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Queiroga FR, Hegaret H, Carvalho WF, Naveira C, Rodrigues N, Santos FSD, Nascimento SM, Neves RAF. In vitro effects of the harmful benthic dinoflagellates Prorocentrum hoffmannianum and Ostreopsis cf. ovata on immune responses of the farmed oyster Crassostrea gasar. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 198:106503. [PMID: 38640692 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Oyster culture is a sustainable solution to food production. However, this activity can be severely impacted by the presence and proliferation of harmful microalgae such as the benthic dinoflagellates Prorocentrum hoffmannianum and Ostreopsis cf. ovata. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effects of P. hoffmannianum and O. cf. ovata on immune system cells (hemocytes) of the native cultured oyster Crassostrea gasar. The direct toxicity of both dinoflagellates was first evaluated assessing hemocyte viability exposed to eight concentrations of each HAB species. No reduction in hemocyte viability was found with the exposure to cell culture or the crude extract of P. hoffmannianum, but O. cf. ovata culture induced hemocyte death in a concentration-dependent manner. Ostreopsis cf. ovata concentration that promoted half of maximal reduction in hemocyte viability (EC50) was 779 cells mL-1. Posteriorly, hemocytes were exposed to both dinoflagellate cells and crude extracts to investigate their effects on hemocyte functional parameters. Despite no direct toxicity of the dinoflagellate cells, P. hoffmannianum extract caused a threefold increase in ROS production and decreased the phagocytosis rate by less than half. Ostreopsis cf. ovata cells and crude extracts also triggered an increase in ROS production (two-fold), but the phagocytosis rate was reduced (by half) only in response to the two lower cell concentrations. These results indicate a harmful potential of both dinoflagellates through a direct toxicity (only for O. cf. ovata) and functional impairment of hemocytes (both species) which could expose C. gasar oyster to opportunistic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Ramos Queiroga
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France; Research Group of Experimental and Applied Aquatic Ecology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458 - 307, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil.
| | - Hélène Hegaret
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Wanderson Fernandes Carvalho
- Research Group of Experimental and Applied Aquatic Ecology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458 - 307, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Naveira
- Research Group of Experimental and Applied Aquatic Ecology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458 - 307, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil
| | - Nathália Rodrigues
- Research Group of Experimental and Applied Aquatic Ecology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458 - 307, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silva Dos Santos
- Research Group of Experimental and Applied Aquatic Ecology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458 - 307, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil
| | - Silvia Mattos Nascimento
- Marine Microalgae Laboratory, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil
| | - Raquel A F Neves
- Research Group of Experimental and Applied Aquatic Ecology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458 - 307, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil
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Zheng D, Zou L, Zou J, Li Q, Lu S. Refining taxonomic identification of microalgae through molecular and genetic evolution: a case study of Prorocentrum lima and Prorocentrum arenarium. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0236723. [PMID: 38572997 PMCID: PMC11064606 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02367-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Species delimitation based on lineage definition has become increasingly popular. However, these methods have been limited, especially for species that lack genomic data and are morphologically similar. The trickiest part for the species identification is that the interspecific and intraspecific boundaries are vague. Taking Prorocentrum (Dinophyta) as an example, analysis of cell morphology, growth, and toxin synthesis in both species of P. lima and P. arenarium does not provide a reliable basis for species delineation. However, through phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses of their ITS and LSU sequences, establishment of evolutionary tree based on orthologous gene sequences, and combining the results of automatic barcode gap discovery and Poisson tree processes models, it was sustained that P. arenarium does not belong to the P. lima complex and should be considered as an independent