1
|
Młotkowska P, Misztal T, Kowalczyk P, Marciniak E. Effect of kynurenic acid on enzymatic activity of the DNA base excision repair pathway in specific areas of the sheep brain. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15506. [PMID: 38969725 PMCID: PMC11226655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66094-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Relatively low levels of antioxidant enzymes coupled with high oxygen metabolism result in the formation of numerous oxidative DNA damages in the tissues of the central nervous system. Recently, kynurenic acid (KYNA), knowns for its neuroprotective properties, has gained increasing attention in this context. Therefore, our hypothesis assumed that increased KYNA levels in the brain would positively influence mRNA expression of selected enzymes of the base excision repair pathway as well as enhance their efficiency in excising damaged nucleobases in specific areas of the sheep brain. The study was conducted on adult anestrous sheep (n = 18), in which two different doses of KYNA (20 and 100 μg/day) were infused into the third brain ventricle for three days. Molecular and biochemical analysis included the hypothalamus (preoptic and mediol-basal areas), hippocampus (CA3 field) and amygdala (central amygdaloid nucleus), dissected from the brain of sheep euthanized immediately after the last infusion. The results revealed a significant increase P < 0.001) in the relative mRNA abundance of N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG) following administration of both dose of KYNA across all examined tissues. The transcription of thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG) increased significantly (P < 0.001) in all tissues in response to the lower KYNA dose compared to the control group. Moreover, 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) DNA glycosylase (OGG1) mRNA levels were also higher in both animal groups (P < 0.001). In addition, in the hypothalamus, hippocampus and amygdala, AP endonuclease 1 (APE1) mRNA expression increased under both doses of KYNA. Moreover, the both dose of KYNA significantly stimulated the efficiency of 8-oxoG excision in hypothalamus and amygdala (P < 0.05-0.001). The lower and higher doses of KYNA significantly influenced the effectiveness of εA and εC in all structures (P < 0.01-0.001). In conclusion, the favorable effect of KYNA in the brain may include the protection of genetic material in nerve and glial cells by stimulating the expression and efficiency of BER pathway enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Młotkowska
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3 Str., 05-110, Jabłonna, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Misztal
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3 Str., 05-110, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Paweł Kowalczyk
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3 Str., 05-110, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Marciniak
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3 Str., 05-110, Jabłonna, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aranda S, Alcaine-Colet A, Ballaré C, Blanco E, Mocavini I, Sparavier A, Vizán P, Borràs E, Sabidó E, Di Croce L. Thymine DNA glycosylase regulates cell-cycle-driven p53 transcriptional control in pluripotent cells. Mol Cell 2023:S1097-2765(23)00517-8. [PMID: 37506700 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Cell cycle progression is linked to transcriptome dynamics and variations in the response of pluripotent cells to differentiation cues, mostly through unknown determinants. Here, we characterized the cell-cycle-associated transcriptome and proteome of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) in naive ground state. We found that the thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) is a cell-cycle-regulated co-factor of the tumor suppressor p53. Furthermore, TDG and p53 co-bind ESC-specific cis-regulatory elements and thereby control transcription of p53-dependent genes during self-renewal. We determined that the dynamic expression of TDG is required to promote the cell-cycle-associated transcriptional heterogeneity. Moreover, we demonstrated that transient depletion of TDG influences cell fate decisions during the early differentiation of mESCs. Our findings reveal an unanticipated role of TDG in promoting molecular heterogeneity during the cell cycle and highlight the central role of protein dynamics for the temporal control of cell fate during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Aranda
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
| | - Anna Alcaine-Colet
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Cecilia Ballaré
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Enrique Blanco
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Ivano Mocavini
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | | | - Pedro Vizán
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Blanquerna School of Health Science, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona 08025, Spain
| | - Eva Borràs
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Sabidó
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luciano Di Croce
