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Gottschling M, Wietkamp S, Bantle A, Tillmann U. Oxytoxaceae are prorocentralean rather than peridinialean dinophytes and taxonomic clarification of heterotrophic Oxytoxum lohmannii (≡ "Amphidinium" crassum) by epitypification. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6689. [PMID: 38509105 PMCID: PMC10954643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
During evolution of Dinophyceae, size reduction of the episome has occurred in several lineages (including unarmoured Amphidiniales and armoured Prorocentrales). One such species is Amphidinium crassum, whose taxonomic identity is elusive though showing morphological similarities with Oxytoxaceae (currently placed in armoured Peridiniales). Plankton samples were taken at the type locality of A. crassum in Kiel Bight (Baltic Sea) in order to establish monoclonal strains. The protist material was examined in detail using light and electron microscopy, and a long (2984 bp) ribosomal RNA sequence gained was part of a taxon sample comprising 206 specimen vouchers and representing the known molecular diversity of Dinophyceae. Cells of A. crassum were ovoid and exhibited a plate pattern po, 4', 1a, 6'', 5c, 4s, 5''', 1''''. In the molecular phylogeny, the species seemed to belong neither to Amphidiniales nor to Peridiniales but to Prorocentrales and clustered with other representatives of Oxytoxaceae. The morphological diversity of Prorocentrales appears thus expanded, and the group may include a number of previously unrecognised representatives unusually having five postcingular and only a single antapical plate. The taxonomic identity of A. crassum is clarified by epitypification, and the species notably exhibits both an apical pore and an additional epithecal pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Gottschling
- Department Biologie-Systematik, Biodiversität und Evolution der Pflanzen, GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80 638, München, Germany
| | - Stephan Wietkamp
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27 570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Alexis Bantle
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27 570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27 570, Bremerhaven, Germany.
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Müller A, Stark M, Schottenhammel S, John U, Chacón J, Klingl A, Holzer VJC, Schöffer M, Gottschling M. The second most abundant dinophyte in the ponds of a botanical garden is a species new to science. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2024; 71:e13015. [PMID: 38078515 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.13015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
In the microscopy realm, a large body of dark biodiversity still awaits to be uncovered. Unarmoured dinophytes are particularly neglected here, as they only present inconspicuous traits. In a remote German locality, we collected cells, from which a monoclonal strain was established, to study morphology using light and electron microscopy and to gain DNA sequences from the rRNA operon. In parallel, we detected unicellular eukaryotes in ponds of the Botanical Garden Munich-Nymphenburg by DNA-metabarcoding (V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene), weekly sampled over the course of a year. Strain GeoK*077 turned out to be a new species of Borghiella with a distinct position in molecular phylogenetics and characteristic coccoid cells of ovoid shape as the most important diagnostic trait. Borghiella ovum, sp. nov., was also present in artificial ponds of the Botanical Garden and was the second most abundant dinophyte detected in the samples. More specifically, Borghiella ovum, sp. nov., shows a clear seasonality, with high frequency during winter months and complete absence during summer months. The study underlines the necessity to assess the biodiversity, particularly of the microscopy realm more ambitiously, if even common species such as formerly Borghiella ovum are yet unknown to science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Müller
- Faculty of Biology-Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marina Stark
- Faculty of Biology-Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophia Schottenhammel
- Faculty of Biology-Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe John
- Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Juliana Chacón
- Faculty of Biology-Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Klingl
- Faculty of Biology-Plant Development and Electron Microscopy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Victoria Julia Christine Holzer
- Faculty of Biology-Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marika Schöffer
