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Sheikh MR, Khan SU, Ahmed M, Ahmad R, Abbas A, Ullah I. Spatial spillover impact of determinants on child mortality in Pakistan: evidence from Spatial Durbin Model. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1612. [PMID: 37612693 PMCID: PMC10464234 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16526-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child mortality is a major challenge to public health in Pakistan and other developing countries. Reduction of the child mortality rate would improve public health and enhance human well-being and prosperity. This study recognizes the spatial clusters of child mortality across districts of Pakistan and identifies the direct and spatial spillover effects of determinants on the Child Mortality Rate (CMR). METHOD Data of the multiple indicators cluster survey (MICS) conducted by the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) was used to study the CMR. We used spatial univariate autocorrelation to test the spatial dependence between contiguous districts concerning CMR. We also applied the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) to measure the spatial spillover effects of factors on CMR. RESULTS The study results showed 31% significant spatial association across the districts and identified a cluster of hot spots characterized by the high-high CMR in the districts of Punjab province. The empirical analysis of the SDM confirmed that the direct and spatial spillover effect of the poorest wealth quintile and MPI vulnerability on CMR is positive whereas access to postnatal care to the newly born child and improved drinking water has negatively (directly and indirectly) determined the CMR in Pakistan. CONCLUSION The instant results concluded that spatial dependence and significant spatial spillover effects concerning CMR exist across districts. Prioritization of the hot spot districts characterized by higher CMR can significantly reduce the CMR with improvement in financial statuses of households from the poorest quintile and MPI vulnerability as well as improvement in accessibility to postnatal care services and safe drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sami Ullah Khan
- Department of Economics, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan.
| | - Munir Ahmed
- Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Ahmad
- School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Asad Abbas
- Department of Economics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
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Wang S, Ren Z, Liu X. Spatiotemporal trends in neonatal, infant, and child mortality (1990-2019) based on Bayesian spatiotemporal modeling. Front Public Health 2023; 11:996694. [PMID: 36844832 PMCID: PMC9947283 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.996694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal mortality rate (NMR), infant mortality rate (IMR), and child mortality rate (CMR) show a huge difference across countries, which has been posing challenges for public health policies and medical resource allocation. Methods Bayesian spatiotemporal model is applied to assess the detailed spatiotemporal evolution of NMR, IMR, and CMR from a global perspective. Panel data from 185 countries from 1990 to 2019 are collected. Results The continuously decreasing trend of NMR, IMR, and CMR indicated a great improvement in neonatal, infant, and child mortality worldwide. Further, huge differences in the NMR, IMR, and CMR still exist across countries. In addition, the gap of NMR, IMR, and CMR across the countries presented a widening trend from the perspective of dispersion degree and kernel densities. The spatiotemporal heterogeneities demonstrated that the decline degree among these three indicators could be observed as CMR > IMR > NMR. Countries such as Brazil, Sweden, Libya, Myanmar, Thailand, Uzbekistan, Greece, and Zimbabwe showed the highest values of b1i , indicating a weaker downward trend compared to the overall downward trend in the world. Conclusions This study revealed the spatiotemporal patterns and trends in the levels and improvement of NMR, IMR, and CMR across countries. Further, NMR, IMR, and CMR show a continuously decreasing trend, but the differences in improvement degree present a widening trend across countries. This study provides further implications for policy in newborns, infants, and children's health to reduce health inequality worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobin Wang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhoupeng Ren
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Zhoupeng Ren ✉
| | - Xianglong Liu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Beijing, China
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Atalell KA, Alene KA. Spatiotemporal distributions of under-five mortality in Ethiopia between 2000 and 2019. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0001504. [PMID: 36972238 PMCID: PMC10042344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Under-five mortality declined in the last two decades in Ethiopia, but sub-national and local progress remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal distributions and ecological level factors of under-five mortality in Ethiopia. Data on under-five mortality were obtained from five different Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS), conducted in 2000, 2005, 2011, 2016, and 2019. Environmental and healthcare access data were obtained from different publicly available sources. Bayesian geostatistical models were used to predict and visualize spatial risks for under-five mortality. The national under-five mortality rate in Ethiopia declined from 121 per 1000 live births in 2000 to 59 per 1000 live births in 2019. Spatial variation in under-five mortality was observed at regional and local levels with the highest rates reported in the Western, Eastern, and Central parts of Ethiopia. Spatial clustering of under-five mortality was significantly associated with population density, access to a water body, and climatic factors such as temperature. Under-five mortality rate declined over the past two decades and varied substantially at sub-national and local levels in Ethiopia. Increasing access to water and health care may help to reduce under-five mortality in high-risk areas. Therefore, interventions targeted to reduce under-five mortality should be strengthened in the areas that had a clustering of under-five mortality in Ethiopia by increasing access to quality health care access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendalem Asmare Atalell