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The Role of Thymine DNA Glycosylase in Transcription, Active DNA Demethylation, and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030765. [PMID: 35159032 PMCID: PMC8833622 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Thymine DNA Glycosylase (TDG) is a DNA repair protein that plays an important role in gene regulation. Recent studies have shown that TDG interacts with various transcription factors to activate target genes. TDG also functions in a pathway known as active DNA demethylation, which removes 5-mC from DNA and replaces it with unmethylated cytosine. In this review, we summarize the various functions of TDG in gene regulation as well as the physiological relevance of TDG in cancer. Abstract DNA methylation is an essential covalent modification that is required for growth and development. Once considered to be a relatively stable epigenetic mark, many studies have established that DNA methylation is dynamic. The 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) mark can be removed through active DNA demethylation in which 5-mC is converted to an unmodified cytosine through an oxidative pathway coupled to base excision repair (BER). The BER enzyme Thymine DNA Glycosylase (TDG) plays a key role in active DNA demethylation by excising intermediates of 5-mC generated by this process. TDG acts as a key player in transcriptional regulation through its interactions with various nuclear receptors and transcription factors, in addition to its involvement in classical BER and active DNA demethylation, which serve to protect the stability of the genome and epigenome, respectively. Recent animal studies have identified a connection between the loss of Tdg and the onset of tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on TDG’s function as a transcriptional regulator as well as the physiological relevance of TDG and active DNA demethylation in cancer.
Collapse
|
4
|
Schwarz SD, Grundbacher E, Hrovat AM, Xu J, Kuśnierczyk A, Vågbø CB, Schär P, Schuermann D. Inducible TDG knockout models to study epigenetic regulation. F1000Res 2020; 9:1112. [PMID: 33082936 PMCID: PMC7527862 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.25637.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic and functional studies by gene disruption or editing approaches often suffer from confounding effects like compensatory cellular adaptations generated by clonal selection. These issues become particularly relevant when studying factors directly involved in genetic or epigenetic maintenance. To provide a genetic tool for functional and mechanistic investigation of DNA-repair mediated active DNA demethylation, we generated experimental models in mice and murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) based on a minigene of the thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG). The loxP-flanked miniTdg is rapidly and reliably excised in mice and ESCs by tamoxifen-induced Cre activation, depleting TDG to undetectable levels within 24 hours. We describe the functionality of the engineered miniTdg in mouse and ESCs (TDGiKO ESCs) and validate the pluripotency and differentiation potential of TDGiKO ESCs as well as the phenotype of induced TDG depletion. The controlled and rapid depletion of TDG allows for a precise manipulation at any point in time of multistep experimental procedures as presented here for neuronal differentiation in vitro. Thus, we provide a tested and well-controlled genetic tool for the functional and mechanistic investigation of TDG in active DNA (de)methylation and/or DNA repair with minimal interference from adaptive effects and clonal selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Schwarz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Eliane Grundbacher
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra M Hrovat
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Anna Kuśnierczyk
- Proteomics and Modomics Experimental Core Facility (PROMEC), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Cathrine B Vågbø
- Proteomics and Modomics Experimental Core Facility (PROMEC), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Primo Schär
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - David Schuermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schwarz SD, Grundbacher E, Hrovat AM, Xu J, Kuśnierczyk A, Vågbø CB, Schär P, Schuermann D. Inducible TDG knockout models to study epigenetic regulation. F1000Res 2020; 9:1112. [PMID: 33082936 PMCID: PMC7527862 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.25637.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic and functional studies by gene disruption or editing approaches often suffer from confounding effects like compensatory cellular adaptations generated by clonal selection. These issues become particularly relevant when studying factors directly involved in genetic or epigenetic maintenance. To provide a genetic tool for functional and mechanistic investigation of DNA-repair mediated active DNA demethylation, we generated experimental models in mice and murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) based on a minigene of the thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG). The loxP-flanked miniTdg is rapidly and reliably excised in mice and ESCs by tamoxifen-induced Cre activation, depleting TDG to undetectable levels within 24 hours. We describe the functionality of the engineered miniTdg in mouse and ESCs (TDGiKO ESCs) and validate the pluripotency and differentiation potential of TDGiKO ESCs as well as the phenotype of induced TDG depletion. The controlled and rapid depletion of TDG allows for a precise manipulation at any point in time of multistep experimental procedures as presented here for neuronal differentiation in vitro. Thus, we provide a tested and well-controlled genetic tool for the functional and mechanistic investigation of TDG in active DNA (de)methylation and/or DNA repair with minimal interference from adaptive effects and clonal selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon D. Schwarz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Eliane Grundbacher
