and Statistics (J.F.K.), and General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery (O.M., J.I.), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, and the Department of Surgery, Israelitic Hospital (A.E.), Hamburg, the Department of Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg (B.H.A.R., C.-T.G.), and the Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.M.) - all in Germany; the Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm (B.H.); the Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.M.), and the 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol (A.P.) - all in Prague, Czech Republic; the Departments of Gastroenterology (A.R.) and Digestive Surgery (U.F.), Istituto Clinico Humanitas Rozzano, and the Department of Digestive Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (R.R.) - both in Milan; Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (A.J.B., P.F.) and Surgery (M.P.S.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.B., G.B.); the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.C.V.); and the Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal University Hospital and Research Center, Montreal (D.R.)
| | - Uberto Fumagalli
- From the Departments of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy (Y.B.W., T.N., T.R.), Epidemiology and Statistics (J.F.K.), and General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery (O.M., J.I.), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, and the Department of Surgery, Israelitic Hospital (A.E.), Hamburg, the Department of Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg (B.H.A.R., C.-T.G.), and the Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.M.) - all in Germany; the Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm (B.H.); the Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.M.), and the 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol (A.P.) - all in Prague, Czech Republic; the Departments of Gastroenterology (A.R.) and Digestive Surgery (U.F.), Istituto Clinico Humanitas Rozzano, and the Department of Digestive Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (R.R.) - both in Milan; Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (A.J.B., P.F.) and Surgery (M.P.S.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.B., G.B.); the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.C.V.); and the Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal University Hospital and Research Center, Montreal (D.R.)
| | - Riccardo Rosati
- From the Departments of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy (Y.B.W., T.N., T.R.), Epidemiology and Statistics (J.F.K.), and General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery (O.M., J.I.), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, and the Department of Surgery, Israelitic Hospital (A.E.), Hamburg, the Department of Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg (B.H.A.R., C.-T.G.), and the Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.M.) - all in Germany; the Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm (B.H.); the Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.M.), and the 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol (A.P.) - all in Prague, Czech Republic; the Departments of Gastroenterology (A.R.) and Digestive Surgery (U.F.), Istituto Clinico Humanitas Rozzano, and the Department of Digestive Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (R.R.) - both in Milan; Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (A.J.B., P.F.) and Surgery (M.P.S.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.B., G.B.); the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.C.V.); and the Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal University Hospital and Research Center, Montreal (D.R.)
| | - Christoph-Thomas Germer
- From the Departments of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy (Y.B.W., T.N., T.R.), Epidemiology and Statistics (J.F.K.), and General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery (O.M., J.I.), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, and the Department of Surgery, Israelitic Hospital (A.E.), Hamburg, the Department of Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg (B.H.A.R., C.-T.G.), and the Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.M.) - all in Germany; the Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm (B.H.); the Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.M.), and the 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol (A.P.) - all in Prague, Czech Republic; the Departments of Gastroenterology (A.R.) and Digestive Surgery (U.F.), Istituto Clinico Humanitas Rozzano, and the Department of Digestive Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (R.R.) - both in Milan; Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (A.J.B., P.F.) and Surgery (M.P.S.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.B., G.B.); the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.C.V.); and the Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal University Hospital and Research Center, Montreal (D.R.)
| | - Marlies P Schijven
- From the Departments of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy (Y.B.W., T.N., T.R.), Epidemiology and Statistics (J.F.K.), and General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery (O.M., J.I.), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, and the Department of Surgery, Israelitic Hospital (A.E.), Hamburg, the Department of Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg (B.H.A.R., C.-T.G.), and the Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.M.) - all in Germany; the Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm (B.H.); the Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.M.), and the 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol (A.P.) - all in Prague, Czech Republic; the Departments of Gastroenterology (A.R.) and Digestive Surgery (U.F.), Istituto Clinico Humanitas Rozzano, and the Department of Digestive Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (R.R.) - both in Milan; Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (A.J.B., P.F.) and Surgery (M.P.S.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.B., G.B.); the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.C.V.); and the Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal University Hospital and Research Center, Montreal (D.R.)
