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Nadtochiy SM, Stefanos T, Wissler R, Gu Y, Feng C, Lebedko N, Eaton MP. Effect of bivalirudin on coagulation in neonatal (cord) and adult human blood in vitro. Paediatr Anaesth 2024; 34:415-421. [PMID: 38055634 DOI: 10.1111/pan.14814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bivalirudin is recommended as an alternative to heparin in cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Although it has been used in infants and children for this indication, there is a paucity of data on the pharmacologic effects of bivalirudin in neonates. Given the immaturity of the hemostatic system in neonates, we hypothesized that coagulation responses to bivalirudin in this population would be different than in adults. METHODS Blood samples were drawn from placenta-cord units and from healthy adult donors. The study was carried out in two steps. First, bivalirudin was added to cord and adult blood samples at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 μg/mL. Activated clotting time and thromboelastographic variables were recorded. Next, we used a Chandler loop system to assess the efficacy of bivalirudin in a simple model of cardiopulmonary bypass. The loops were primed with cord or adult blood and were run until thrombus was detected. Plasma bivalirudin concentrations were measured at 1, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 min after initiating rotation of the loops using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS Bivalirudin elicited a dose-dependent prolongation inhibition of coagulation in both cord and adult blood samples with greater potency in cord blood in comparison to adult blood (activated clotting time: 627 ± 50 vs. 452 ± 22 s at 15 μg/mL bivalirudin, p < .0001). This relative potency was also demonstrated in the Chandler loop system, but interestingly, cord blood appeared to inactivate bivalirudin more rapidly than adult blood with earlier clotting in loops containing cord blood. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that bivalirudin has greater potency in cord blood in vitro than in adult blood. Plasma degradation appears to proceed more rapidly in cord blood than in adults. Both of these findings should be considered when planning dosing regimens in neonatal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy M Nadtochiy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Tatsiana Stefanos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Richard Wissler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Yang Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Changyong Feng
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Natalie Lebedko
- School of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Michael P Eaton
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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Meshulami N, Murthy R, Meyer M, Meyer AD, Kaushik S. Bivalirudin anticoagulation for cardiopulmonary bypass during cardiac surgery. Perfusion 2023:2676591231221708. [PMID: 38084653 DOI: 10.1177/02676591231221708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heparin is the primary anticoagulant for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) support during cardiac surgery. While widely used, ∼2% of cardiac surgery patients develop heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and 4-26% develop heparin resistance. Bivalirudin is an alternative anticoagulant mainly used for percutaneous coronary interventions. Given the challenges associated with heparin anticoagulation, we conducted a review to explore the use of bivalirudin for CPB surgery. METHODS PubMed and Embase scoping review included 2 randomized controlled trials, a retrospective comparison study, 3 pilot studies, and 30 case reports. To provide a contemporary series, we searched for articles published from 2010 to 2023. Our review included studies from both adult and pediatric populations. RESULTS While data is limited, bivalirudin seems to supply similar effectiveness and safety as heparin for CPB anticoagulation. Across the three comparative studies, the heparin cohorts had a 0-9% mortality rate and 0-27% rate of major bleeding/reoperation compared to a 0-3% mortality and 0-6% major bleeding/reoperation rate for the bivalirudin cohorts. Bivalirudin was successfully used as an anticoagulant in a wide range of CPB surgeries (e.g., heart transplants, ventricular assisted device placements, and valve repairs). Successful patient outcomes were reported with bivalirudin infusion of ∼2 mg/kg/hour, activated clotting time monitoring (target >400 s or 2.5× baseline), use of cardiotomy suctions, minimization of stagnant blood, and post-bypass modified ultrafiltration. CONCLUSION Bivalirudin is a safe and effective anticoagulant for CPB, especially for patients with HIT or heparin resistance. Further comparative research is called for to optimize bivalirudin utilization for CPB during cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noy Meshulami
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raghav Murthy
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maisy Meyer
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew D Meyer
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shubhi Kaushik
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Kravis Children's Hospital at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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3