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | | | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Anna Kuśnierczyk
- Proteomics and Modomics Experimental Core Facility (PROMEC), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Cathrine B. Vågbø
- Proteomics and Modomics Experimental Core Facility (PROMEC), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Primo Schär
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - David Schuermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reading Targeted DNA Damage in the Active Demethylation Pathway: Role of Accessory Domains of Eukaryotic AP Endonucleases and Thymine-DNA Glycosylases. J Mol Biol 2020:S0022-2836(19)30720-X. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
7
|
Koliadenko V, Wilanowski T. Additional functions of selected proteins involved in DNA repair. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 146:1-15. [PMID: 31639437 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein moonlighting is a phenomenon in which a single polypeptide chain can perform a number of different unrelated functions. Here we present our analysis of moonlighting in the case of selected DNA repair proteins which include G:T mismatch-specific thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG), methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 4 (MBD4), apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), AlkB homologs, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) and single-strand selective monofunctional uracil DNA glycosylase 1 (SMUG1). Most of their additional functions are not accidental and clear patterns are emerging. Participation in RNA metabolism is not surprising as bases occurring in RNA are the same or very similar to those in DNA. Other common additional function involves regulation of transcription. This is not unexpected as these proteins bind to specific DNA regions for DNA repair, hence they can also be recruited to regulate transcription. Participation in demethylation and replication of DNA appears logical as well. Some of the multifunctional DNA repair proteins play major roles in many diseases, including cancer. However, their moonlighting might prove a major difficulty in the development of new therapies because it will not be trivial to target a single protein function without affecting its other functions that are not related to the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vlada Koliadenko
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Ilji Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wilanowski
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Ilji Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hassan HM, Underhill TM, Torchia J. Mapping Retinoic Acid-Dependant 5mC Derivatives in Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2019:129-141. [PMID: 31359394 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9585-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Methylase-assisted bisulfite sequencing (MAB-seq) is a derivatization technique to evaluate the presence of 5-formylcytosine (5-fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5-caC) at base-pair resolution. Although MAB-seq was originally designed to study these metabolites under steady-state conditions, we have developed an alternative protocol to evaluate the dynamics of 5-fC/5-caC accumulation in response to agonists, such as all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). In addition, this protocol utilizes a lower quantity of the M.SssI enzyme without compromising methylation efficiency and requires less bench time. Herein, we describe the use of MAB-seq assay to evaluate the generation of 5-fC/5-caC in response to ATRA in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, using the hypermethylated in cancer 1 (Hic1) locus as a model system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haider M Hassan
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Oncology, The London Regional Cancer Program and the Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - T Michael Underhill
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joseph Torchia