species. Interspecies genetic evolution analysis revealed that P. lima and P. arenarium may contribute to evolutionary direction that favors combating reverse environmental factors. In P. lima, viral invasion may be one of the reasons for its large genome size. In the study, P. lima complex has been selected as an example to enhance the taxonomic identification of microalgae through molecular and genetic evolution, offering valuable insights into refining taxonomic identification and promoting microbial biodiversity research in other species.IMPORTANCEMicroalgae, especially the species known as Prorocentrum, have received significant attention due to their ability to trigger harmful algal blooms and produce toxins. However, the boundaries between species and within species are ambiguous. Clear and comprehensive species delineation indicates that Prorocentrum arenarium should be considered as an independent species, separate from the Prorocentrum lima complex. Improving the classification and identification of microalgae through molecular and genetic evolution will provide reference points for other cryptic species. Prorocentrum occupy multiple ecological niches in marine environments, and studying their evolutionary direction contributes to understanding their ecological adaptations and community succession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlin Zheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ligong Zou
- College of Life Science and Technology, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zou
- College of Life Science and Technology, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qun Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songhui Lu
- College of Life Science and Technology, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Borsato GT, Salgueiro F, De'Carli GAL, Morais AM, Goulart AS, de Paula JC, Nascimento SM. Taxonomy and abundance of epibenthic Prorocentrum (Dinophyceae) species from the tropical and subtropical Southwest Atlantic Ocean including a review of their global diversity and distribution. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 127:102470. [PMID: 37544670 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In the tropical and subtropical South Atlantic Ocean, studies on the taxonomy and abundance of benthic harmful algae are scarce and the region has been largely under investigated. In this study, morphological descriptions, molecular (LSU rDNA and ITS region) and abundance data of benthic Prorocentrum species from the tropical and subtropical Southwest Atlantic and three oceanic islands are presented. Moreover, a review of global benthic Prorocentrum species richness and distribution is presented. Eleven benthic Prorocentrum species were found in Brazil. Morphological and molecular data on P. borbonicum, P. hoffmannianum, P. lima species complex and P. rhathymum were provided. Prorocentrum panamense, P. cf. caipirignum, P. cf. concavum, P. cf. norrisianum, P. emarginatum/fukuyoi/sculptile complex and two not identified species were observed using scanning electron and/or light microscopy, and morphological descriptions are presented. Prorocentrum lima species complex was found at all investigated sites, in abundances up to 2 × 104 cells g-1 FW at the Northeast Brazil, while maximum abundance of all the remaining species did not exceed 1 × 103 cells g-1 FW. The Fernando de Noronha archipelago can be considered a hotspot of benthic Prorocentrum species diversity, with ten species registered. Data compiled in the literature review shows a clear latitudinal gradient with higher species richness in tropical and subtropical regions relative to temperate areas. It is also evident that there is a bias caused by taxonomic impediment and an uneven sampling effort, with many regions still to be investigated using a combined morphological and molecular effort. Therefore, the current knowledge on the global distribution of benthic Prorocentrum species is likely underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geovanna Theobald Borsato
- Laboratório de Microalgas Marinhas, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Salgueiro
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade e Evolução Molecular, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriela A L De'Carli
- Laboratório de Microalgas Marinhas, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, RJ, Brazil
| | - Agatha M Morais
- Laboratório de Microalgas Marinhas, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, RJ, Brazil
| | - Amanda S Goulart
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade e Evolução Molecular, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, RJ, Brazil
| | - Joel C de Paula
- Laboratório de Biologia e Taxonomia Algal, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, RJ, Brazil
| | - Silvia M Nascimento
- Laboratório de Microalgas Marinhas, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, RJ, Brazil.