| | - Alice Emmermann
- From the Departments of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy (Y.B.W., T.N., T.R.), Epidemiology and Statistics (J.F.K.), and General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery (O.M., J.I.), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, and the Department of Surgery, Israelitic Hospital (A.E.), Hamburg, the Department of Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg (B.H.A.R., C.-T.G.), and the Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.M.) - all in Germany; the Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm (B.H.); the Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.M.), and the 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol (A.P.) - all in Prague, Czech Republic; the Departments of Gastroenterology (A.R.) and Digestive Surgery (U.F.), Istituto Clinico Humanitas Rozzano, and the Department of Digestive Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (R.R.) - both in Milan; Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (A.J.B., P.F.) and Surgery (M.P.S.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.B., G.B.); the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.C.V.); and the Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal University Hospital and Research Center, Montreal (D.R.)
| | - Daniel von Renteln
- From the Departments of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy (Y.B.W., T.N., T.R.), Epidemiology and Statistics (J.F.K.), and General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery (O.M., J.I.), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, and the Department of Surgery, Israelitic Hospital (A.E.), Hamburg, the Department of Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg (B.H.A.R., C.-T.G.), and the Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.M.) - all in Germany; the Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm (B.H.); the Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.M.), and the 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol (A.P.) - all in Prague, Czech Republic; the Departments of Gastroenterology (A.R.) and Digestive Surgery (U.F.), Istituto Clinico Humanitas Rozzano, and the Department of Digestive Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (R.R.) - both in Milan; Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (A.J.B., P.F.) and Surgery (M.P.S.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.B., G.B.); the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.C.V.); and the Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal University Hospital and Research Center, Montreal (D.R.)
| | - Paul Fockens
- From the Departments of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy (Y.B.W., T.N., T.R.), Epidemiology and Statistics (J.F.K.), and General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery (O.M., J.I.), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, and the Department of Surgery, Israelitic Hospital (A.E.), Hamburg, the Department of Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg (B.H.A.R., C.-T.G.), and the Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.M.) - all in Germany; the Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm (B.H.); the Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.M.), and the 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol (A.P.) - all in Prague, Czech Republic; the Departments of Gastroenterology (A.R.) and Digestive Surgery (U.F.), Istituto Clinico Humanitas Rozzano, and the Department of Digestive Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (R.R.) - both in Milan; Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (A.J.B., P.F.) and Surgery (M.P.S.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.B., G.B.); the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.C.V.); and the Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal University Hospital and Research Center, Montreal (D.R.)
| | - Guy Boeckxstaens
- From the Departments of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy (Y.B.W., T.N., T.R.), Epidemiology and Statistics (J.F.K.), and General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery (O.M., J.I.), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, and the Department of Surgery, Israelitic Hospital (A.E.), Hamburg, the Department of Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg (B.H.A.R., C.-T.G.), and the Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.M.) - all in Germany; the Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm (B.H.); the Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.M.), and the 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol (A.P.) - all in Prague, Czech Republic; the Departments of Gastroenterology (A.R.) and Digestive Surgery (U.F.), Istituto Clinico Humanitas Rozzano, and the Department of Digestive Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (R.R.) - both in Milan; Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (A.J.B., P.F.) and Surgery (M.P.S.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.B., G.B.); the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.C.V.); and the Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal University Hospital and Research Center, Montreal (D.R.)
| | - Thomas Rösch