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Department of Oncology, The London Regional Cancer Program and the Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Steinacher R, Barekati Z, Botev P, Kuśnierczyk A, Slupphaug G, Schär P. SUMOylation coordinates BERosome assembly in active DNA demethylation during cell differentiation. EMBO J 2018; 38:embj.201899242. [PMID: 30523148 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During active DNA demethylation, 5-methylcytosine (5mC) is oxidized by TET proteins to 5-formyl-/5-carboxylcytosine (5fC/5caC) for replacement by unmethylated C by TDG-initiated DNA base excision repair (BER). Base excision generates fragile abasic sites (AP-sites) in DNA and has to be coordinated with subsequent repair steps to limit accumulation of genome destabilizing secondary DNA lesions. Here, we show that 5fC/5caC is generated at a high rate in genomes of differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells and that SUMOylation and the BER protein XRCC1 play critical roles in orchestrating TDG-initiated BER of these lesions. SUMOylation of XRCC1 facilitates physical interaction with TDG and promotes the assembly of a TDG-BER core complex. Within this TDG-BERosome, SUMO is transferred from XRCC1 and coupled to the SUMO acceptor lysine in TDG, promoting its dissociation while assuring the engagement of the BER machinery to complete demethylation. Although well-studied, the biological importance of TDG SUMOylation has remained obscure. Here, we demonstrate that SUMOylation of TDG suppresses DNA strand-break accumulation and toxicity to PARP inhibition in differentiating mESCs and is essential for neural lineage commitment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeinab Barekati
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petar Botev
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anna Kuśnierczyk
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, PROMEC, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Geir Slupphaug
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, PROMEC, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Primo Schär
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hassan HM, Kolendowski B, Isovic M, Bose K, Dranse HJ, Sampaio AV, Underhill TM, Torchia J. Regulation of Active DNA Demethylation through RAR-Mediated Recruitment of a TET/TDG Complex. Cell Rep 2018; 19:1685-1697. [PMID: 28538185 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) plays important roles in development, growth, and homeostasis through regulation of the nuclear receptors for RA (RARs). Herein, we identify Hypermethylated in Cancer 1 (Hic1) as an RA-inducible gene. HIC1 encodes a tumor suppressor, which is often silenced by promoter hypermethylation in cancer. Treatment of cells with an RAR agonist causes a rapid recruitment of an RAR/RXR complex consisting of TDG, the lysine acetyltransferase CBP, and TET 1/2 to the Hic1 promoter. Complex binding coincides with a transient accumulation of 5fC/5caC and concomitant upregulation of Hic1 expression, both of which are TDG dependent. Furthermore, conditional deletion of Tdg in vivo is associated with Hic1 silencing and DNA hypermethylation of the Hic1 promoter. These findings suggest that the catalytic and scaffolding activities of TDG are essential for RA-dependent gene expression and provide important insights into the mechanisms underlying targeting of TET-TDG complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haider M Hassan
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; Department of Oncology, The London Regional Cancer Program and the Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - Bart Kolendowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; Department of Oncology, The London Regional Cancer Program and the Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - Majdina Isovic
- Department of Oncology, The London Regional Cancer Program and the Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - Kerstin Bose
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Helen J Dranse
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Arthur V Sampaio
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - T Michael Underhill
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Joseph Torchia
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; Department of Oncology, The London Regional Cancer Program and the Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li C, Hu R, Hou N, Wang Y, Wang Z, Yang T, Gu Y, He M, Shi Y, Chen J, Song W, Li T. Alteration of the Retinoid Acid-CBP Signaling Pathway in Neural Crest Induction Contributes to Enteric Nervous System Disorder. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:382. [PMID: 30560112 PMCID: PMC6287626 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung Disease (HSCR) and/or hypoganglionosis are common pediatric disorders that arise from developmental deficiencies of enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs). Retinoid acid (RA) signaling has been shown to affect neural crest (NC) development. However, the mechanisms underlying RA deficiency-induced HSCR or hypoganglionosis are not well-defined. In this report, we found that in HSCR patient bowels, the RA nuclear receptor RARα and its interacting coregulator CREB-binding protein (CBP) were expressed in enteric neural plexuses in the normal ganglionic segment. However, the expression of these two genes was significantly inhibited in the pathological aganglionic segment. In a Xenopus laevis animal model, endogenous RARα interacted with CBP and was expressed in NC territory. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of RARα blocked expression of the NC marker genes Sox10 and FoxD3 and inhibited NC induction. The morphant embryos exhibited reduced nervous cells in the gastrointestinal anlage, a typical enteric nervous deficiency-associated phenotype. Injection of CBP mRNA rescued NC induction and reduced enteric nervous deficiency-associated phenotypes. Our work demonstrates that RARα regulates Sox10 expression via CBP during NC induction, and alteration of the RA-CBP signaling pathway may contribute to the development of enteric nervous system disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nali Hou
