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Cen J, Lu S, Moestrup Ø, Jiang T, Ho KC, Li S, Li M, Huan Q, Wang J. Five Karenia species along the Chinese coast: With the description of a new species, Karenia hui sp. nov. (Kareniaceae, Dinophyta). HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 137:102645. [PMID: 39003019 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates within the genus Karenia are well known for their potential to cause harmful algal blooms and induce detrimental ecological consequences. In this study, five Karenia species, Karenia longicanalis, Karenia papilionacea, Karenia mikimotoi, Karenia selliformis, and a new species, Karenia hui sp. nov., were isolated from Chinese coastal waters. The new species exhibits the typical characteristics of the genus Karenia, including a linear apical groove and butanoyl-oxyfucoxanthin as the major accessory pigment. It is distinguished from the other Karenia species by a wide-open sulcal intrusion onto the epicone, a conical epicone with an apical crest formed by the rim of the apical groove, and a hunchbacked hypocone. It is most closely related to Karenia cristata, with a genetic divergence of 3.16 % (22 bp out of 883 bp of LSU rDNA). Acute toxicity tests indicated that the five Karenia species from China are all toxic to marine medaka Oryzias melastigma. Karenia selliformis and K. hui were very toxic to O. melastigma, resulting in 100 % mortality within 4 h and 24 h, respectively. Further analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that four species, K. selliformis, K. longicanalis, K. papilionacea and K. mikimotoi were capable of producing Gymnodimine-A (GYM-A). The highest GYM-A content was in K. selliformis (strain HK-43), in which the value was 889 fg/cell. No GYM-A was detected in the new species K. hui, however and its toxin remains unknown. Below we provide a comprehensive report of the morphology, phylogeny, pigment composition, and toxicity profiles of Karenia species along the Chinese coast. These findings contribute new insights for monitoring of Karenia species, with important toxicological and ecological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Cen
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Songhui Lu
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, PR China
| | - Øjvind Moestrup
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Tao Jiang
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Kin Chung Ho
- Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, PR China
| | - Si Li
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Mingmin Li
- Beibu Gulf Marine Ecological Environment Field Observation and Research Station of Guangxi, Beihai 536000, PR China
| | - Qingliu Huan
- Shenzhen Holly Technology Co., LTD, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
| | - Jianyan Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Natural History Museum of China, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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Baldrich ÁM, Díaz PA, Rosales SA, Rodríguez-Villegas C, Álvarez G, Pérez-Santos I, Díaz M, Schwerter C, Araya M, Reguera B. An Unprecedented Bloom of Oceanic Dinoflagellates ( Karenia spp.) Inside a Fjord within a Highly Dynamic Multifrontal Ecosystem in Chilean Patagonia. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:77. [PMID: 38393154 PMCID: PMC10892511 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
At the end of summer 2020, a moderate (~105 cells L-1) bloom of potential fish-killing Karenia spp. was detected in samples from a 24 h study focused on Dinophysis spp. in the outer reaches of the Pitipalena-Añihue Marine Protected Area. Previous Karenia events with devastating effects on caged salmon and the wild fauna of Chilean Patagonia had been restricted to offshore waters, eventually reaching the southern coasts of Chiloé Island through the channel connecting the Chiloé Inland Sea to the Pacific Ocean. This event occurred at the onset of the COVID-19 lockdown when monitoring activities were slackened. A few salmon mortalities were related to other fish-killing species (e.g., Margalefidinium polykrikoides). As in the major Karenia event in 1999, the austral summer of 2020 was characterised by negative anomalies in rainfall and river outflow and a severe drought in March. Karenia spp. appeared to have been advected in a warm (14-15 °C) surface layer of estuarine saline water (S > 21). A lack of daily vertical migration patterns and cells dispersed through the whole water column suggested a declining population. Satellite images confirmed the decline, but gave evidence of dynamic multifrontal patterns of temperature and chl a distribution. A conceptual circulation model is proposed to explain the hypothetical retention of the Karenia bloom by a coastally generated eddy coupled with the semidiurnal tides at the mouth of Pitipalena Fjord. Thermal fronts generated by (topographically induced) upwelling around the Tic Toc Seamount are proposed as hot spots for the accumulation of swimming dinoflagellates in summer in the southern Chiloé Inland Sea. The results here provide helpful information on the environmental conditions and water column structure favouring Karenia occurrence. Thermohaline properties in the surface layer in summer can be used to develop a risk index (positive if the EFW layer is thin or absent).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela M. Baldrich
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (Á.M.B.); (P.A.D.); (C.R.-V.); (I.P.-S.); (C.S.)
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Patricio A. Díaz
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (Á.M.B.); (P.A.D.); (C.R.-V.); (I.P.-S.); (C.S.)
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Sergio A. Rosales
- Programa de Doctorado en Biología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile;
| | - Camilo Rodríguez-Villegas
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (Á.M.B.); (P.A.D.); (C.R.-V.); (I.P.-S.); (C.S.)