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kefyalew Addis Alene
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
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Noori N, Derra K, Valea I, Oron AP, Welgo A, Rouamba T, Boua PR, Somé AM, Rouamba E, Wenger E, Sorgho H, Tinto H, Ouédraogo AL. Patterns of child mortality in rural area of Burkina Faso: evidence from the Nanoro health and demographic surveillance system (HDSS). BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1425. [PMID: 34281547 PMCID: PMC8287796 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Half of global child deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding child mortality patterns and risk factors will help inform interventions to reduce this heavy toll. The Nanoro Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS), Burkina Faso was described previously, but patterns and potential drivers of heterogeneity in child mortality in the district had not been studied. Similar studies in other districts indicated proximity to health facilities as a risk factor, usually without distinction between facility types. Methods Using Nanoro HDSS data from 2009 to 2013, we estimated the association between under-5 mortality and proximity to inpatient and outpatient health facilities, seasonality of death, age group, and standard demographic risk factors. Results Living in homes 40–60 min and > 60 min travel time from an inpatient facility was associated with 1.52 (95% CI: 1.13–2.06) and 1.74 (95% CI: 1.27–2.40) greater hazard of under-5 mortality, respectively, than living in homes < 20 min from an inpatient facility. No such association was found for outpatient facilities. The wet season (July–November) was associated with 1.28 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.53) higher under-5 mortality than the dry season (December–June), likely reflecting the malaria season. Conclusions Our results emphasize the importance of geographical proximity to health care, distinguish between inpatient and outpatient facilities, and also show a seasonal effect, probably driven by malaria. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11483-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navideh Noori
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Global Health Division, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 500 5th Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| | - Karim Derra
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Innocent Valea
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso.,Laboratory of Parasitology and Entomology, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Assaf P Oron
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Global Health Division, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 500 5th Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Aminata Welgo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Toussaint Rouamba
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Palwende Romuald Boua
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Athanase M Somé
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Eli Rouamba
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Edward Wenger
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Global Health Division, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 500 5th Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Hermann Sorgho
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Halidou Tinto
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso.,Laboratory of Parasitology and Entomology, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Andre Lin Ouédraogo
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Global Health Division, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 500 5th Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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Man W, Wang S, Yang H. Exploring the spatial-temporal distribution and evolution of population aging and social-economic indicators in China. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:966. [PMID: 34020620 PMCID: PMC8140474 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11032-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background China is one of the world’s fastest-aging countries. Population aging and social-economic development show close relations. This study aims to illustrate the spatial-temporal distribution and movement of gravity centers of population aging and social-economic factors and thier spatial interaction across the provinces in China. Methods Factors of elderly population rate (EPR), elderly dependency ratio (EDR), per capita gross regional product (GRPpc), and urban population rate (UPR) were collected. Distribution patterns were detected by using global spatial autocorrelation, Kernel density estimation, and coefficient of variation. Further, Arc GIS software was used to find the gravity centers and their movement trends yearly from 2002 to 2018. The spatial interaction between the variables was investigated based on bivariate spatial autocorrelation analysis. Results The results showed a larger variety of global spatial autocorrelation indexed by Moran’s I and stable trends of dispersion degree without obvious convergence in EPR and EDR. Furthermore, the gravity centers of the proportion of EPR and EDR moved northeastward. In contrast, the economic and urbanization factors showed a southwestward movement, which exhibited an reverse trend compared to population aging indicators. Moreover, the movement rates of EPR and EDR (15.12 and 18.75 km/year, respectively) were higher than that of GRPpc (13.79 km/year) and UPR (6.89 km/year) annually during the study period. Further, the bivariate spatial autocorrelation variation is in line with the movement trends of gravity centers which showed a polarization trend of population aging and social-economic factors that the difference between southwest and northeast directions and exhibited a tendency to expand in China. Conclusions In sum, our findings revealed the difference in spatio-temporal distribution and variation between population aging and social-economic factors in China. It further indicates that the opposite movements of gravity centers and the change of the BiLISA in space which may result in the increase of the economic burden of the elderly care in northern China. Hence, future development policy should focus on the social-economic growth and distribution of old-aged supporting resources, especially in northern China. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11032-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Man