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Arteaga-Sogamoso E, Rodríguez F, Amato A, Ben-Gigirey B, Fraga S, Mafra LL, Fernandes LF, de Azevedo Tibiriçá CEJ, Chomérat N, Nishimura T, Homma C, Adachi M, Mancera-Pineda JE. Morphology and phylogeny of Prorocentrum porosum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae): A new benthic toxic dinoflagellate from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 121:102356. [PMID: 36639183 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A new marine benthic toxic Prorocentrum species is described from the tropical/subtropical regions of the Atlantic (Colombian Caribbean Sea and Northeast Brazil) and Pacific (Southern Japan) oceans. Morphological cell structures were examined using light (LM) and scanning electron (SEM) microscopy. Prorocentrum porosum sp. nov. was characterized by 35.9-50.2 μm long and 25.4-45.7 μm deep cells, covered by broadly ovoid symmetric thecal plates. The surface of both thecal plates is smooth and covered by randomly scattered kidney-shaped pores (n = 102-149), rounder towards the center, absent in the central part, and surrounded by a conspicuous marginal ring of about 69-92 evenly spaced pores. Broad V-shaped periflagellar area exhibiting flagellar and accessory pores. The molecular phylogenetic position of P. porosum sp. nov. was inferred using partial LSU rRNA gene (rDNA) and rDNA ITS sequences. This new species branched with high support in a Prorocentrum clade including P. caipirignum, P. hoffmannianum and P. cf. lima (P. lima morphotype 5 sensuZhang et al., 2015). Pairwise comparison of ITS1 and ITS2 transcripts with these closest relatives revealed the presence of compensatory base changes (CBCs), with the exception of P. cf. lima (P. lima morphotype 5), which only showed in ITS2 a hemi-CBC (HCBC) and two base changes that possibly induce a structural modification. Toxin analyses performed in two Colombian and Brazilian strains in the present study detected the presence of low amounts of okadaic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Arteaga-Sogamoso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras José Benito Vives de Andréis, INVEMAR, Santa Marta, Colombia. Calle 25 No. 2-55, Playa Salguero, Rodadero, Santa Marta, Colombia; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Caribe, Santa Marta, Colombia. Calle 25 No. 2-55, Playa Salguero, Rodadero, Santa Marta, Colombia.
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Centro Nacional Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo. Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain; European Union Reference Laboratory for Monitoring of Marine Biotoxins, Citexvi Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Alberto Amato
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble-Alpes CEA CNRS INRA IRIG-CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Begoña Ben-Gigirey
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Monitoring of Marine Biotoxins, Citexvi Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Luiz Laureno Mafra
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Luciano Felício Fernandes
- Departamento de Botânica, SCB, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 19031, 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná CEP Brazil
| | | | - Nicolas Chomérat
- Station de Biologie Marine, IFREMER, Littoral, LER BO, Place de la Croix, F-29900, Concarneau, France
| | - Tomohiro Nishimura
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, 7010 Nelson, New Zealand; Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, 783-8502, Kochi Japan
| | - Chiho Homma
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, 783-8502, Kochi Japan
| | - Masao Adachi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, 783-8502, Kochi Japan
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Fernández-Zabala J, Amorim A, Tuya F, Herrera R, Soler-Onís E. Playing hide and seek: Distribution with depth of potentially harmful epibenthic dinoflagellates of Southern El Hierro Island, Canary Islands (NE Atlantic). HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 117:102271. [PMID: 35944952 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study of epibenthic assemblages of harmful dinoflagellates (BHABs) is commonly conducted in shallow infralittoral zones (0 - 5 m) and are seldom investigated at deeper waters. In this study, the distribution with depth of five BHAB genera (Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis, Prorocentrum, Coolia and Amphidinium) was investigated in the south of El Hierro island (Canary Islands, Spain). Sampling involved the use of a standardized artificial substrate deployed at three depth levels (5, 10 and 20 m) that were visited at three different times throughout one year. The influence of three depth-correlated abiotic parameters, i.e. light, water motion and water temperature, on the vertical and seasonal distribution of the BHAB assemblage was also assessed. Two vertical distribution patterns were observed