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Kiskaddon AL, Do NL, Williams P, Betensky M, Goldenberg NA. Anticoagulation with Intravenous Direct Thrombin Inhibitors in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Semin Thromb Hemost 2023; 49:756-763. [PMID: 37643746 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1772838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Although intravenous (IV) direct thrombin inhibitors (DTI) have gained interest in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), dosing and safety information is limited. The objective of this systematic review was to characterize DTI types, dosing, monitoring, and outcomes (bleeding and thromboembolic) in pediatric ECMO patients managed with IV DTIs. We conducted searches of MEDLINE (Ovid) and Embase (Elsevier) from inception through December 2022. Case reports, retrospective studies, and prospective studies providing per-patients or summary data for patient(s) <18 years of age receiving IV DTI for ECMO anticoagulation were included. Study selection and data extraction were conducted independently by two reviewers. A total of 28 studies: 14 case reports, 13 retrospective studies, and 1 prospective study were included, totaling 329 patients. Bivalirudin was utilized in 318 (96.7%), argatroban in 9 (2.7%), and lepirudin in 2 (0.6%) patients. Infusion dosing included: bivalirudin 0.14 ± 0.37 mg/kg/h, argatroban 0.69 ± 0.73 µg/kg/min, lepirudin 0.14 ± 0.02 mg/kg/h. Laboratory monitoring tests utilized were the activated clotting time, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), diluted thrombin time, and thromboelastography measures. The aPTT was utilized in most patients (95%). Thromboembolism, bleeding, or death were observed in 17%, 17%, and 23% of bivalirudin, argatroban, and lepirudin patients, respectively. Bivalirudin appears to be the most frequently used DTI in pediatric ECMO. Dosing and laboratory monitoring varied, and bleeding and thromboembolic events were reported in 17% of patients. Prospective studies are warranted to establish dosing, monitoring, safety, and efficacy of bivalirudin and other IV DTI in pediatric ECMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Kiskaddon
- Department of Pharmacy, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nhue L Do
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Pamela Williams
- Medical Library, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - Marisol Betensky
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Johns Hopkins All Children's Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - Neil A Goldenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Johns Hopkins All Children's Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, St. Petersburg, Florida
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Holman WL, Timpa J, Kirklin JK. Origins and Evolution of Extracorporeal Circulation: JACC Historical Breakthroughs in Perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 79:1606-1622. [PMID: 35450579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Midway through the 20th century, direct open-heart operations were not yet a reality, awaiting safe methods to support the cardiopulmonary circulation during cardiac surgery. The scientific advancements collectively leading to safe cardiopulmonary bypass are considered some of the most impactful advances of modern medicine. Stimulated by the work of physiologists and engineers in the late 19th century, primitive pump and oxygenator designs were the forerunners of major work by DeBakey and others in roller pump design and by Gibbon in oxygenator development. Following Gibbon's historic successful closure of an atrial septal defect in 1953 with his heart-lung machine, it was left to Lillehei and Kirklin to first successfully repair large series of cardiac malformations. The history leading to these historic events and the subsequent evolution of cardiopulmonary bypass machines for short- and longer-term support is filled with engineering and surgical brilliance, daring innovations, and serendipity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Holman
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Joseph Timpa
- Cardiovascular Perfusion, Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - James K Kirklin
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Kirklin Institute for Research in Surgical Outcomes (KIRSO), Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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5
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Wolstencroft P, Arnold P, Anderson BJ. Dose estimation for bivalirudin during pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass. Paediatr Anaesth 2021; 31:637-643. [PMID: 33423355 DOI: 10.1111/pan.14125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM A typical adult-based bivalirudin regimen during cardiopulmonary bypass uses a loading dose of 1 mg kg-1 and a circuit prime (volume L × 13 mg) with a subsequent intravenous infusion 2.5 mg h-1 kg-1 . Dose in children remains unknown. We wished to determine a practical bivalirudin dosing schedule for children undergoing surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. METHODS Published pharmacokinetic parameters in children who were anticoagulated for cardiac catheterization using bivalirudin were compared to adult by scaling for size using allometry. An infusion regimen suitable for children was determined using a bivalirudin target concentration (13 mg L-1 ) common in adults for effect during cardiopulmonary bypass. Predicted bivalirudin infusion rates in children were compared to regimens published as case reports. RESULTS Current pediatric bivalirudin infusion rates are based on those used in adults with titration during cardiopulmonary bypass to achieve activated clotting times longer than 400 s. Bivalirudin clearance (mL min-1 kg-1 ) can be estimated in children by scaling adult parameters using allometry. Clearance decreases through childhood and higher infusion rates in children would achieve target concentration rapidly without the need to titrate initial infusion rate. An infusion rate of 4.5 mg h-1 kg-1 in a 10 kg infant, 4 mg h-1 kg-1 in a 20 kg child and 3.5 mg h-1 kg-1 in a child 30-40 kg will target an activated clotting time slower than 400 s. Adult regimens could be used in those children heavier than 50 kg. CONCLUSION Bivalirudin infusion in children should be started after loading dose at rates greater than those used in adults. Dose in neonates remains uncertain because neither pharmacokinetics nor coagulation pharmacodynamics have been adequately characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wolstencroft
- Department of Paediatric Anaesthesia, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Philip Arnold
- Jackson Rees Department of Paediatric Anaesthesia, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Brian J Anderson