- From the Departments of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy (Y.B.W., T.N., T.R.), Epidemiology and Statistics (J.F.K.), and General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery (O.M., J.I.), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, and the Department of Surgery, Israelitic Hospital (A.E.), Hamburg, the Department of Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg (B.H.A.R., C.-T.G.), and the Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.M.) - all in Germany; the Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm (B.H.); the Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.M.), and the 3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol (A.P.) - all in Prague, Czech Republic; the Departments of Gastroenterology (A.R.) and Digestive Surgery (U.F.), Istituto Clinico Humanitas Rozzano, and the Department of Digestive Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (R.R.) - both in Milan; Amsterdam University Medical Centers location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism (A.J.B., P.F.) and Surgery (M.P.S.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.B., G.B.); the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.C.V.); and the Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal University Hospital and Research Center, Montreal (D.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tan Y, Li C, Yan J, Long L, Huo J, Liu D. Difficult peroral endoscopic myotomy: definition and management strategies. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 13:933-942. [PMID: 31566998 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2019.1674648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has been established as an alternative endoscopic method for the treatment of achalasia, and several studies have confirmed its relatively long-term efficacy. Although most of the POEM procedures can be smoothly completed, technical difficulties do arise during the treatment of some patients, which may lead to prolonged procedure duration, increased procedure-related complications, or even aborted POEM.Area covered: In the present review, we provide a comprehensive review of difficult POEM, focusing on its definition, risk factors, and intraoperative management strategies. The present review is expected to provide tips for not so experienced operators who perform POEM.Expert commentary: Submucosal fibrosis and sigmoid-type esophagus are associated with difficult POEM. Sometimes, the following may also be associated with difficult POEM: previous endoscopic or surgical treatments, spastic esophageal disorders (type III achalasia, distal esophageal spasm, and hypercontractile esophagus), achalasia with diverticulum or situs inversus. For operators who begin to perform POEM, I suggest an exclusion of patients with severe submucosal fibrosis or sigmoid-type esophagus, and begin to perform POEM for these patients when they have completed at least 50 cases of 'easy POEM' and the proposed management strategies may be helpful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyong Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Limin Long
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jirong Huo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Deliang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Achalasia is an uncommon disorder that results from the degeneration of ganglion cells of the myenteric plexus in the lower esophageal wall. It is manifested by a loss of peristalsis in the lower part of the esophagus and failure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to relax. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is a minimally invasive intervention that aims to treat achalasia. It is regarded as the endoscopic equivalent of Heller myotomy. POEM is a form of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery that is completed by creating a submucosal tunnel in the lower part of esophagus to reach the inner circular muscle bundles of the LES to perform myotomy, while preserving the outer longitudinal muscle bundles. The result is decreased resting pressure of the LES, facilitating the passage of ingested material. POEM was initially introduced to treat achalasia by targeting the LES. POEM has expanded to include gastric POEM (G-POEM), myotomy of the pyloric sphincter to treat gastroparesis, and per rectal endoscopic myotomy to treat adult Hirschsprung's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Ahmed
- Baylor St Luke's Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mohamed O Othman
- Baylor St Luke's Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The purposes of this article are to familiarize radiologists with endoscopic techniques currently in use and to improve identification of clinically relevant imaging findings and procedural complications related to common endoscopic interventions. CONCLUSION. The frequency of performance of therapeutic endoscopic ultrasound-guided procedures has risen precipitously in the last decade. These procedures are replacing surgical and percutaneous approaches to a variety of disease entities. Recent advances include endoscopic bariatric procedures, endoscopic myotomies, and endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage procedures.
Collapse
|
41
|
Wang Y, Liu ZQ, Xu MD, Chen SY, Zhong YS, Zhang YQ, Chen WF, Qin WZ, Hu JW, Cai MY, Yao LQ, Zhou PH, Li QL. Clinical and endoscopic predictors for intraprocedural mucosal injury during per-oral endoscopic myotomy. Gastrointest Endosc 2019; 89:769-778. [PMID: 30218646 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mucosal injury (MI) is one of the most common perioperative adverse events of per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). Severe undertreated MI may lead to contamination of the tunnel and even mediastinitis. This study explored the characteristics, predictors, and management approaches of intraoperative MI. METHODS A retrospective review of the prospectively collected database at a large tertiary referral endoscopy unit was conducted for all patients undergoing POEM between August 2010 and March 2016. MI was graded according to the difficulty of repair (I, easy to repair; II, difficult to repair). The primary outcomes were the incidence and predictors of intraoperative MI. Secondary outcomes were MI details and the corresponding treatment. RESULTS POEM was successfully performed in 1912 patients. A total of 338 patients experienced 387 MIs, for an overall frequency of 17.7% (338/1912). Type II MI was rare, with a frequency of 1.7% (39/1912). Major adverse events were more common in patients with MI than in those without MI (6.2% vs 2.5%, P < .001). On multivariable analysis, MI was independently associated with previous Heller myotomy (odds ratio [OR], 2.094; P = .026), previous POEM (OR, 2.441; P = .033), submucosal fibrosis (OR, 4.530; P < .001), mucosal edema (OR, 1.834; P = .001), and tunnel length ≥13 cm (OR, 2.699; P < .001). Previous POEM (OR, 5.005; P = .030) and submucosal fibrosis (OR, 12.074; P < .001) were significant predictors of type II MI. POEM experience >1 year was a protective factor for MI (OR, .614; P = .042) and type II MI (OR, .297; P = .042). CONCLUSIONS MI during POEM is common, but type II injury is rare. Previous POEM and submucosal fibrosis were significant predictors of type II mucosal injury. POEM experience after the learning curve reduces the risk of MI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zu-Qiang Liu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Dong Xu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Yao Chen