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Neonatal Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhili Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Neonatal Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Gu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mulan He
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weihong Song
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tingyu Li
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Linking functions: an additional role for an intrinsically disordered linker domain in the transcriptional coactivator CBP. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4676. [PMID: 28680062 PMCID: PMC5498717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04611-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The multi-domain transcriptional coactivators CBP/p300 integrate a multitude of signaling inputs, interacting with more than 400 proteins via one or more of their globular domains. While CBP/p300 function is typically considered in terms of these structured domains, about half of the protein consists of intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of varying length. However, these IDRs have only been thought of as linkers that allow flexible spatial arrangement of the structured domains, but recent studies have shown that similar IDRs mediate specific and critical interactions in other proteins. To examine the roles of IDRs in CBP, we performed yeast-two-hybrid screenings of placenta and lung cancer cDNA libraries, which demonstrated that the long IDR linking the KIX domain and bromodomain of CBP (termed ID3) can potentially bind to several proteins. The RNA-binding Zinc-finger protein 106 (ZFP106) detected in both libraries was identified as a novel substrate for CBP-mediated acetylation. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy combined with cross-linking experiments and competition-binding assays showed that the fully disordered isolated ID3 transiently interacts with an IDR of ZFP106 in a fashion that disorder of both regions is maintained. These findings demonstrate that beside the linking function, ID3 can also interact with acetylation substrates of CBP.
Collapse
|
13
|
Tudek B, Zdżalik-Bielecka D, Tudek A, Kosicki K, Fabisiewicz A, Speina E. Lipid peroxidation in face of DNA damage, DNA repair and other cellular processes. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 107:77-89. [PMID: 27908783 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Exocyclic adducts to DNA bases are formed as a consequence of exposure to certain environmental carcinogens as well as inflammation and lipid peroxidation (LPO). Complex family of LPO products gives rise to a variety of DNA adducts, which can be grouped in two classes: (i) small etheno-type adducts of strong mutagenic potential, and (ii) bulky, propano-type adducts, which block replication and transcription, and are lethal lesions. Etheno-DNA adducts are removed from the DNA by base excision repair (BER), AlkB and nucleotide incision repair enzymes (NIR), while substituted propano-type lesions by nucleotide excision repair (NER) and homologous recombination (HR). Changes of the level and activity of several enzymes removing exocyclic adducts from the DNA was reported during carcinogenesis. Also several beyond repair functions of these enzymes, which participate in regulation of cell proliferation and growth, as well as RNA processing was recently described. In addition, adducts of LPO products to proteins was reported during aging and age-related diseases. The paper summarizes pathways for exocyclic adducts removal and describes how proteins involved in repair of these adducts can modify pathological states of the organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Tudek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Daria Zdżalik-Bielecka
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Ksiecia Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Tudek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, C. F. Mollers Alle 3, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Konrad Kosicki
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Fabisiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, Warsaw 02-781, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Speina
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Henry RA, Mancuso P, Kuo YM, Tricarico R, Tini M, Cole PA, Bellacosa A, Andrews AJ. Interaction with the DNA Repair Protein Thymine DNA Glycosylase Regulates Histone Acetylation by p300. Biochemistry 2016; 55:6766-6775. [PMID: 27951654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