consistently through time: cell abundances of Ostreopsis and Coolia decreased from 5 to 20 m while those of Gambierdiscus, Prorocentrum and Amphidinium showed the reverse pattern, although significant differences were only observed between 5 and 10 - 20 m depth. In April, two members of the latter group, Gambierdiscus and Amphidinium, were even absent at 5 m depth. The recorded environmental parameters explained a high percentage of the observed distribution. In particular, model selection statistical approaches indicated that water motion was the most significant parameter. An analysis of Gambierdiscus at species level revealed the co-occurrence of four species in the study area: G. australes, G. belizeanus, G. caribaeus and G. excentricus. The species G. excentricus, reported here for the first time in El Hierro, showed a more restricted vertical and seasonal distribution than the other species, which may explain not being detected in previous studies in the area. The results obtained in this study highlight the importance of considering a wider depth range and different seasons of the year when investigating the ecology of BHABs and assessing their risk and impacts on human health and the environment. Only then, efficient monitoring programs will be implemented in the Canary Islands and globally in areas affected by these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fernández-Zabala
- Observatorio Canario de HABs, FCPCT-ULPGC, Parque Científico Tecnológico Marino de Taliarte, 35214 Taliarte, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain; Grupo de Ecofisiología Marina (EOMAR), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Ana Amorim
- MARE-Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernando Tuya
- Grupo en Biodiversidad y Conservación (BIOCON), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Rogelio Herrera
- Servicio de Biodiversidad, Viceconsejería de Medio Ambiente, Consejería de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Medio Ambiente, 35003, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Emilio Soler-Onís
- Observatorio Canario de HABs, FCPCT-ULPGC, Parque Científico Tecnológico Marino de Taliarte, 35214 Taliarte, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain; Grupo de Ecofisiología Marina (EOMAR), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
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Morales-Amador A, Molina-Miras A, López-Rosales L, Sánchez-Mirón A, García-Camacho F, Souto ML, Fernández JJ. Isolation and Structural Elucidation of New Amphidinol Analogues from Amphidinium carterae Cultivated in a Pilot-Scale Photobioreactor. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:432. [PMID: 34436271 PMCID: PMC8399002 DOI: 10.3390/md19080432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for valuable products from dinoflagellate biotechnology has increased remarkably in recent years due to their many prospective applications. However, there remain many challenges that need to be addressed in order to make dinoflagellate bioactives a commercial reality. In this article, we describe the technical feasibility of producing and recovering amphidinol analogues (AMs) excreted into a culture broth of Amphidinium carterae ACRN03, successfully cultured in an LED-illuminated pilot-scale (80 L) bubble column photobioreactor operated in fed-batch mode with a pulse feeding strategy. We report on the isolation of new structurally related AMs, amphidinol 24 (1, AM24), amphidinol 25 (2, AM25) and amphidinol 26 (3, AM26), from a singular fraction resulting from the downstream processing. Their planar structures were elucidated by extensive NMR and HRMS analysis, whereas the relative configuration of the C-32→C-47 bis-tetrahydropyran core was confirmed to be antipodal in accord with the recently revised configuration of AM3. The hemolytic activities of the new metabolites and other related derivatives were evaluated, and structure-activity conclusions were established. Their isolation was based on a straightforward and high-performance bioprocess that could be suitable for the commercial development of AMs or other high-value compounds from shear sensitive dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Morales-Amador
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO AG), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain;
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Alejandro Molina-Miras
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (L.L.-R.); (A.S.-M.); (F.G.-C.)
- Research Center CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Lorenzo López-Rosales
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (L.L.-R.); (A.S.-M.); (F.G.-C.)
- Research Center CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Asterio Sánchez-Mirón
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (L.L.-R.); (A.S.-M.); (F.G.-C.)
- Research Center CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Camacho
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (L.L.-R.); (A.S.-M.); (F.G.-C.)