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile;
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile;
| | - Iván Pérez-Santos
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (Á.M.B.); (P.A.D.); (C.R.-V.); (I.P.-S.); (C.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral y COPAS COASTAL, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Manuel Díaz
- Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile;
| | - Camila Schwerter
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (Á.M.B.); (P.A.D.); (C.R.-V.); (I.P.-S.); (C.S.)
| | - Michael Araya
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile;
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Centro Nacional Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
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3
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Wolny JL, Whereat EB, Egerton TA, Gibala-Smith LA, McKay JR, O'Neil JM, Wazniak CE, Mulholland MR. The Occurrence of Karenia species in mid-Atlantic coastal waters: Data from the Delmarva Peninsula, USA. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 132:102579. [PMID: 38331544 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
A bloom of Karenia papilionacea that occurred along the Delaware coast in late summer of 2007 was the first Karenia bloom reported on the Delmarva Peninsula (Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, USA). Limited spatial and temporal monitoring conducted by state agencies and citizen science groups since 2007 have documented that several Karenia species are an annual component of the coastal phytoplankton community along the Delmarva Peninsula, often present at background to low concentrations (100 to 10,000 cells L-1). Blooms of Karenia (> 105 cells L-1) occurred in 2010, 2016, 2018, and 2019 in different areas along the Delmarva Peninsula coast. In late summer and early autumn of 2017, the lower Chesapeake Bay experienced a K. papilionacea bloom, the first recorded in Bay waters. Blooms typically occurred summer into autumn but were not monospecific; rather, they were dominated by either K. mikimotoi or K. papilionacea, with K. selliformis, K. brevis-like cells, and an undescribed Karenia species also present. Cell concentrations during these mid-Atlantic Karenia spp. blooms equalled concentrations reported for other Karenia blooms. However, the negative impacts to environmental and human health often associated with Karenia red tides were not observed. The data compiled here report on the presence of multiple Karenia species in coastal waters of the Delmarva Peninsula detected through routine monitoring and opportunistic sampling conducted between 2007 and 2022, as well as findings from research cruises undertaken in 2018 and 2019. These data should be used as a baseline for future phytoplankton community analyses supporting coastal HAB monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Wolny
- Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Resource Assessment Service, 580 Taylor Avenue, Annapolis MD 21401 USA.
| | - Edward B Whereat
- University of Delaware, Delaware Sea Grant, 700 Pilottown Road, Lewes DE 19958 USA
| | - Todd A Egerton
- Virginia Department of Health, Division of Shellfish Safety and Waterborne Hazards, 830 Southampton Avenue, Suite 200, Norfolk VA 23510 USA
| | - Leah A Gibala-Smith
- Old Dominion University, Department of Ocean and Earth Sciences, 4402 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk VA 23508 USA
| | - John R McKay
- Maryland Department of Environment, Water and Science Administration, 416 Chinquapin Round Road, Annapolis MD 21401 USA
| | - Judith M O'Neil
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, 2020 Horns Point Road, Cambridge MD 21613 USA
| | - Catherine E Wazniak
- Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Resource Assessment Service, 580 Taylor Avenue, Annapolis MD 21401 USA
| | - Margaret R Mulholland
- Old Dominion University, Department of Ocean and Earth Sciences, 4402 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk VA 23508 USA
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Oh JW, Pushparaj SSC, Muthu M, Gopal J. Review of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) Causing Marine Fish Kills: Toxicity and Mitigation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3936. [PMID: 38068573 PMCID: PMC10871120 DOI: 10.3390/plants12233936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Extensive growth of microscopic algae and cyanobacteria results in harmful algal blooms (HABs) in marine, brackish, and freshwater environments. HABs can harm humans and animals through their toxicity or by producing ecological conditions such as oxygen depletion, which can kill fish and other economically or ecologically important organisms. This review summarizes the reports on various HABs that are able to bring about marine fish kills. The predominant HABs, their toxins, and their effects on fishes spread across various parts of the globe are discussed. The mechanism of HAB-driven fish kills is discussed based on the available reports, and existing mitigation methods are presented. Lapses in the large-scale implementation of mitigation methods demonstrated under laboratory conditions are projected. Clay-related technologies and nano-sorption-based nanotechnologies, although proven to make significant contributions, have not been put to use in real-world conditions. The gaps in the technology transfer of the accomplished mitigation prototypes are highlighted. Further uses of remote sensing and machine learning state-of-the-art techniques for the detection and identification of HABs are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea;
| | - Suraj Shiv Charan Pushparaj
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Manikandan Muthu
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Judy Gopal
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India;
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Liu QY, Chen ZM, Li DW, Li AF, Ji Y, Li HY, Yang WD. Toxicity and potential underlying mechanism of Karenia selliformis to the fish Oryzias melastigma. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 262:106643. [PMID: 37549486 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Karenia selliformis can produce toxins such as gymnodimines, and form microalgal blooms causing massive mortality of marine life such as fish and shellfish, and resulting in serious economic losses. However, there are a few of studies on the toxic effects of K. selliformis on marine organisms and the underlying mechanisms, and it is not clear whether the toxins produced by K. selliformis affect fish survival through the food chain. In this study, a food chain was simulated and composed by K. selliformis-brine shrimp-marine medaka to investigate the possibility of K. selliformis toxicity transmission through the food chain, in which fish behavior, histopathology and transcriptomics changes were observed after direct or indirect exposure (through the food chain) of K. selliformis. We found that both direct and indirect exposure of K. selliformis could affect the swimming behavior of medaka, manifested as decreased swimming performance and increased "frozen events". Meanwhile, exposure to K. selliformis caused pathological damage to the intestine and liver tissues of medaka to different degree. The effect of direct exposure to K. selliformis on swimming behavior and damage to fish tissues was more severe. In addition, K. selliformis exposure induced significant changes in the expression of genes related to energy metabolism, metabolic detoxification and immune system in medaka. These results suggest that toxins produced by K. selliformis can be transferred through the food chain, and that K. selliformis can destroy the intestinal integrity of medaka and increase the absorption of toxins, leading to energy metabolism disorders in fish, affecting the metabolic detoxification capacity of the liver. Our finding provides novel insight into the toxicity of K. selliformis to marine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Yuan Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zi-Min Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Da-Wei Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ai-Feng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Hong-Ye Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei-Dong Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Díaz PA, Figueroa RI. Toxic Algal Bloom Recurrence in the Era of Global Change: Lessons from the Chilean Patagonian Fjords. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1874. [PMID: 37630433 PMCID: PMC10458688 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxic and harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a global problem affecting human health, marine ecosystems, and coastal economies, the latter through their impact on aquaculture, fisheries, and tourism. As our knowledge and the techniques to study HABs advance, so do international monitoring efforts, which have led to a large increase in the total number of reported cases. However, in addition to increased detections, environmental factors associated with global change, mainly high nutrient levels and warming temperatures, are responsible for the increased occurrence, persistence, and geographical expansion of HABs. The Chilean Patagonian fjords provide an "open-air laboratory" for the study of climate change, including its impact on the blooms of several toxic microalgal species, which, in recent years, have undergone increases in their geographical range as well as their virulence and recurrence (the species Alexandrium catenella, Pseudochattonella verruculosa, and Heterosigma akashiwo, and others of the genera Dinophysis and Pseudo-nitzschia). Here, we review the evolution of HABs in the Chilean Patagonian fjords, with a focus on the established connections between key features of HABs (expansion, recurrence, and persistence) and their interaction with current and predicted global climate-change-related factors. We conclude that large-scale climatic anomalies such as the lack of rain and heat waves, events intensified by climate change, promote the massive proliferation of these species by creating ideal conditions for their growth and persistence, as they affect water-column stratification, nutrient inputs, and reproductive rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A. Díaz
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Rosa I. Figueroa
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain;
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Fujiyoshi S, Yarimizu K, Fuenzalida G, Campos M, Rilling JI, Acuña JJ, Miranda PC, Cascales EK, Perera I, Espinoza-González O, Guzmán L, Jorquera MA, Maruyama F. Monitoring bacterial composition and assemblage in the Gulf of Corcovado, southern Chile: Bacteria associated with harmful algae. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 4:100194. [PMID: 37346179 PMCID: PMC10279789 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) have caused damage to the marine environment in Isla San Pedro in the Gulf of Corcovado, Chile. While rising water temperature and artificial eutrophication are the most discussed topics as a cause, marine bacteria is a recent attractive parameter as an algal bloom driver. This study monitored algal and bacterial compositions in the water of Isla San Pedro for one year using microscopy and 16S rRNA metabarcoding analysis, along with physicochemical parameters. The collected data were analyzed with various statistical tools to understand how the particle-associated bacteria (PA) and the free-living (FL) bacteria were possibly involved in algal blooms. Both FL and PA fractions maintained a stable bacterial composition: the FL fraction was dominated by Proteobacteria (α-Proteobacteria and γ-Proteobacteria), and Cyanobacteria dominated the PA fraction. The two fractions contained equivalent bacterial taxonomic richness (c.a. 8,000 Operational Taxonomic Units) and shared more than 50% of OTU; however, roughly 20% was exclusive to each fraction. The four most abundant algal genera in the Isla San Pedro water were Thalassiosira, Skeletonema, Chaetoceros, and Pseudo-nitzchia. Statistical analysis identified that the bacterial species Polycyclovorans algicola was correlated with Pseudo-nitzschia spp., and our monitoring data recorded a sudden increase of particle-associated Polycyclovorans algicola shortly after the increase of Pseudo-nitzschia, suggesting that P. algicola may have regression effect on Pseudo-nitzschia spp. The study also investigated the physicochemical parameter effect on algal-bacterial interactions. Oxygen concentration and chlorophyll-a showed a strong correlation with both FL and PA bacteria despite their assemblage differences, suggesting that the two groups had different mechanisms for interacting with algal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Fujiyoshi
- Microbial Genomics and Ecology, The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan
| | - Kyoko Yarimizu
- Microbial Genomics and Ecology, The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan
| | - Gonzalo Fuenzalida
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Buena Vecindad #91, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Marco Campos
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMAlab), Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Joaquin-Ignacio Rilling
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMAlab), Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Jacquelinne J. Acuña
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMAlab), Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Pedro Calabrano Miranda
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Emma-Karin Cascales
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Ishara Perera
- Microbial Genomics and Ecology, The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan
| | - Oscar Espinoza-González
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Leonardo Guzmán
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Milko A. Jorquera
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMAlab), Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Fumito Maruyama
- Microbial Genomics and Ecology, The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan
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Norambuena L, Mardones JI. Emerging phycotoxins in the Chilean coast: First localized detection of the neurotoxic cyclic imine Pinnatoxin-G in shellfish banks. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 190:114878. [PMID: 37002965 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pinnatoxins (PnTXs) produced by the cosmopolitan dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum are highly potent cyclic imines that represent a risk for seafood consumers, artisanal fisheries, and the local aquaculture industry. Among the eight known PnTXs, pinnatoxin-G (PnTX-G) is the most frequent toxin analog detected in shellfish. Despite PnTX-G is still not internationally regulated, the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety established that a risk for human consumers may exist when the accumulation of PnTX-G in shellfish exceeds 23 μg kg-1. This study reports the first detection of these fast-acting lipophilic toxins in localized shellfish banks (Mytilus chilensis) from the Chilean coast. Among 32 sentinel sampling stations monthly monitored for phytotoxins detection and quantification between 2021 and 2022 along the southern Chilean coast (from 36°25' S to 54°57'S), PnTx-G was only detected in shellfish from the southernmost region of Magallanes in concentrations that ranged between 15 and 100 μg kg-1, highlighting the binational (Chile/Argentina) Beagle Channel as a 'hotspot'. As Chile is one of the major mussel producers worldwide, this result raises concern about the potential adverse effect of PnTXs for human health and point to the need of governmental actions for an enhanced monitoring of these emerging toxins. To date, the production of PnTXs has not yet been associated with any microalgae species in Chilean waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Norambuena
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Los Lagos, Chile
| | - Jorge I Mardones
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Los Lagos, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Chile.