- Department of Spatial Information Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, China
| | - Shaobin Wang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, A11 Datun Road, Anwai, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Hao Yang
- Beijing Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,School of Economics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Khan MA, Khan N, Rahman O, Mustagir G, Hossain K, Islam R, Khan HTA. Trends and projections of under-5 mortality in Bangladesh including the effects of maternal high-risk fertility behaviours and use of healthcare services. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246210. [PMID: 33539476 PMCID: PMC7861360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examines trends and puts forward projections of under-5 mortality (U5M) in Bangladesh and identifies the effects of maternal high-risk fertility behaviours and use of healthcare services. METHODS Data from seven waves of the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (1994-2014) were analyzed for trends and projections of U5M and a Chi-square (χ2) test was used to identify if there was any association with maternal high-risk fertility behaviours and use of healthcare services. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine the effects of fertility behaviors and healthcare usage on the occurrence of U5M adjusting with confounders. RESULTS U5M declined from 82.5 to 41.0 per 1000 livebirths during 1994-2014 and is projected to further reduce to 17.6 per 1000 livebirths by 2030. The study identified a noticeable regional variation in U5M with maternal high-risk fertility behaviours including age at birth <18 years (aOR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.23-2.76) and birth interval <24 months (aOR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.02-2.37) found to be significant determinants. There was a 39-53% decline in this rate of mortality among women that had used antenatal care services at least four times (aOR, 0.51, 95% CI: 0.27-0.97), delivery care (aOR, 0.47, 95% CI: 0.24-0.95), and had received postnatal care (aOR, 0.61, 95% CI: 0.41-0.91) in their last birth. Cesarean section was found to be associated with a 51% reduction in U5M (aOR, 0.49, 95% CI: 0.29-0.82) compared to its non-use. CONCLUSION The Sustainable Development Goals require a U5M rate of 25 per 1000 livebirths to be achieved by 2030. This study suggests that with the current trend of reduction, Bangladesh will achieve this target before the deadline. This study also found that maternal high-risk fertility behaviours and non-use of maternal healthcare services are very prevalent in some regions of Bangladesh and have increased the occurrence of U5M in those areas. This suggests therefore, that policies and programmes designed to reduce the pregnancy rates of women that are at risk and to encourage an increase in the use of maternal healthcare services are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostaured Ali Khan
- Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
- MEL and Research, Practical Action, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nuruzzaman Khan
- School of Public Health and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Department of Population Sciences, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Obaidur Rahman
- Department of Global Health Nursing, Graduate School of Nursing Science, St. Luke’s International University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Global Health Policy, School of International Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Golam Mustagir
- Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Kamal Hossain
- Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Hafiz T. A. Khan
- Public Health & Statistics, College of Nursing, Midwifery and Healthcare, University of West London, Brentford, United Kingdom
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The influence of the municipal human development index and maternal education on infant mortality: an investigation in a retrospective cohort study in the extreme south of Brazil. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:194. [PMID: 33482781 PMCID: PMC7821400 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infant mortality is considered an important and sensitive health indicator in several countries, especially in underdeveloped and developing countries. Most of the factors influencing infant mortality are interrelated and are the result of social issues. Therefore, this study performed an investigation of the influence of the MHDI and maternal education on infant mortality in a capital in the extreme south of Brazil. Methods It is a retrospective cohort study with data on births and deaths in the first year of life for the period of 2000–2017. The association between the independent variables and the outcome was done by bivariate analysis through simple Poisson regression. The variables that can potentially be considered confounding factors were used in a multiple Poisson regression for robust variances - adjusted model. Results The study included 317,545 children, of whom 3107 died. The medium MHDI showed associated with infant death in the first year of life. Maternal education, individually and jointly analyzed with the MHDI, showed association with the outcome of infant death in the first year of life, particularly for children of mothers with lower maternal education (p < 0.001). In relation to other related factors, maternal age; number of Prenatal Care Consultations; gestational age, weight, gender and Apgar Index (5th minute) of the newborn showed association with IM (p < 0.001). Conclusions The HDI is considered a good predictor of infant mortality by some authors and the analyzes of the present study also confirm an association of the medium MHDI and its low MHDIE component with infant mortality. In addition, it was maternal education with less than 8 years of study that that demonstrated a higher risk of death, revealing itself to be a social determinant with a relevant impact on infant mortality. Thus, it is possible to conclude that maternal education is available information, and it is superior to the MHDI to assess the infant mortality outcome. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-10226-9.