- Research Center CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - María L. Souto
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO AG), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain;
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - José J. Fernández
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO AG), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain;
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
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7
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Bresnan E, Arévalo F, Belin C, Branco MAC, Cembella AD, Clarke D, Correa J, Davidson K, Dhanji-Rapkova M, Lozano RF, Fernández-Tejedor M, Guðfinnsson H, Carbonell DJ, Laza-Martinez A, Lemoine M, Lewis AM, Menéndez LM, Maskrey BH, McKinney A, Pazos Y, Revilla M, Siano R, Silva A, Swan S, Turner AD, Schweibold L, Provoost P, Enevoldsen H. Diversity and regional distribution of harmful algal events along the Atlantic margin of Europe. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101976. [PMID: 33875184 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The IOC-ICES-PICES Harmful Algal Event Database (HAEDAT) was used to describe the diversity and spatiotemporal distribution of harmful algal events along the Atlantic margin of Europe from 1987 - 2018. The majority of events recorded are caused by Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins (DSTs). These events are recorded annually over a wide geographic area from southern Spain to northern Scotland and Iceland, and are responsible for annual closures of many shellfish harvesting areas. The dominant causative dinoflagellates, members of the morphospecies 'Dinophysis acuminata complex' and D. acuta, are common in the waters of the majority of countries affected. There are regional differences in the causative species associated with PST events; the coasts of Spain and Portugal with the dinoflagellates Alexandrium minutum and Gymnodinium catenatum, north west France/south west England/south Ireland with A. minutum, and Scotland/Faroe Islands/Iceland with A. catenella. This can influence the duration and spatial scale of PST events as well as the toxicity of shellfish. The diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis is the most widespread Domoic Acid (DA) producer, with records coming from Spain, Portugal, France, Ireland and the UK. Amnesic Shellfish Toxins (ASTs) have caused prolonged closures for the scallop fishing industry due to the slow depuration rate of DA. Amendments to EU shellfish hygiene regulations introduced between 2002 and 2005 facilitated end-product testing and sale of adductor muscle. This reduced the impact of ASTs on the scallop fishing industry and thus the number of recorded HAEDAT events. Azaspiracids (AZAs) are the most recent toxin group responsible for events to be characterised in the ICES area. Events associated with AZAs have a discrete distribution with the majority recorded along the west coast of Ireland. Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) has been an emerging issue in the Canary Islands and Madeira since 2004. The majority of aquaculture and wild fish mortality events are associated with blooms of the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi and raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo. Such fish killing events occur infrequently yet can cause significant mortalities. Interannual variability was observed in the annual number of HAEDAT areas with events associated with individual shellfish toxin groups. HABs represent a continued risk for the aquaculture industry along the Atlantic margin of Europe and should be accounted for when considering expansion of the industry or operational shifts to offshore areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Bresnan
- Marine Scotland Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, U.K..
| | - Fabiola Arévalo
- Intecmar, Peirao de Vilaxoán, s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Catherine Belin
- Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (IFREMER) VIGIES F-44311, Nantes, France
| | - Maria A C Branco
- Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Dave Clarke
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Galway, H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Jorge Correa
- Intecmar, Peirao de Vilaxoán, s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aitor Laza-Martinez
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Maud Lemoine
- Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (IFREMER) VIGIES F-44311, Nantes, France
| | - Adam M Lewis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, U.K
| | - Luz Mamán Menéndez
- Laboratorio de Control de Calidad de los Recursos Pesqueros, Huelva, Spain
| | - Benjamin H Maskrey
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, U.K
| | - April McKinney
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, BT9 5PX, U.K
| | - Yolanda Pazos
- Intecmar, Peirao de Vilaxoán, s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Marta Revilla
- AZTI, Marine Research Division, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), E-20110 Pasaia, Spain
| | - Raffaele Siano
- Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (IFREMER), DYNECO F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Alexandra Silva
- Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sarah Swan
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, U.K
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, U.K
| | | | | | - Henrik Enevoldsen
- IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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8
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Epibenthic Harmful Marine Dinoflagellates from Fuerteventura (Canary Islands), with Special Reference to the Ciguatoxin-Producing Gambierdiscus. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8110909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the ciguatoxin-producer benthic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus and other epibenthic dinoflagellates in the Canary Islands was examined in macrophyte samples obtained from two locations of Fuerteventura Island in September 2016. The genera examined included Coolia, Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis, Prorocentrum, Scrippsiella, Sinophysis, and Vulcanodinium. Distinct assemblages among these benthic dinoflagellates and preferential macroalgal communities were observed. Vulcanodinium showed the highest cell concentrations (81.6 × 103 cells gr−1 wet weight macrophyte), followed by Ostreopsis (25.2 × 103 cells gr−1 wet weight macrophyte). These two species were most represented at a station (Playitas) characterized by turfy Rhodophytes. In turn, Gambierdiscus (3.8 × 103 cells gr−1 wet weight macrophyte) and Sinophysis (2.6 × 103 cells gr−1 wet weight macrophyte) were mostly found in a second station (Cotillo) dominated by Rhodophytes and Phaeophytes. The influence of macrophyte’s thallus architecture on the abundance of dinoflagellates was observed. Filamentous morphotypes followed by macroalgae arranged in entangled clumps presented more richness of epiphytic dinoflagellates. Morphometric analysis was applied to Gambierdiscus specimens. By large, G. excentricus was the most abundant species and G. australes occupied the second place. The toxigenic potential of some of the genera/species distributed in the benthic habitats of the Canary coasts, together with the already known presence of ciguatera in the region, merits future studies on possible transmission of their toxins in the marine food chain.