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9
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Díaz PA, Pérez-Santos I, Basti L, Garreaud R, Pinilla E, Barrera F, Tello A, Schwerter C, Arenas-Uribe S, Soto-Riquelme C, Navarro P, Díaz M, Álvarez G, Linford PM, Altamirano R, Mancilla-Gutiérrez G, Rodríguez-Villegas C, Figueroa RI. The impact of local and climate change drivers on the formation, dynamics, and potential recurrence of a massive fish-killing microalgal bloom in Patagonian fjord. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:161288. [PMID: 36587668 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in southern Chile are a serious threat to public health, tourism, artisanal fisheries, and aquaculture in this region. Ichthyotoxic HAB species have recently become a major annual threat to the Chilean salmon farming industry, due to their severe economic impacts. In early austral autumn 2021, an intense bloom of the raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo was detected in Comau Fjord, Chilean Patagonia, resulting in a high mortality of farmed salmon (nearly 6000 tons of biomass) within 15 days. H. akashiwo cells were first detected at the head of the fjord on March 16, 2021 (up to 478 cells mL-1). On March 31, the cell density at the surface had reached a maximum of 2 × 105 cells mL-1, with intense brown spots visible on the water surface. Strong and persistent high-pressure anomalies over the southern tip of South America, consistent with the positive phase of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), resulted in extremely dry conditions, high solar radiation, and strong southerly winds. A coupling of these features with the high water retention times inside the fjord can explain the spatial-temporal dynamics of this bloom event. Other factors, such as the internal local physical uplift process (favored by the north-to-south orientation of the fjord), salt-fingering events, and the uplift of subantarctic deep-water renewal, likely resulted in the injection of nutrients into the euphotic layer, which in turn could have promoted cell growth and thus high microalgal cell densities, such as reached by the bloom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Iván Pérez-Santos
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; Center for Oceanographic Research COPAS Sur-Austral and COPAS COASTAL, Universidad de Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Leila Basti
- Faculty of Marine Environment and Resources, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 108-8477 Tokyo, Japan; College of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Department of Integrative Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - René Garreaud
- Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370449, Región Metropolitana, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR2), Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Elias Pinilla
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Putemún, Castro, Chile; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, 5711 Boardman Hall, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Facundo Barrera
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR2), Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | | | - Camila Schwerter
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Sara Arenas-Uribe
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | | | - Pilar Navarro
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Manuel Díaz
- Instituto de Acuicultura & Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos s/n, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1281, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Larrondo 1281, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Pamela M Linford
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | | | | | - Camilo Rodríguez-Villegas
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Rosa I Figueroa
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
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10
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Boudriga I, Abdennadher M, Khammeri Y, Mahfoudi M, Quéméneur M, Hamza A, Bel Haj Hmida N, Zouari AB, Hassen MB. Karenia selliformis bloom dynamics and growth rate estimation in the Sfax harbour (Tunisia), by using automated flow cytometry equipped with image in flow, during autumn 2019. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 121:102366. [PMID: 36639188 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A Karenia selliformis bloom event in the Gulf of Gabès (Mediterranean Sea), was monitored over 9 days at high frequency during fall 2019, by using an automated flow cytometer (Cytosense, Cytobuoy b.v.) with an image-in-flow attachment. The instrument recorded the shape of the optical signals that lead to the resolution of six cell groups of pico-, nano- and microphytoplankton, during the Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB). K. selliformis cell dimensions derived from the hourly records, enabled to estimate the daily division rate over the bloom period. Results revealed that K. selliformis was the only bloom-forming species and it reached its highest mean abundance the fourth day of the survey. A shift in the nutrient composition occurred with a potential P limitation during the bloom growth and N limitation during the bloom collapse. The co-inertia analysis revealed opposite patterns for K. selliformis and heterotrophic prokaryotes suggesting trophic interactions and possible mixotrophic behaviour of K. selliformis at the end of the bloom. K. selliformis exhibited low growth rates generally < 1 division day-1, which could not explain the observed high abundance. The tide played a crucial role in the dynamics of K. selliformis at a semi-diurnal scale and at spring-neap tide scale and was probably enhancing K. selliformis accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Boudriga
- INSTM - Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Tunisia.