- Faculty of Biology-Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Gottschling
- Faculty of Biology-Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Tillmann U, Wietkamp S, Kretschmann J, Chacón J, Gottschling M. Spatial fragmentation in the distribution of diatom endosymbionts from the taxonomically clarified dinophyte Kryptoperidinium triquetrum (= Kryptoperidinium foliaceum, Peridiniales). Sci Rep 2023; 13:8593. [PMID: 37237053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32949-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the photosynthetically active dinophytes, the Kryptoperidiniaceae are unique in having a diatom as endosymbiont instead of the widely present peridinin chloroplast. Phylogenetically, it is unresolved at present how the endosymbionts are inherited, and the taxonomic identities of two iconic dinophyte names, Kryptoperidinium foliaceum and Kryptoperidinium triquetrum, are also unclear. Multiple strains were newly established from the type locality in the German Baltic Sea off Wismar and inspected using microscopy as well as molecular sequence diagnostics of both host and endosymbiont. All strains were bi-nucleate, shared the same plate formula (i.e., po, X, 4', 2a, 7'', 5c, 7s, 5''', 2'''') and exhibited a narrow and characteristically L-shaped precingular plate 7''. Within the molecular phylogeny of Bacillariaceae, endosymbionts were scattered over the tree in a highly polyphyletic pattern, even if they were gained from different strains of a single species, namely K. triquetrum. Notably, endosymbionts from the Baltic Sea show molecular sequences distinct from the Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea, which is the first report of such a spatial fragmentation in a planktonic species of dinophytes. The two names K. foliaceum and K. triquetrum are taxonomically clarified by epitypification, with K. triquetrum having priority over its synonym K. foliaceum. Our study underlines the need of stable taxonomy for central questions in evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Tillmann
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27 570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Stephan Wietkamp
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27 570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Juliane Kretschmann
- Department Biologie, Systematics, Biodiversity & Evolution of Plants, GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80 638, Munich, Germany
| | - Juliana Chacón
- Department Biologie, Systematics, Biodiversity & Evolution of Plants, GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80 638, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Gottschling
- Department Biologie, Systematics, Biodiversity & Evolution of Plants, GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80 638, Munich, Germany.
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Fensomea setacea, gen. & sp. nov. (Cladopyxidaceae, Dinophyceae), is neither gonyaulacoid nor peridinioid as inferred from morphological and molecular data. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12824. [PMID: 34140573 PMCID: PMC8211658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinophyte evolution is essentially inferred from the pattern of thecal plates, and two different labelling systems are used for the important subgroups Gonyaulacales and Peridiniales. The partiform hypotheca of cladopyxidoid dinophytes fits into the morphological concepts of neither group, although they are assigned to the Gonyaulacales. Here, we describe the thecate dinophyte Fensomea setacea, gen. & sp. nov., which has a cladopyxidoid tabulation. The cells displayed a Kofoidean plate formula APC, 3′, 4a, 7″, 7C, 6S, 6′′′, 2′′′′, and slender processes were randomly distributed over the echinate or baculate surface. In addition, we obtained rRNA sequences of F. setacea, gen. & sp. nov., but dinophytes that exhibit a partiform hypotheca did not show a close relationship to Gonyaulacales. Character evolution of thecate dinophytes may have progressed from the ancestral state of six postcingular plates, and two more or less symmetrically arranged antapical plates, towards patterns of only five postcingular plates (Peridiniales) or more asymmetrical configurations (Gonyaulacales). Based on our phylogenetic reconsiderations the contact between the posterior sulcal plate and the first postcingular plate, as well as the contact between an antapical plate and the distalmost postcingular plate, do not represent a rare, specialized gonyaulacoid plate configuration (i.e., the partiform hypotheca of cladopyxidoid dinophytes). Instead, these contacts correspond to the common and regular configuration of peridinioid (and other) dinophytes.