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Age-specific differences in the in vitro anticoagulant effect of Bivalirudin in healthy neonates and children compared to adults. Thromb Res 2020; 192:167-173. [PMID: 32497869 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bivalirudin is a reversible direct thrombin inhibitor that inhibits both bound and free thrombin and binds to the active (catalytic) and fibrinogen-binding sites of thrombin, with high affinity and specificity. Off-label use of bivalirudin in the paediatric population has increased, as an alternative to heparin, particularly in the setting of anticoagulation for patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery (CPB), extracorporeal life support (ECLS) and those on ventricular assist devices (VAD). This study aimed to determine the age-specific in vitro effect of bivalirudin in children compared to adults. Age-specific pools (neonates, ≤2 years, >2 to 5 years, 6 to 10 years, 11 to 17 years and Adults) were prepared using platelet poor plasma samples from 20 individuals per age group. Pooled plasma was spiked with increasing concentrations of Bivalirudin (from 0 g/mL to 10μg/mL), and thrombin inhibition was measured using standard coagulation assays. There was a significantly increased response to bivalirudin across all paediatric age groups as compared to adults. The age-specific difference in response to bivalirudin was specifically evident in neonates, where the potential to generate thrombin was decreased 2-fold compared to adults (p < 0.001). Our findings support the concept of age-specific pharmaco-dynamic responses to Bivalirudin and support the need for further ex vivo studies in hospitalised children to determine accurate clinical dosing recommendations.
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Mahat U, Ahuja S, Talati R. Shunt thrombosis in pediatric patients undergoing staged cardiac reconstruction for cyanotic congenital heart disease. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2019.101190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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8
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Goswami D, DiGiusto M, Wadia R, Barnes S, Schwartz J, Steppan D, Nelson-McMillan K, Ringel R, Steppan J. The Use of Bivalirudin in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery and in the Interventional Cardiology Suite. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2020; 34:2215-2223. [PMID: 32127273 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Anticoagulation is an essential component for patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and for those with ventricular assist devices. However, thrombosis and bleeding are common complications. Heparin continues to be the agent of choice for most patients, likely owing to practitioners' comfort and experience and the ease with which the drug's effects can be reversed. However, especially in pediatric cardiac surgery, there is increasing interest in using bivalirudin as the primary anticoagulant. This drug circumvents certain problems with heparin administration, such as heparin resistance and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, but it comes with additional challenges. In this manuscript, the authors review the literature on the emerging role of bivalirudin in pediatric cardiac surgery, including its use with cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ventricular assist devices, and interventional cardiology. Moreover, they provide an overview of bivalirudin's pharmacodynamics and monitoring methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Goswami
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Matthew DiGiusto
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rajeev Wadia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sean Barnes
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jamie Schwartz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Diana Steppan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kristen Nelson-McMillan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Richard Ringel
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jochen Steppan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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9
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Streiff A, DiNardo J, Zaleski K. Titration of Bivalirudin Infusion in the Pediatric Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory: A Case Report. A A Pract 2019; 13:65-68. [PMID: 30907752 DOI: 10.1213/xaa.0000000000000992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bivalirudin is a direct thrombin inhibitor that is used as a procedural anticoagulant during percutaneous coronary interventions and cardiac surgery for patients with heparin-resistant thrombosis or heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. There is a robust literature describing its safety and efficacy in adults; however, its use in the pediatric population is relatively rare, with dosing extrapolated from adult data. In this case report, we describe a 4-year-old with complex congenital heart disease and history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia who required bivalirudin dose uptitration during cardiac catheterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Streiff
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - James DiNardo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine Zaleski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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10
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Taguchi K, Ishiyama K, Ide K, Ohira M, Tahara H, Ohdan H. Simultaneous Liver-Kidney Transplantation in Patient with a History of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia: A Case Report and Literature Review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2019; 20:980-987. [PMID: 31285416 PMCID: PMC6640169 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.916717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Patient: Male, 58 Final Diagnosis: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia Symptoms: Liver and kidney failure Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation Specialty: Transplantology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Taguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan.,Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kohei Ishiyama