| | | | - Yosra Khammeri
- INSTM - Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Tunisia
| | - Mabrouka Mahfoudi
- INSTM - Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Tunisia
| | - Marianne Quéméneur
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Asma Hamza
- INSTM - Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Malika Bel Hassen
- INSTM - Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Tunisia
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11
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Mardones JI, Flores-Leñero A, Pinto-Torres M, Paredes-Mella J, Fuentes-Alburquenque S. Mitigation of Marine Dinoflagellates Using Hydrogen Peroxide (H 2O 2) Increases Toxicity towards Epithelial Gill Cells. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010083. [PMID: 36677374 PMCID: PMC9864867 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been shown to efficiently remove toxic microalgae from enclosed ballast waters and brackish lakes. In this study, in vitro experiments were conducted to assess the side effects of mitigating toxic and non-toxic dinoflagellates with H2O2. Five H2O2 concentrations (50 to 1000 ppm) were used to control the cell abundances of the toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium catenella and Karenia selliformis and the non-toxic dinoflagellates Lepidodinium chlorophorum and Prorocentrum micans. Photosynthetic efficiency and staining dye measurements showed the high efficiency of H2O2 for mitigating all dinoflagellate species at only 50 ppm. In a bioassay carried out to test cytotoxicity using the cell line RTgill-W1, control experiments (only H2O2) showed cytotoxicity in a concentration- and time- (0 to 24 h) dependent manner. The toxic dinoflagellates, especially K. selliformis, showed basal cytotoxicity that increased with the application of hydrogen peroxide. Unexpectedly, the application of a low H2O2 concentration increased toxicity, even when mitigating non-toxic dinoflagellates. This study suggests that the fatty acid composition of toxic and non-toxic dinoflagellate species can yield toxic aldehyde cocktails after lipoperoxidation with H2O2 that can persist in water for days with different half-lives. Further studies are needed to understand the role of lipoperoxidation products as acute mediators of disease and death in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge I. Mardones
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt 5501679, Chile
- CAICAI Foundation, Puerto Varas 5550000, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia 5110566, Chile
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Flores-Leñero
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt 5501679, Chile
| | - Marco Pinto-Torres
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt 5501679, Chile
| | - Javier Paredes-Mella
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt 5501679, Chile
- CAICAI Foundation, Puerto Varas 5550000, Chile
| | - Sebastián Fuentes-Alburquenque
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Chile
- Departamento de Matemáticas y Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Chile
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12
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Orlova TY, Aleksanin AI, Lepskaya EV, Efimova KV, Selina MS, Morozova TV, Stonik IV, Kachur VA, Karpenko AA, Vinnikov KA, Adrianov AV, Iwataki M. A massive bloom of Karenia species (Dinophyceae) off the Kamchatka coast, Russia, in the fall of 2020. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 120:102337. [PMID: 36470601 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the fall of 2020, a long-lasting and massive harmful algal bloom (HAB) with extensive fields of yellow sea foam was observed in relatively cold waters (7-13 °C) off the coasts of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. According to the estimates based on bio-optical parameters in satellite imagery, the Kamchatka bloom 2020 lasted for two months and covered a vast area of more than 300 × 100 km. An abundance of dead fish and invertebrates, including sea urchins, sea anemones, chitons, cephalopods, bivalves were found on shore during the bloom. Animals suffered almost 100% mortality within a depth range between 5 and 20 m. To identify the causative microalgal species, light and scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and molecular phylogenetic approaches were used. The HAB area was estimated by the spectral analysis of satellite-derived imagery. The causative organisms were unarmored dinoflagellates of Karenia species. Their density and biomass reached 100-620 cells·mL-1 and 1300-7700 mg·m-3, respectively, which accounted for 31-99% of the total cell density and 82-99% of the total phytoplankton biomass in late September to mid-October. The dominant species was Karenia selliformis, and the other co-occurring kareniacean species were K. cf. cristata, K. mikimotoi, K. papilionacea, K. longicanalis, and two unidentified morphotypes of Karenia spp. The molecular phylogeny inferred from LSU rDNA and ITS region showed that K. selliformis from Kamchatka in 2020 belonged to the cold-water group I and was identical to K. selliformis strains from Hokkaido, Japan, identified in 2021. This is the first HAB event caused by K. selliformis recorded from Russian coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Y Orlova
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.
| | - Anatoly I Aleksanin
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690922, Russia; The Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Lepskaya
- Kamchatka Branch of Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (KamchatNIRO), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 683000, Russia
| | - Kseniya V Efimova
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Marina S Selina
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Morozova
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Inna V Stonik
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Vasily A Kachur
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690922, Russia; The Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
| | - Alexander A Karpenko
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | | | - Andrey V Adrianov
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Mitsunori Iwataki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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13
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Heterosigma akashiwo in Patagonian Fjords: Genetics, Growth, Pigment Signature and Role of PUFA and ROS in Ichthyotoxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090577. [PMID: 36136516 PMCID: PMC9504362 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterosigma akashiwo is the only raphidophyte described for Chilean waters. A recent 2021 fish-killing bloom event of this raphidophyte ignited scientific research, but the ichthyotoxic mechanism and environmental conditions that promote its growth are still unclear. This is the first study confirming the occurrence of H. akashiwo in Chilean waters on the basis of the region D1/D2 of the 28S ribosomal gene. The pigment signature of the CREAN_HA03 strain revealed chlorophyll-a, fucoxanthin, and violaxanthin as the most abundant pigments, but profiles were variable depending on culture and field conditions. A factorial temperature−salinity growth experiment showed a maximal growth rate of 0.48 d−1 at 17 °C and 35 in salinity, but reached a maximal cell abundance of ~50,000 cells mL−1 at 12 °C and 25 in salinity. The fatty acid profile included high levels of saturated (16:0) and polyunsaturated (18:4 ω3; 20:5 ω3) fatty acids, but superoxide production in this strain was low (~0.3 pmol O2− cell−1 h−1). The RTgill-W1 bioassay showed that the H. akashiwo strain was cytotoxic only at high cell concentrations (>47,000 cells mL−1) and after cell rupture. In conclusion, salmon mortality during H. akashiwo bloom events in Patagonian fjords is likely explained by the high production of long-chain PUFAs at high cell densities, but only in the presence of high ROS production.