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Shi Zhong
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Qun Zhang
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Feng Chen
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Zheng Qin
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Wei Hu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Yan Cai
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Qing Yao
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-Hong Zhou
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan-Lin Li
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Maydeo A. A good mountaineer is one who knows how to come back safely. Gastrointest Endosc 2019; 89:779-781. [PMID: 30902202 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Maydeo
- Baldota Institute of Digestive Sciences, Global Hospital, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nishihara Y, Yoshida T, Ooi M, Obata N, Izuta S, Mizobuchi S. Anesthetic management and associated complications of peroral endoscopic myotomy: A case series. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 10:193-199. [PMID: 30283602 PMCID: PMC6162249 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v10.i9.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the anesthetic management of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) and its associated complications. METHODS This study was a single-center, retrospective, observational study comprising a case series of all patients who underwent POEM in our hospital from April 2015 to November 2016. We collected data regarding patient characteristics, anesthetic methods, surgical factors, and complications using an electronic chart. RESULTS There were 86 patients who underwent POEM in our hospital during the study period. Preoperatively, patients were maintained on a low residue diet for 48 h prior to the procedure. They were fasted of solids for 24 h before surgery. There was one case of aspiration (1.2%). During POEM, patients were positioned supine with the upper abdomen covered by a clear drape so that pneumoperitoneum could be timeously identified. In three cases, the peak airway pressure exceeded 35 cmH2O during volume controlled ventilation with tidal volumes of 6-8 mL/kg and subsequent impairment of ventilation. These cases had been diagnosed with spastic esophageal disorders (SEDs) and the length of the muscular incision on the esophageal side was longer than normal. CONCLUSION In the anesthetic management of POEM, it is important to prevent aspiration during induction of anesthesia and to identify and treat complications associated with CO2 insufflation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Nishihara
- Takuya Yoshida, Mayu Ooi, Norihiko Obata, Shinichiro Izuta, Department of Anesthesiology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Satoshi Mizobuchi
- Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Surgery Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
In 2008, a new treatment modality for esophageal achalasia was introduced—peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). POEM is a procedure performed endoscopically, which allows transection of the muscular fibers of the distal esophagus and of the lower esophageal sphincter. The procedure is therefore similar to a laparoscopic Heller myotomy without a fundoplication. Short-term studies have shown that POEM is very effective in relieving dysphagia and regurgitation, but concerns have been raised about the incidence of post-POEM gastroesophageal reflux. Prospective and randomized trials will be needed to determine the role of this new procedure in the treatment algorithm of esophageal achalasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Kroch
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ian S. Grimm
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nast JF, Berliner C, Rösch T, von Renteln D, Noder T, Schachschal G, Groth S, Ittrich H, Kersten JF, Adam G, Werner YB. Endoscopy versus radiology in post-procedural monitoring after peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). Surg Endosc 2018; 32:3956-3963. [PMID: 29546671 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-018-6137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The newly developed technique of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has been shown to be effective in several short- and mid-term studies. Limited information is available about the adequacy of immediate post-POEM monitoring tests. METHODS POEM was performed under general anesthesia in 228 patients (59.6% male, mean age 45.6 ± 15.5 years). Post-procedural checks comprised clinical and laboratory examination, and, during post-procedure days 1-5, endoscopy and-in the first 114 cases-radiologic examination using water-soluble contrast (1st group); the remaining patients underwent post-procedure controls without radiology (2nd group). Main outcome was value of endoscopic compared to radiologic control for recognition of early adverse events. RESULTS In the first group, routine fluoroscopic contrast swallow suggested minor leakages at the mucosal entry site in two cases which was confirmed endoscopically in only one. Endoscopy revealed two minor entry site leakages and, in six additional cases, dislocated clips without leakage (overall 5.3%). All eight patients underwent reclipping and healed without clinical sequelae. In the 2nd group, endoscopy showed 5 clip dislocations (all reclipped) and one ischemic cardiac perforation in a patient with clinical deterioration on post-POEM day 1 who had to undergo surgery after confirmation of leakage by CT. CONCLUSIONS Radiologic monitoring (contrast swallow) after POEM is not useful and can be omitted. Even routine endoscopic monitoring for detection and closure of minor defects of the mucosal entry site yields limited information with regards to final outcome; major complications are very rare and probably associated with clinical deterioration. Clinical Trials Gov Registration number of the main study: NCT01405417.