How protein-protein interactions regulate and alter histone modifications is a major unanswered question in epigenetics. The histone acetyltransferase p300 binds thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG); utilizing mass spectrometry to measure site-specific changes in histone acetylation, we found that the absence of TDG in mouse embryonic fibroblasts leads to a reduction in the rate of histone acetylation. We demonstrate that TDG interacts with the CH3 domain of p300 to allosterically promote p300 activity to specific lysines on histone H3 (K18 and K23). However, when TDG concentrations approach those of histones, TDG acts as a competitive inhibitor of p300 histone acetylation. These results suggest a mechanism for how histone acetylation is fine-tuned via interaction with other proteins, while also highlighting a connection between regulators of two important biological processes: histone acetylation and DNA repair/demethylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Henry
- Cancer Epigenetics and Cancer Biology Programs, Fox Chase Cancer Center , 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, United States
| | - Pietro Mancuso
- Cancer Epigenetics and Cancer Biology Programs, Fox Chase Cancer Center , 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, United States.,Universita' degli Studi di Siena , Siena, Italy
| | - Yin-Ming Kuo
- Cancer Epigenetics and Cancer Biology Programs, Fox Chase Cancer Center , 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, United States
| | - Rossella Tricarico
- Cancer Epigenetics and Cancer Biology Programs, Fox Chase Cancer Center , 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, United States
| | - Marc Tini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University , London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip A Cole
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Alfonso Bellacosa
- Cancer Epigenetics and Cancer Biology Programs, Fox Chase Cancer Center , 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, United States
| | - Andrew J Andrews
- Cancer Epigenetics and Cancer Biology Programs, Fox Chase Cancer Center , 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schuermann D, Weber AR, Schär P. Active DNA demethylation by DNA repair: Facts and uncertainties. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 44:92-102. [PMID: 27247237 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pathways that control and modulate DNA methylation patterning in mammalian cells were poorly understood for a long time, although their importance in establishing and maintaining cell type-specific gene expression was well recognized. The discovery of proteins capable of converting 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to putative substrates for DNA repair introduced a novel and exciting conceptual framework for the investigation and ultimate discovery of molecular mechanisms of DNA demethylation. Against the prevailing notion that DNA methylation is a static epigenetic mark, it turned out to be dynamic and distinct mechanisms appear to have evolved to effect global and locus-specific DNA demethylation. There is compelling evidence that DNA repair, in particular base excision repair, contributes significantly to the turnover of 5mC in cells. By actively demethylating DNA, DNA repair supports the developmental establishment as well as the maintenance of DNA methylation landscapes and gene expression patterns. Yet, while the biochemical pathways are relatively well-established and reviewed, the biological context, function and regulation of DNA repair-mediated active DNA demethylation remains uncertain. In this review, we will thus summarize and critically discuss the evidence that associates active DNA demethylation by DNA repair with specific functional contexts including the DNA methylation erasure in the early embryo, the control of pluripotency and cellular differentiation, the maintenance of cell identity, and the nuclear reprogramming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Schuermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alain R Weber
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Primo Schär
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu Y, Duong W, Krawczyk C, Bretschneider N, Borbély G, Varshney M, Zinser C, Schär P, Rüegg J. Oestrogen receptor β regulates epigenetic patterns at specific genomic loci through interaction with thymine DNA glycosylase. Epigenetics Chromatin 2016; 9:7. [PMID: 26889208 PMCID: PMC4756533 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-016-0055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methylation is one way to encode epigenetic information and plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression during embryonic development. DNA methylation marks are established by the DNA methyltransferases and, recently, a mechanism for active DNA demethylation has emerged involving the ten-eleven translocator proteins and thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG). However, so far it is not clear how these enzymes are recruited to, and regulate DNA methylation at, specific genomic loci. A number of studies imply that sequence-specific transcription factors are involved in targeting DNA methylation and demethylation processes. Oestrogen receptor beta (ERβ) is a ligand-inducible transcription factor regulating gene expression in response to the female sex hormone oestrogen. Previously, we found that ERβ deficiency results in changes in DNA methylation patterns at two gene promoters, implicating an involvement of ERβ in DNA methylation. In this study, we set out to explore this involvement on a genome-wide level, and to investigate the underlying mechanisms of this function. Results Using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing, we