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14
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Effects of Harmful Algal Blooms on Fish and Shellfish Species: A Case Study of New Zealand in a Changing Environment. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050341. [PMID: 35622588 PMCID: PMC9147682 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have wide-ranging environmental impacts, including on aquatic species of social and commercial importance. In New Zealand (NZ), strategic growth of the aquaculture industry could be adversely affected by the occurrence of HABs. This review examines HAB species which are known to bloom both globally and in NZ and their effects on commercially important shellfish and fish species. Blooms of Karenia spp. have frequently been associated with mortalities of both fish and shellfish in NZ and the sub-lethal effects of other genera, notably Alexandrium spp., on shellfish (which includes paralysis, a lack of byssus production, and reduced growth) are also of concern. Climate change and anthropogenic impacts may alter HAB population structure and dynamics, as well as the physiological responses of fish and shellfish, potentially further compromising aquatic species. Those HAB species which have been detected in NZ and have the potential to bloom and harm marine life in the future are also discussed. The use of environmental DNA (eDNA) and relevant bioassays are practical tools which enable early detection of novel, problem HAB species and rapid toxin/HAB screening, and new data from HAB monitoring of aquaculture production sites using eDNA are presented. As aquaculture grows to supply a sizable proportion of the world’s protein, the effects of HABs in reducing productivity is of increasing significance. Research into the multiple stressor effects of climate change and HABs on cultured species and using local, recent, HAB strains is needed to accurately assess effects and inform stock management strategies.
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15
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Iwataki M, Lum WM, Kuwata K, Takahashi K, Arima D, Kuribayashi T, Kosaka Y, Hasegawa N, Watanabe T, Shikata T, Isada T, Orlova TY, Sakamoto S. Morphological variation and phylogeny of Karenia selliformis (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) in an intensive cold-water algal bloom in eastern Hokkaido, Japan. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 114:102204. [PMID: 35550287 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms responsible for mass mortalities of marine organisms have been rare in Hokkaido, northern Japan, although fish-killing blooms have been frequently reported from western Japanese coasts. In September-November 2021, a huge and prolonged cold-water bloom occurred along the Pacific coast of eastern Hokkaido, and was associated with intensive mortalities of sea urchin, fish, octopus, shellfish, etc. In this study, morphology and phylogeny of the dominant and co-occurring unarmored dinoflagellates of the Kareniaceae in the bloom were examined by using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and molecular phylogeny inferred from ITS and LSU rDNA (D1-D3) sequences. Morphological observation and molecular phylogeny showed that the dominant species was Karenia selliformis, with co-occurrences of other kareniacean dinoflagellates, Kr. longicanalis, Kr. mikimotoi, Karlodinium sp., Takayama cf. acrotrocha, Takayama tuberculata and Takayama sp. The typical cell forms of Kr. selliformis in the bloom were discoid, dorsoventrally flattened, and 35.3-43.6 (39.4 ± 2.1) µm in length, which was larger than the cell sizes in previous reports. Transparent cells of Kr. selliformis, lacking chloroplasts or having a few shrunken chloroplasts and oil droplets, were also found. Cells of Kr. selliformis showed morphological variation, but the species could be distinguished from other co-occurring Karenia species by the nucleus positioned in the hypocone and chloroplasts numerous (46-105) in number and small (2.9-4.6 µm) in diameter. Cell density of Kr. selliformis exceeding 100 cells mL-1 was recorded in the temperature range of 9.8-17.6 °C. The rDNA sequences determined from Kr. selliformis in the blooms of Hokkaido, Japan in 2021 were identical to those from the bloom in Kamchatka, Russia in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Iwataki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Wai Mun Lum
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Koyo Kuwata
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuya Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Daichi Arima
- Central Fisheries Research Institute, Hokkaido Research Organization, Yoichi, Hokkaido 046-8555, Japan
| | - Takanori Kuribayashi
- Central Fisheries Research Institute, Hokkaido Research Organization, Yoichi, Hokkaido 046-8555, Japan
| | - Yuki Kosaka
- Fisheries Research Institute, Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, Hiranai, Aomori 039-3381, Japan
| | - Natsuki Hasegawa
- Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Kushiro, Hokkaido 085-0802, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Watanabe
- Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Kushiro, Hokkaido 085-0802, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shikata
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Goto, Nagasaki 853-0508, Japan
| | - Tomonori Isada
- Akkeshi Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Akkeshi, Hokkaido 088-1113, Japan
| | - Tatiana Yu Orlova
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Setsuko Sakamoto
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan
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16
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Lipophilic Toxins in Chile: History, Producers and Impacts. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20020122. [PMID: 35200651 PMCID: PMC8874607 DOI: 10.3390/md20020122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of microalgal species produce lipophilic toxins (LT) that are accumulated by filter-feeding bivalves. Their negative impacts on human health and shellfish exploitation are determined by toxic potential of the local strains and toxin biotransformations by exploited bivalve species. Chile has become, in a decade, the world’s major exporter of mussels (Mytilus chilensis) and scallops (Argopecten purpuratus) and has implemented toxin testing according to importing countries’ demands. Species of the Dinophysis acuminata complex and Protoceratium reticulatum are the most widespread and abundant LT producers in Chile. Dominant D. acuminata strains, notwithstanding, unlike most strains in Europe rich in okadaic acid (OA), produce only pectenotoxins, with no impact on human health. Dinophysis acuta, suspected to be the main cause of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning outbreaks, is found in the two southernmost regions of Chile, and has apparently shifted poleward. Mouse bioassay (MBA) is the official method to control shellfish safety for the national market. Positive results from mouse tests to mixtures of toxins and other compounds only toxic by intraperitoneal injection, including already deregulated toxins (PTXs), force unnecessary harvesting bans, and hinder progress in the identification of emerging toxins. Here, 50 years of LST events in Chile, and current knowledge of their sources, accumulation and effects, are reviewed. Improvements of monitoring practices are suggested, and strategies to face new challenges and answer the main questions are proposed.