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Friso Nast
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Berliner
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rösch
- Department of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Daniel von Renteln
- Department of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier de l´Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tania Noder
- Department of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Schachschal
- Department of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Groth
- Department of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harald Ittrich
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan F Kersten
- Department of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yuki B Werner
- Department of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ramchandani M, Nabi Z, Reddy DN, Talele R, Darisetty S, Kotla R, Chavan R, Tandan M. Outcomes of anterior myotomy versus posterior myotomy during POEM: a randomized pilot study. Endosc Int Open 2018; 6:E190-E198. [PMID: 29399617 PMCID: PMC5794436 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-121877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) can be performed via an anterior or posterior approach, depending on the operator's preference. Data are lacking on comparative outcomes of both approaches. PATIENTS AND METHODS This is a pilot randomized study comparing endoscopic anterior and posterior myotomy during POEM in patients with Achalasia cardia (AC). Patients were randomized into 2 groups (n = 30 in each group); anterior myotomy group (AG) and posterior myotomy group (PG) and were followed at 1, 3 and 6 months after POEM. RESULTS Technical success was achieved in 100 % of cases in both groups and total operative time was comparable (AG - 65 ± 17.65 minutes versus PG - 61.2 ± 16.67; P = 0.38); Mucosotomies were more frequent in AG (20 % vs 3.3 %; P = 0.02). Difference in other perioperative adverse events (AE) including insufflation-related AE and bleeding in both groups were statistically insignificant. At 1-month follow-up Eckardt score AG 0.57 ± 0.56 vs PG 0.53 ± 0.71; ( P = 0.81), mean LES pressure AG 11.93 ± 6.36 vs PG 11.77 ± 6.61; ( P = 0.59) and esophageal emptying on timed barium swallow at 5 minutes AG 1.32 ± 1.08 cm vs PG 1.29 ± 0.79 cm; ( P = 0.09) were comparable in both groups. At 3 months, Eckardt score (0.52 ± 0.59 vs 0.63 ± 0.62; P = 0.51) was similar in both groups. Incidence of esophagitis on EGD was comparable in both groups (24 % vs 33.3 %; P = 0.45), however, pH metry at 3 months showed significantly more esophageal acid exposure in posterior group (2.98 % ± 4.24 vs 13.99 % ± 14.48; P < 0.01). At 6 months clinical efficacy and LES pressures were comparable in both groups. CONCLUSION Anterior and posterior approaches to POEM seem to have equal efficacy. However, the occurrence of mucosotomies was higher in the anterior myotomy group and acid exposure was higher with the posterior myotomy approach during POEM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Ramchandani
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India,Corresponding author Mohan Ramchandani Asian Institute of Gastroenterology6-3-661, SomajigudaHyderabad 500 082India+91-40 2332 4255
| | - Zaheer Nabi
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - D. Nageshwar Reddy
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rahul Talele
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Santosh Darisetty
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rama Kotla
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Radhika Chavan
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Manu Tandan
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
|
48
|
Nabi Z, Reddy DN, Ramchandani M. Adverse events during and after per-oral endoscopic myotomy: prevention, diagnosis, and management. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 87:4-17. [PMID: 28987545 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has surfaced as an effective endoscopic treatment modality for achalasia cardia (AC). Promising results in short- and mid-term follow-up studies have increased the use of POEM for the management of AC. POEM can be safely performed in an endoscopy suit, and major adverse events (AEs) are uncommon. AEs encountered during POEM or during the perioperative period principally include insufflation-related AEs, mucosal injuries, bleeding, pain, and aspiration pneumonia. Most insufflation-related AEs do not require an active intervention and therefore should not be considered as AEs in the true sense. When management of AEs is required, most intraoperative AEs can be managed at the same time without untoward consequences. Occurrences of AEs lessen after completion of the learning curve. However, experience alone does not ensure "zero" incidence of AEs, and early recognition remains essential. Postoperative AEs, like leaks, delayed bleeding, and delayed mucosal perforations, may pose special challenges for diagnosis and management. There is no standardized classification system for grading the severity of AEs associated