compared genome-wide DNA methylation in mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from wildtype and ERβ knock-out mice, and identified around 8000 differentially methylated positions (DMPs). Validation and further characterisation of selected DMPs showed that differences in methylation correlated with changes in expression of the nearest gene. Additionally, re-introduction of ERβ into the knock-out cells could reverse hypermethylation and reactivate expression of some of the genes. We also show that ERβ is recruited to regions around hypermethylated DMPs. Finally, we demonstrate here that ERβ interacts with TDG and that TDG binds ERβ-dependently to hypermethylated DMPs. Conclusion We provide evidence that ERβ plays a role in regulating DNA methylation at specific genomic loci, likely as the result of its interaction with TDG at these regions. Our findings imply a novel function of ERβ, beyond direct transcriptional control, in regulating DNA methylation at target genes. Further, they shed light on the question how DNA methylation is regulated at specific genomic loci by supporting a concept in which sequence-specific transcription factors can target factors that regulate DNA methylation patterns. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13072-016-0055-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - William Duong
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.,Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Werk Klybeck, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Krawczyk
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Gábor Borbély
- Swedish Toxicology Science Research Center (Swetox), Forskargatan 20, 151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Mukesh Varshney
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet at Novum, 141 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Zinser
- Swedish Toxicology Science Research Center (Swetox), Forskargatan 20, 151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Primo Schär
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joëlle Rüegg
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.,Swedish Toxicology Science Research Center (Swetox), Forskargatan 20, 151 36 Södertälje, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:00, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xu X, Watt DS, Liu C. Multifaceted roles for thymine DNA glycosylase in embryonic development and human carcinogenesis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:82-9. [PMID: 26370152 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) is a multifunctional protein that plays important roles in DNA repair, DNA demethylation, and transcriptional regulation. These diverse functions make TDG a unique enzyme in embryonic development and carcinogenesis. This review discusses the molecular function of TDG in human cancers and the previously unrecognized value of TDG as a potential target for drug therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuehe Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - David S Watt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - Chunming Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bauer NC, Corbett AH, Doetsch PW. The current state of eukaryotic DNA base damage and repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:10083-101. [PMID: 26519467 PMCID: PMC4666366 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage is a natural hazard of life. The most common DNA lesions are base, sugar, and single-strand break damage resulting from oxidation, alkylation, deamination, and spontaneous hydrolysis. If left unrepaired, such lesions can become fixed in the genome as permanent mutations. Thus, evolution has led to the creation of several highly conserved, partially redundant pathways to repair or mitigate the effects of DNA base damage. The biochemical mechanisms of these pathways have been well characterized and the impact of this work was recently highlighted by the selection of Tomas Lindahl, Aziz Sancar and Paul Modrich as the recipients of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their seminal work in defining DNA repair pathways. However, how these repair pathways are regulated and interconnected is still being elucidated. This review focuses on the classical base excision repair and strand incision pathways in eukaryotes, considering both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and humans, and extends to some important questions and challenges facing the field of DNA base damage repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Bauer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anita H Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Paul W Doetsch