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Zou J, Li Q, Lu S, Dong Y, Chen H, Zheng C, Cui L. The first benthic harmful dinoflagellate bloom in China: Morphology and toxicology of Prorocentrum concavum. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 158:111313. [PMID: 32568087 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
More frequent events and geographic expansion of benthic harmful algal blooms have been reported in recent years. An unexpected bloom of benthic P. concavum occurred in Xincun Bay, Hainan Island, the South China Sea was monitored in August 2018. Species identification, toxin analysis and toxicity test were conducted in the study. Quantitative study revealed that P. concavum had a high cell density on the surface of substrates and in water column. The bloom forming species was identified based on the morphology and phylogeny. Toxin analysis indicated that there were no detectable DSP toxins either in algae or in shellfish samples. The result of toxicity test revealed that the extracts of P. concavum caused the mortality of brine shrimp larvae (Artemia salina). The results from this study may provide more insight into the rising threats of harmful dinoflagellate blooms to marine benthic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zou
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qun Li
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Songhui Lu
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China.
| | - Yuelei Dong
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Heng Chen
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chengzhi Zheng
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Cui
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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10
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Nishimura T, Uchida H, Noguchi R, Oikawa H, Suzuki T, Funaki H, Ihara C, Hagino K, Arimitsu S, Tanii Y, Abe S, Hashimoto K, Mimura K, Tanaka K, Yanagida I, Adachi M. Abundance of the benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum and the diversity, distribution, and diarrhetic shellfish toxin production of Prorocentrum lima complex and P. caipirignum in Japan. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 96:101687. [PMID: 32560839 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the abundance of Prorocentrum and the molecular phylogeny, distribution, and DST production of P. lima complex and P. caipirignum in Japan were investigated. First, the cell densities of Prorocentrum were assessed from the temperate to subtropical zones in Japan between 2014 and 2018. The cell density in the subtropical zone [19.0 ± 40.2 cells/g wet weight (ww) algae] was significantly higher than that in the temperate zone (1.4 ± 3.4 cells/g ww algae). A total of 244 clonal strains were established from the temperate and subtropical zones. Phylogenetic analyses based on the large-subunit ribosomal DNA D1/D2 revealed that the strains were separated into four species/species complex/phylotypes (P. lima complex, P. caipirignum, and new phylotypes Prorocentrum spp. types 1 and 2). The strains of P. lima complex could be separated into two clades (1 and 3). Furthermore, the strains of clades 1 and 3 could be separated into nine subclades (1a, 1c, 1d, 1e, 1f, 1g, 1h, 1i, and 1j) and three subclades (3a, 3b, and 3c), respectively. The strains of P. caipirignum were separated into two subclades (b and e). Each phylotype/subclade showed a unique distribution pattern in Japan: P. lima complex subclades 1a, 1c, and 3a and P. caipirignum subclades b and e were widespread from the temperate to subtropical zones. On the other hand, P. lima complex subclades 1e and 1i were restricted to the temperate zone, and P. lima complex subclades 1d, 1f, 1g, 1h, 1j, 3b, and 3c and Prorocentrum spp. types 1 and 2 were restricted to the subtropical zone. Furthermore, the DST production of the 243 clonal strains was assessed by LC/MS/MS analysis. The results revealed that all strains produced okadaic acid (OA) and that the OA contents of P. lima complex subclades 1d and 1f, P. caipirignum subclades b and e, and Prorocentrum sp. type 2 tended to be higher than those of the other subclades. While P. lima complex subclades 1a, 1e, 1f, and 1i produced DTX1, the other phylotype/subclades produced either no or low quantities of DTX1. A strain of P. lima complex subclade 1e showed the highest OA and DTX1 contents (55.27 and 70.73 pg/cell, respectively) in the world. These results suggest that there are potential risks for DST accumulation in benthic animals in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Nishimura
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Hajime Uchida
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science (NRIFS), Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Ryoko Noguchi
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science (NRIFS), Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Oikawa
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science (NRIFS), Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science (NRIFS), Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Funaki
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan.