with POEM, resulting in wide variation in their reported occurrences. Uniform reporting of AEs is not only crucial to comprehensively analyze the safety of POEM but also for comparison with other established treatment modalities like Heller's myotomy. GERD is an important long-term AE after POEM. Unlike the perioperative AEs, little is known regarding the intraoperative or patient-related factors that influence the occurrence of post-POEM GERD. Large prospective studies with long-term follow-up are required to determine the procedural factors associated with GERD after POEM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaheer Nabi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - D Nageshwar Reddy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mohan Ramchandani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Feng X, Linghu E, Chai N, Ding H. New endoscopic classification of esophageal mucosa in achalasia: A predictor for submucosal fibrosis. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:122-128. [PMID: 29637920 PMCID: PMC5900472 DOI: 10.4103/sjg.sjg_459_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM In this study, we aim to investigate the predicting ability of one new endoscopic classification of esophageal mucosa in achalasia (EMIA) for submucosal fibrosis (SMF) affecting the success of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). PATIENTS AND METHODS The endoscopic and clinical data of achalasia patients undergoing POEM from 2012 to 2016 were investigated retrospectively. According to the endoscopic images or videos, EMIA and SMF grades were recorded. The relation between EMIA and SMF gradings was assessed by Spearman's rank correlation, and the predictive factors of SMF were identified by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 568 achalasia patients who underwent POEM were enrolled. For EMIA classification, there were 40 (7.0%), 373 (65.7%), 139 (24.5%), 14 (2.5%), 1 (0.2%), and 1 (0.2%) case (s) for grades a, b, c, d, e1, and f4, respectively. POEM procedures were aborted in 16 patients, and 93.8% (15/16) were due to severe SMF. Because grades e and f were rare and the related SMF was obvious, these two grading cases were excluded from the following analysis. Correlation between EMIA and SMF gradings was significant (Spearman r = 0.62, P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic analysis, including age, sex, disease duration, Ling classification, previous treatment, and EMIA classification, demonstrated that the EMIA classification (grades c to d) was an independent predictor for advanced SMF (odds ratio = 26.547, 95% confidence interval: 15.809-44.578, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The new endoscopic EMIA classification is an independent predictor of advanced SMF during POEM. The classification may be used for assessment of the difficulty and success of POEM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxue Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Enqiang Linghu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China,Address for correspondence: Dr. Enqiang Linghu, Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing - 100853, People's Republic of China. E-mail:
| | - Ningli Chai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Nabi Z, Ramchandani M, Chavan R, Kalapala R, Darisetty S, Reddy DN. Outcome of peroral endoscopic myotomy in achalasia cardia: Experience with a new triangular knife. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:18-24. [PMID: 29451180 PMCID: PMC5848319 DOI: 10.4103/sjg.sjg_361_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is a technically demanding procedure. Recently, a new triangular knife with integrated water jet function (TTJ) has been introduced. The present study was aimed to analyze and compare the operating time, efficacy, and adverse events (AEs) between the conventional (TT knife) and new knife (TTJ). PATIENTS AND METHODS All patients with achalasia cardia (AC) who underwent POEM between August 2015 and November 2016 were analyzed retrospectively. Operating time (OT), technical success, and AEs were assessed and compared between TT and TTJ knife. RESULTS A total of 193 patients with AC underwent POEM during the specified period. Both groups had equivalent number of different subtypes of AC (I, II, and III). There was no difference in technical success between the two groups (TT, 99% vs TT, 98.9%). OT was significantly less in the TTJ group as compared to TT group (53.8 ± 15.2 vs 66.26 ± 19.2; P = 0.0001). On subanalysis, OT taken for submucosal tunneling was significantly less with TTJ knife (34.6 ± 10.1 vs 45.83 ± 14.80), whereas OT was similar for myotomy and clipping in both the groups. Significantly fewer use of coagulation forceps and exchanges of accessories were required in TTJ knife group (2.92 ± 1.77 vs 10.5 ± 3.58; P = 0.0001). There were no major AEs. Minor AEs were noted in 21.5% and 31% of patients in TTJ and TT knife groups, respectively. CONCLUSION New triangular knife reduces procedure time and technical difficulty with POEM. POEM is an efficacious treatment for achalasia and can be safely executed in an endoscopy unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaheer Nabi
- Consultant Gastroenterologist, Department of Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Zaheer Nabi, Consultant gastroenterologist, Asian institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. E-mail:
| | - Mohan Ramchandani
- Consultant Gastroenterologist, Department of Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Radhika Chavan
- Consultant Gastroenterologist, Department of Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rakesh Kalapala
- Consultant Gastroenterologist, Department of Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Santosh Darisetty
- Consultant Anaesthesiologist, Department of Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - D. Nageshwar Reddy
- Consultant Gastroenterologist, Department of Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|