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Liyew AM, Kassie A, Teshale AB, Alem AZ, Yeshaw Y, Tesema GA. Exploring spatiotemporal distribution of under-five mortality in Ethiopia: further analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2016. BMJ Paediatr Open 2021; 5:e001047. [PMID: 33907719 PMCID: PMC8039260 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore spatiotemporal distribution of under-five mortality in Ethiopia using data from four (2000, 2005, 2011 and 2016) consecutive demographic and health surveys. METHODS A total of 41 498 children were included from four consecutive Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys. The geospatial analysis was conducted by using ArcGIS V.10.7 and saTScan V.9.6. Thus, spatial autocorrelation, hotspot analysis, spatial interpolation and spatial scan statistics were carried out for each survey separately to show the temporal pattern of geographically risk areas of under-five mortality in Ethiopia. Finally, the most under-five mortality rate (U5MR) risk areas in each survey period were mapped. RESULTS Under-five mortality was spatially clustered in Ethiopia (Moran's Index: 0.046-0.096, p<0.01). The Benishangul-Gumuz region was consistently at a higher risk in the last two decades. Additional hotspot areas were detected at Afar and Amhara (in 2000, 2005, 2016), at Gambala (in 2011) and the South Nation Nationality and People's (SNNP) Region (in 2016). Moreover, 160 primary clusters were identified. Of these, 85 clusters (log-likelihood ratio (LLR)=13.10, p<0.01) were from Benishangul-Gumuz and Amhara regions (in 2000); 67 clusters (LLR=12.93, p<0.01) were from Afar and Amhara regions (in 2005); 4 clusters (LLR=10.54, p<0.01) were from Benishangul-Gumuz region (in 2011); and another 4 clusters (LLR=11.85, p<0.01) were from Afar region (in 2016). CONCLUSION High-risk areas were detected mainly in the Benishangul-Gumuz and Afar regions. As a result, designing under-five population targeted intervention programmes in those high-risk geographical regions was vital to reduce under-five mortality in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemneh Mekuriaw Liyew
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, comprehensive specialized hospital, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ayenew Kassie
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, comprehensive specialized hospital, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Achamyeleh Birhanu Teshale
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, comprehensive specialized hospital, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Adugnaw Zeleke Alem
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, comprehensive specialized hospital, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yigizie Yeshaw
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, comprehensive specialized hospital, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health sciences, comprehensive specialized hospital, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, comprehensive specialized hospital, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Wang S, Wu J. Spatial heterogeneity of the associations of economic and health care factors with infant mortality in China using geographically weighted regression and spatial clustering. Soc Sci Med 2020; 263:113287. [PMID: 32818850 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Economic factors and health care resources are important influential factors of infant mortality. We aimed to examine prefecture-level spatial heterogeneity and clustering of the associations of economic and health care factors with infant mortality rates (IMR) in China. IMR data in 348 prefectures were calculated and adjusted, and economic and health care data were collected in each prefecture in China, 2010. Stepwise regression was used to select important variables, and geographically weighted regression (GWR) was applied to examine the spatial variations of the relationships between economic and health care factors and IMR. The k-means clustering was developed to elucidate the spatial clustering patterns of the GWR coefficients. The results showed that three important variables were selected in the multivariable regression model, including per capita income of rural residents, Engel's coefficient of rural residents, and proportion of government health expenditure. The GWR with these three variables revealed spatial heterogeneity of the associations between IMR and economic and health care factors; western China generally had higher GWR R-squares and stronger associations between IMR and all the three variables than the middle-eastern part of China. Based on the GWR coefficients, three distinct spatial clusters were identified. This study contributes new findings on the spatial heterogeneity of the associations between economic and health care factors and infant mortality rate in China, which calls for region-specific policies to reduce infant mortality in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobin Wang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jun Wu
- Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Hasan MM, Uddin J, Pulok MH, Zaman N, Hajizadeh M. Socioeconomic Inequalities in Child Malnutrition in Bangladesh: Do They Differ by Region? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17031079. [PMID: 32046277 PMCID: PMC7037734 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Socioeconomic inequality in child malnutrition is well-evident in Bangladesh. However, little is known about whether this inequality differs by regional contexts. We used pooled data from the 2011 and 2014 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey to examine regional differences in socioeconomic inequalities in stunting and underweight among children under five. The analysis included 14,602 children aged 0–59 months. We used logistic regression models and the Concentration index to assess and quantify wealth- and education-related inequalities in child malnutrition. We found stunting and underweight to be more concentrated among children from poorer households and born to less-educated mothers. Although the poverty level was low in the eastern regions, socioeconomic inequalities were greater in these regions compared to the western regions. The extent of socioeconomic inequality was the highest in Sylhet and Chittagong for stunting and underweight, respectively, while it was the lowest in Khulna. Regression results demonstrated the protective effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on child malnutrition. The regional differences in the effects of SES tend to diverge at the lower levels of SES, while they converge or attenuate at the highest levels. Our findings have policy implications for developing programs and interventions targeted to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in child malnutrition in subnational regions of Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Monirul Hasan
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), House-37, Road-8, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Jalal Uddin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Mohammad Habibullah Pulok
- Nova Scotia Health Authority, 5955 Veteran’s Memorial Lane, Halifax, NS B3H 2E1, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Nabila Zaman
- Institute for Research, Data and Training (NB-IRDT), University of New Brunswick, 38 Dineen Drive, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Mohammad Hajizadeh
- School of Health Administration, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, 2nd Floor, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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Wang S, Ren Z. Spatial variations and macroeconomic determinants of life expectancy and mortality rate in China: a county-level study based on spatial analysis models. Int J Public Health 2019; 64:773-783. [DOI: 10.1007/s00038-019-01251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Pulok MH, Uddin J, Enemark U, Hossin MZ. Socioeconomic inequality in maternal healthcare: An analysis of regional variation in Bangladesh. Health Place 2018; 52:205-214. [PMID: 29960144 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Socioeconomic inequality in the utilisation of maternal healthcare services is well-documented in Bangladesh. However, the spatial dimension of this inequality is largely unexplored in the literature. This study examined the regional variation of wealth-related inequality in the utilisation of maternal healthcare services using data from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 2014. The highest extent of pro-wealthy inequality was found in Chittagong and Sylhet for ANC services compared to Khulna and Rangpur where inequality was the lowest. Pro-wealthy inequality was the lowest in Rangpur while Dhaka and Barisal tended to have the greatest degree of inequality for delivery care services. Policy efforts aiming to tackle socioeconomic inequality in maternal healthcare should consider this spatial dimension of inequality in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Habibullah Pulok
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation (CHERE), UTS Business School, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; CMCRC Health Market Quality Research Program, GPO Box 970, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia; The Canadian Centre for Health Economics (CCHE), the University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 4th Floor, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 3M6.
| | - Jalal Uddin
- Department of Sociology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Heritage Hall 460E, 1401 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | - Ulrika Enemark
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2 - Building 1260, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Muhammad Zakir Hossin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Tomtebodavägen 18B, Solna, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden.
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