| | - Chiho Ihara
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Hagino
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Shingo Arimitsu
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Yuta Tanii
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Shota Abe
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Kana Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Katsuya Mimura
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Kouki Tanaka
- Usa Marine Biological Institute, Kochi University, 194 Inoshiri, Usa, Tosa, Kochi, 781-1164, Japan.
| | | | - Masao Adachi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
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11
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Neves RAF, Pardal MA, Nascimento SM, Oliveira PJ, Rodrigues ET. Screening-level evaluation of marine benthic dinoflagellates toxicity using mammalian cell lines. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 195:110465. [PMID: 32199217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Complementary studies at different levels of the biological organization are fundamental to fully link environmental exposure to marine benthic dinoflagellate toxins and their effects. In order to contribute to this transdisciplinary evaluation, and for the first time, the present study aims to study the effects of Gambierdiscus excentricus, Ostreopsis cf. ovata, Prorocentrum hoffmannianum and Prorocentrum lima extracts on seven functionally different mammalian cell lines: HEK 293, HepG2, HNDF, H9c2(2-1), MC3T3-E1, Raw 264.7 and SH-SY5Y. All the cell lines presented cell mass decrease in a concentration-dependence of dinoflagellate extracts, exhibiting marked differences in cell toxicity. Gambierdiscus excentricus presented the highest effect, at very low concentrations with EC50,24h (i.e., the concentration that gives half-maximal response after a 24-h exposure) between 1.3 and 13 cells mL-1, followed by O. cf. ovata (EC50,24h between 3.3 and 40 cells mL-1), and Prorocentrum species (P. lima: EC50,24h between 191 and 1027 cells mL-1 and P. hoffmannianum: EC50,24h between 152 and 783 cells mL-1). Cellular specificities were also detected and rat cardiomyoblast H9c2(2-1) cells were in general the most sensitive to dinoflagellate toxic compounds, suggesting that this cell line is an animal-free potential model for dinoflagellate toxin testing. Finally, the sensitivity of cells expressing distinct phenotypes to each dinoflagellate extract exhibited low relation to human poisoning symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A F Neves
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av Pasteur 458-314B, 22290-240, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Miguel A Pardal
- CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Silvia M Nascimento
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av Pasteur 458-314B, 22290-240, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, 3060-197, Cantanhede, Portugal.
| | - Elsa T Rodrigues
- CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal.