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17
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Paredes-Mella J, Mardones JI, Norambuena L, Fuenzalida G, Labra G, Espinoza-González O, Guzmán L. Toxic Alexandrium catenella expanding northward along the Chilean coast: New risk of paralytic shellfish poisoning off the Bío-Bío region (36° S). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 172:112783. [PMID: 34365161 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In Chile, the toxic dinoflagellate A. catenella shows an apparent oceanic range expansion from south to the north since its first detection in 1972 in the Magallanes Region (56° S). Until 2017, A. catenella detections were restricted to a geographic area between Magallanes to Los Rios Regions (40° S). The establishment of a monitoring program in the offshore Pacific coast allowed the detection of A. catenella between 2018 and 2019 in northern areas off the Bío-Bío Region (36°S). Monoclonal cultures established from the Bío-Bío coast were genetically identified, and PSTs screened. Phylogenetic analyses determined that the Bío-Bío isolates aggregated in Group I ribotype (previously A. tamarense or A. fundyense) and the presence of PSTs analogs were confirmed. It is the northernmost detection of the toxic dinoflagellate A. catenella in the Pacific coast of Chile. These results have important implications for species monitoring and governmental management in the Bío-Bío Region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Paredes-Mella
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Jorge I Mardones
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Norambuena
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Fuenzalida
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Gissela Labra
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Oscar Espinoza-González
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Leonardo Guzmán
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Puerto Montt, Chile
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Elleuch J, Ben Amor F, Barkallah M, Haj Salah J, Smith KF, Aleya L, Fendri I, Abdelkafi S. q-PCR-based assay for the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia selliformis monitoring along the Tunisian coasts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:57486-57498. [PMID: 34089447 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Karenia selliformis is a marine dinoflagellate responsible for fish-kill events. Its presence has been reported along the Tunisian coasts (south-eastern Mediterranean Sea) since the 1990s. In the present study, a quantitative-PCR assay, based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) molecular marker, was developed to detect and quantify K. selliformis in environmental bivalve mollusk samples and in seawater samples. The assay was optimized, and its specificity was confirmed using cross-reactivity experiments against microalgal species commonly found on the Tunisian coasts and/or closely related to K. selliformis. Calibration curves were performed by tenfold dilutions of plasmid DNA harboring target sequence and genomic DNA, attaining a limit of detection of around 5 copies of target DNA per reaction, far below one K. selliformis cell per reaction. The field application of the developed assay showed a powerful detection capability. Thus, the designed assay could contribute to the deployment of in-field diagnostic tools for K. selliformis blooms monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihen Elleuch
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et Microbiologie, Equipe Biotechnologie des Algues, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Faten Ben Amor
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et Microbiologie, Equipe Biotechnologie des Algues, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Barkallah
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et Microbiologie, Equipe Biotechnologie des Algues, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Jihen Haj Salah
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et Microbiologie, Equipe Biotechnologie des Algues, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, F-25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Imen Fendri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies des Plantes appliquées à l'Amélioration des Cultures, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Slim Abdelkafi
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et Microbiologie, Equipe Biotechnologie des Algues, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
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Fu Z, Piumsomboon A, Punnarak P, Uttayarnmanee P, Leaw CP, Lim PT, Wang A, Gu H. Diversity and distribution of harmful microalgae in the Gulf of Thailand assessed by DNA metabarcoding. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 106:102063. [PMID: 34154784 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Information on the diversity and distribution of harmful microalgae in the Gulf of Thailand is very limited and mainly based on microscopic observations. Here, we collected 44 water samples from the Gulf of Thailand and its adjacent water (Perhentian Island, Malaysia) for comparison in 2018. DNA metabarcoding was performed targeting the partial large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU rDNA D1-D3) and the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2). A total of 50 dinoflagellate genera (made up of 72 species) were identified based on the LSU rDNA dataset, while the results of ITS1 and ITS2 datasets revealed 33 and 32 dinoflagellate genera comprising 69 and 64 species, respectively. Five potentially toxic Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) species were detected, with four as newly recorded species in the water (Pseudo-nitzschia americana/brasilliana, Pseudo-nitzschia simulans/delicatissima, P. galaxiae and P. multistriata). The highest relative abundances of P. galaxiae and P. multistriata were found in Trat Bay and Chumphon (accounting for 0.20% and 0.06% of total ASVs abundance, respectively). Three paralytic shellfish toxin producing dinoflagellate species were detected: Alexandrium tamiyavanichii, Alexandrium fragae, and Gymnodinium catenatum. The highest abundance of A. tamiyavanichii was found in the surface sample of Chumphon (CHO7 station), accounting for 1.95% of total ASVs abundance. Two azaspiracid producing dinoflagellate species, Azadinium poporum ribotype B, Azadinium spinosum ribotype A, and a pinnatoxin producing dinoflagellate species Vulcanodinium rugosum, with two ribotypes B and C, were revealed from the datasets although with very low abundances. Six fish killing dinoflagellate species, including Margalefidinium polykrikoides group IV, Margalefidinium fulvescens, Karenia mikimotoi, Karenia selliformis ribotype B, Karlodinium australe, and Karlodinium digitatum were detected and all representing new records in this area. The findings of numerous harmful microalgal species in the Gulf of Thailand highlight the potential risk of human intoxication and fish killing events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxu Fu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | | | - Porntep Punnarak