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fortes FP, Kuasne H, Marchi FA, Miranda PM, Rogatto SR, Achatz MI. DNA methylation patterns of candidate genes regulated by thymine DNA glycosylase in patients with TP53 germline mutations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:610-5. [PMID: 25945745 PMCID: PMC4512099 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20154026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is a rare, autosomal dominant, hereditary cancer predisposition disorder. In Brazil, the p.R337H TP53 founder mutation causes the variant form of LFS, Li-Fraumeni-like syndrome. The occurrence of cancer and age of disease onset are known to vary, even in patients carrying the same mutation, and several mechanisms such as genetic and epigenetic alterations may be involved in this variability. However, the extent of involvement of such events has not been clarified. It is well established that p53 regulates several pathways, including the thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) pathway, which regulates the DNA methylation of several genes. This study aimed to identify the DNA methylation pattern of genes potentially related to the TDG pathway (CDKN2A, FOXA1, HOXD8, OCT4, SOX2, and SOX17) in 30 patients with germline TP53 mutations, 10 patients with wild-type TP53, and 10 healthy individuals. We also evaluated TDG expression in patients with adrenocortical tumors (ADR) with and without the p.R337H TP53 mutation. Gene methylation patterns of peripheral blood DNA samples assessed by pyrosequencing revealed no significant differences between the three groups. However, increased TDG expression was observed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR in p.R337H carriers with ADR. Considering the rarity of this phenotype and the relevance of these findings, further studies using a larger sample set are necessary to confirm our results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F P Fortes
- CIPE, Laboratrio de Oncogentica Molecular, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - H Kuasne
- CIPE, Laboratrio NeoGene, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - F A Marchi
- CIPE, Laboratrio NeoGene, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - P M Miranda
- CIPE, Laboratrio NeoGene, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - S R Rogatto
- CIPE, Laboratrio NeoGene, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M I Achatz
- CIPE, Laboratrio de Oncogentica Molecular, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tao H, Yang JJ, Shi KH, Deng ZY, Li J. DNA methylation in cardiac fibrosis: new advances and perspectives. Toxicology 2014; 323:125-9. [PMID: 25017140 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is characterized by net accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the cardiac interstitium, and contributes to both systolic and diastolic dysfunction in many cardiac pathophysiologic conditions. More specifically, cardiac fibroblasts are activated by a variety of pathological stimuli, thereby undergoing proliferation, differentiation to myofibroblasts, and production of various cytokines and ECM proteins. Thus, understanding the biological processes of cardiac fibroblasts will provide novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis. DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mechanism, which often occurs in response to environmental stimuli and is crucial in regulating gene expression. The aberrant methylation of CpG island promoters of selected genes is the prominent epigenetic mechanism by which gene transcription can be effectively silenced. Aberrant hypermethylation of a few selected genes such as RASSF1A plays an important role in facilitating fibrotic fibroblast activation and in driving fibrosis. In this review we will discuss the mechanisms of DNA methylation and their implications for cardiac fibroblasts activation and fibrosis. Control of DNA methylation may serve as a new strategy for anti-fibrotic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; Cardiovascular Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jing-Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Kai-Hu Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; Cardiovascular Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Zi-Yu Deng
- Department of Scientific and Educational, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jia Y, Nie F, Du A, Chen Z, Qin Y, Huang T, Song X, Li L. Thymine DNA glycosylase promotes transactivation of β-catenin/TCFs by cooperating with CBP. J Mol Cell Biol 2014; 6:231-9. [PMID: 24748645 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mju014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG), an enzyme that initiates the repair of G/T and G/U mismatches, has been lately found crucial in embryonic development to maintain epigenetic stability and facilitate the active DNA demethylation. Here we report a novel role of TDG in Wnt signaling as a transcriptional coactivator of β-catenin/TCFs complex. Our data show that TDG binds to the transcriptional factor family LEF1/TCFs and potentiates β-catenin/TCFs transactivation, while TDG depletion suppresses Wnt3a-stimulated reporter activity or target gene transcription. Next, we show that CBP, a known coactivator, is also required for TDG function through forming a cooperative complex on target promoters. Moreover, there is an elevation of TDG levels in human colon cancer tissue, and knockdown of TDG inhibits proliferation of the colon cells. Overall, our results reveal that TDG, as a new coactivator, promotes β-catenin/TCFs transactivation and functionally cooperates with CBP in canonical Wnt signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Fen Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Aiying Du
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhangcheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yuanbo Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaomin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| |
Collapse
|