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12
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Neves RAF, Pardal MA, Nascimento SM, Silva A, Oliveira PJ, Rodrigues ET. High sensitivity of rat cardiomyoblast H9c2(2-1) cells to Gambierdiscus toxic compounds. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 223:105475. [PMID: 32325308 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning is a frequently reported non-bacterial food-borne illness related to the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins, and possibly maitotoxins. These toxins are synthesized by marine dinoflagellate species of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa genera, and their abundance is a matter of great concern due to their adverse effects to aquatic life and human health. The present study aims to assess the sensitivity of rat cardiomyoblast H9c2(2-1) cells to Gambierdiscus toxic compounds using concentration- and time-dependent sulforhodamine B (SRB) colorimetric assays. Low concentrations of Gambierdiscus extracts (corresponding to 1.3-2.3 cells mL-1) induced a concentration-dependent response. Specificity in time-dependent response of H9c2(2-1) cells was demonstrated for G. excentricus after a 180 min exposure compared to both G. cf. belizeanus and G. silvae species, with EC50s obtained after 720 and 360 min, respectively. The sensitivity of H9c2(2-1) cells to dinoflagellate toxic compounds was also tested with other genera from benthic (Coolia malayensis, Ostreopsis cf. ovata, Prorocentrum hoffmannianum and P. lima) and planktonic (Amphidinium carterae and Lingulodinium polyedrum) habitats. Amphidinium, Coolia and Lingulodinium data did not present any concentration-response relationships, and EC50 values could only be obtained after 720 and 1440 min of exposure to both Prorocentrum species and O. cf. ovata, respectively. This study demonstrated that the H9c2(2-1) SRB assay represents a promising and sensitive tool for the detection of Gambierdiscus toxic compounds present in water samples, particularly of G. excentricus at very low cell abundances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A F Neves
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av Pasteur 458-307, 22290-240, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Miguel A Pardal
- CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Silvia M Nascimento
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av Pasteur 458-307, 22290-240, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Alexandra Silva
- Phytoplankton Laboratory, Division of Oceanography and Environment, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-006, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Biotech Building, Lot 8A, Biocant Park, 3060-197, Cantanhede, Portugal.
| | - Elsa T Rodrigues
- CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
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13
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Lim ZF, Luo Z, Lee LK, Hii KS, Teng ST, Chan LL, Chomérat N, Krock B, Gu H, Lim PT, Leaw CP. Taxonomy and toxicity of Prorocentrum from Perhentian Islands (Malaysia), with a description of a non-toxigenic species Prorocentrum malayense sp. nov. (Dinophyceae). HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 83:95-108. [PMID: 31097256 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen isolates of Prorocentrum species were established from the coral reefs of Perhentian Islands Marine Park, Malaysia and underwent morphological observations and molecular characterization. Six species were found: P. caipirignum, P. concavum, P. cf. emarginatum, P. lima, P. mexicanum and a new morphotype, herein designated as P. malayense sp. nov. Prorocentrum malayense, a species closely related to P. leve, P. cf. foraminosum, P. sp. aff. foraminossum, and P. concavum (Clade A sensu Chomérat et al. 2018), is distinguished from its congeners as having larger thecal pore size and a more deeply excavated V-shaped periflagellar area. Platelet arrangement in the periflagellar area of P. malayense is unique, with the presence of platelet 1a and 1b, platelet 2 being the most anterior platelet, and a broad calabash-shaped platelet 3. The species exhibits consistent genetic sequence divergences for the nuclear-encoded large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU rDNA) and the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2). The phylogenetic inferences further confirmed that it represents an independent lineage, closely related to species in Clade A sensu Chomérat et al. Pairwise comparison of ITS2 transcripts with its closest relatives revealed the presence of compensatory base changes (CBCs). Toxicity analysis showed detectable levels of okadaic acid in P. lima (1.0-1.6 pg cell-1) and P. caipirignum (3.1 pg cell-1); this is the first report of toxigenic P. caipirignum in the Southeast Asian region. Other Prorocentrum species tested, including the new species, however, were below the detection limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Fei Lim
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zhaohe Luo
- Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Li Keat Lee
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Kieng Soon Hii
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sing Tung Teng
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Leo Lai Chan
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Nicolas Chomérat
- IFREMER, Department ODE, Laboratory Environment and Resources Bretagne Occidentale, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, 29900, Concarneau, France
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Haifeng Gu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Po Teen Lim
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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