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Gottschling M, Czech L, Mahé F, Adl S, Dunthorn M. The Windblown: Possible Explanations for Dinophyte DNA in Forest Soils. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2020; 68:e12833. [PMID: 33155377 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dinophytes are widely distributed in marine- and fresh-waters, but have yet to be conclusively documented in terrestrial environments. Here, we evaluated the presence of these protists from an environmental DNA metabarcoding dataset of Neotropical rainforest soils. Using a phylogenetic placement approach with a reference alignment and tree, we showed that the numerous sequencing reads that were phylogenetically placed as dinophytes did not correlate with taxonomic assignment, environmental preference, nutritional mode, or dormancy. All the dinophytes in the soils are rather windblown dispersal units of aquatic species and are not biologically active residents of terrestrial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Gottschling
- Department Biologie, Systematische Botanik und Mykologie, GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, D-80638, Germany
| | - Lucas Czech
- Computational Molecular Evolution Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg, D-69118, Germany.,Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Frédéric Mahé
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, Montpellier, F-34398, France.,BGPI, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, , Montpellier, France
| | - Sina Adl
- Department of Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Micah Dunthorn
- Eukaryotic Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, D-45141, Germany.,Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, D-45141, Germany
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Li Z, Mertens KN, Gottschling M, Gu H, Söhner S, Price AM, Marret F, Pospelova V, Smith KF, Carbonell-Moore C, Nézan E, Bilien G, Shin HH. Taxonomy and Molecular Phylogenetics of Ensiculiferaceae, fam. nov. (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae), with Consideration of their Life-history. Protist 2020; 171:125759. [PMID: 33126019 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2020.125759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the current circumscription, the Thoracosphaeraceae comprise all dinophytes exhibiting calcified coccoid cells produced during their life-history. Species hitherto assigned to Ensiculifera and Pentapharsodinium are mostly based on the monadoid stage of life-history, while the link to the coccoid stage (occasionally treated taxonomically distinct) is not always resolved. We investigated the different life-history stages and DNA sequence data of Ensiculifera mexicana and other species occurring in samples collected from all over the world. Based on concatenated ribosomal RNA gene sequences Ensiculiferaceae represented a distinct peridinalean branch, which showed a distant relationship to other calcareous dinophytes. Both molecular and morphological data (particularly of the coccoid stage) revealed the presence of three distinct clades within Ensiculiferaceae, which may include other dinophytes exhibiting a parasitic life-history stage. At a higher taxonomic level, Ensiculiferaceae showed relationships to parasites and endosymbionts (i.e., Blastodinium and Zooxanthella) as well as to dinophytes harbouring diatoms instead of chloroplasts. These unexpected phylogenetic relationships are corroborated by the presence of five cingular plates in all such taxa, which differs from the six cingular plates of most other Thoracosphaeraceae. We herein describe Ensiculiferaceae, emend the descriptions of Ensiculifera and Pentapharsodinium, erect Matsuokaea and provide several new combinations at the species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhun Li
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsingil, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Kenneth Neil Mertens
- Ifremer, LER BO, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, BP40537, F-29185 Concarneau Cedex, France.
| | - Marc Gottschling
- Department Biologie, Systematische Botanik und Mykologie, GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, D-80638 München, Germany
| | - Haifeng Gu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Sylvia Söhner
- Department Biologie, Systematische Botanik und Mykologie, GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, D-80638 München, Germany
| | - Andrea M Price
- Dr. Moses Strauss Department of Marine Geosciences, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, 199 Abba Khoushy Ave., Haifa 3498838, Israel; Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, 8124 Highway 56, Chauvin, LA 70344, USA
| | - Fabienne Marret
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZT, UK
| | - Vera Pospelova
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, College of Science and Engineering, 116 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, OEASB A405, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Kirsty F Smith
- Coastal and Freshwater Group, Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - Consuelo Carbonell-Moore
- Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural Sciences, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331-2902, USA
| | - Elisabeth Nézan
- Ifremer, LER BO, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, BP40537, F-29185 Concarneau Cedex, France; National Museum of Natural History, DGD-REVE, Station de Biologie Marine de Concarneau, Place de la Croix, 29900 Concarneau, France
| | - Gwenael Bilien
- Ifremer, LER BO, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, BP40537, F-29185 Concarneau Cedex, France
| | - Hyeon Ho Shin
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea.
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