- Aquatic Resources Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Praderm Uttayarnmanee
- Marine and Coastal Resources Research and Development Center, Central Gulf of Thailand, Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, Chumphon 86000, Thailand
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Po Teen Lim
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Aijun Wang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Haifeng Gu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Mardones JI, Paredes J, Godoy M, Suarez R, Norambuena L, Vargas V, Fuenzalida G, Pinilla E, Artal O, Rojas X, Dorantes-Aranda JJ, Lee Chang KJ, Anderson DM, Hallegraeff GM. Disentangling the environmental processes responsible for the world's largest farmed fish-killing harmful algal bloom: Chile, 2016. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:144383. [PMID: 33421787 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The dictyochophyte microalga Pseudochattonella verruculosa was responsible for the largest farmed fish mortality ever recorded in the world, with losses for the Chilean salmon industry amounting to US$ 800 M in austral summer 2016. Super-scale climatic anomalies resulted in strong vertical water column stratification that stimulated development of a dynamic P. verruculosa thin layer (up to 38 μg chl a L-1) for several weeks in Reloncaví Sound. Hydrodynamic modeling (MIKE 3D) indicated that the Sound had extremely low flushing rates (between 121 and 200 days) in summer 2016. Reported algal cell densities of 7000-20,000 cells mL-1 generated respiratory distress in fish that was unlikely due to low dissolved oxygen (permanently >4 mg L-1). Histological examination of salmon showed that gills were the most affected organ with significant tissue damage and circulatory disorders. It is possible that some of this damage was due to a diatom bloom that preceded the Pseudochattonella event, thereby rendering the fish more susceptible to Pseudochattonella. No correlation between magnitude of fish mortality and algal cell abundance nor fish age was evident. Algal cultures revealed rapid growth rates and high cell densities (up to 600,000 cells mL-1), as well as highly complex life cycle stages that can be easily overlooked in monitoring programs. In cell-based bioassays, Chilean P. verruculosa was only toxic to the RTgill-W1 cell line following exposures to high cell densities of lysed cells (>100,000 cells mL-1). Fatty acid profiles of a cultured strain showed elevated concentrations of potentially ichthyotoxic, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (69.7% ± 1.8%)- stearidonic (SDA, 18:4ω3-28.9%), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω3-22.3%), suggesting that lipid peroxidation may help to explain the mortalities, though superoxide production by Pseudochattonella was low (< 0.21 ± 0.19 pmol O2- cell-1 h-1). It therefore remains unknown what the mechanisms of salmon mortality were during the Pseudochattonella bloom. Multiple mitigation strategies were used by salmon farmers during the event, with only delayed seeding of juvenile fish into the cages and towing of cages to sanctuary sites being effective. Airlift pumping, used effectively against other fish-killing HABs in the US and Canada was not effective, perhaps because it brought subsurface layers of Pseudochattonella to the surface, or and it also may have lysed the fragile cells, rendering them more lethal. The present study highlights knowledge gaps and inefficiency of contingency plans by the fish farming industry to overcome future fish-killing algal blooms under future climate change scenarios. The use of new technologies based on molecular methods for species detection, good farm practices by fish farms, and possible mitigation strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge I Mardones
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Javier Paredes
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Marcos Godoy
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Puerto Montt, Chile; Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede de la Patagonia, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; Doctorado en acuicultura, Programa cooperativo Universidad de Chile, Universidad Católica del Norte, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rudy Suarez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Puerto Montt, Chile; Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede de la Patagonia, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; Magister en acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Luis Norambuena
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Valentina Vargas
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Fuenzalida
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Elias Pinilla
- CTPA-Putemún, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Castro, Chile
| | - Osvaldo Artal
- CTPA-Putemún, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Castro, Chile
| | - Ximena Rojas
- Instituto Tecnológico del Salmón (INTESAL), Juan Soler Manfredini 41, Of. 1802, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | | | - Kim J Lee Chang
- CSIRO Ocean and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Gustaaf M Hallegraeff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Australia
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