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ide
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohira
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tahara
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohdan
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
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Zaleski KL, DiNardo JA, Nasr VG. Bivalirudin for Pediatric Procedural Anticoagulation. Anesth Analg 2019; 128:43-55. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000002835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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12
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Hasija S, Talwar S, Makhija N, Chauhan S, Malhotra P, Chowdhury UK, Krishna NS, Sharma G. Randomized Controlled Trial of Heparin Versus Bivalirudin Anticoagulation in Acyanotic Children Undergoing Open Heart Surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2018; 32:2633-2640. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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13
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Cho HJ, Kim DW, Kim GS, Jeong IS. Anticoagulation Therapy during Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenator Support in Pediatric Patients. Chonnam Med J 2017; 53:110-117. [PMID: 28584789 PMCID: PMC5457945 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2017.53.2.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a salvage therapy for critically ill patients. Although ECMO is becoming more common, hemorrhagic and thromboembolic complications remain the major causes of death in patients undergoing ECMO treatments. These complications commence upon blood contact with artificial surfaces of the circuit, blood pump, and oxygenator system. Therefore, anticoagulation therapy is required in most cases to prevent these problems. Anticoagulation is more complicated in pediatric patients than in adults, and the foreign surface of ECMO only increases the complexity of systemic anticoagulation. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology of coagulation, anticoagulants, and monitoring tools in pediatric patients receiving ECMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Jin Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.,Extracorporeal Life Support Organization, Asia-Pacific Chapter, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Do Wan Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Gwan Sic Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - In Seok Jeong
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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14
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Kamata M, Sebastian R, McConnell PI, Gomez D, Naguib A, Tobias JD. Perioperative care in an adolescent patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia for placement of a cardiac assist device and heart transplantation: case report and literature review. Int Med Case Rep J 2017; 10:55-63. [PMID: 28243155 PMCID: PMC5317301 DOI: 10.2147/imcrj.s118250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) can cause life-threatening complications following the administration of heparin. Discontinuation of all sources of heparin exposure and the use of alternative agents for anticoagulation are necessary when HIT is suspected or diagnosed. We present the successful use of bivalirudin anticoagulation in an adolescent patient during cardiopulmonary bypass who underwent both placement of a left ventricular assist device and subsequent heart transplantation within a 36-hour period. The pathophysiology and diagnosis of HIT are reviewed, previous reports of the use of direct thrombin inhibitors for cardiac surgery are presented, and potential dosing regimens for bivalirudin are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineto Kamata
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Roby Sebastian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
| | | | - Daniel Gomez
- Cardiovascular Perfusion Services and Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University
| | - Aymen Naguib
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
| | - Joseph D Tobias
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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15
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Assfalg V, Hüser N. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in solid organ transplant recipients: The current scientific knowledge. World J Transplant 2016; 6:165-173. [PMID: 27011914 PMCID: PMC4801792 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v6.i1.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to heparin is associated with a high incidence of immunization against platelet factor 4 (PF4)/heparin complexes. A subgroup of immunized patients is at risk of developing heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), an immune mediated prothrombotic adverse drug effect. Transplant recipients are frequently exposed to heparin either due to the underlying end-stage disease, which leads to listing and transplantation or during the transplant procedure and the perioperative period. To review the current scientific knowledge on anti-heparin/PF4 antibodies and HIT in transplant recipients a systematic PubMed literature search on articles in English language was performed. The definition of HIT is inconsistent amongst the publications. Overall, six studies and 15 case reports have been published on HIT before or after heart, liver, kidney, and lung transplantation, respectively. The frequency of seroconversion for anti-PF4/heparin antibodies ranged between 1.9% and 57.9%. However, different methods to detect anti-PF4/heparin antibodies were applied. In none of the studies HIT-associated thromboembolic events or fatalities were observed. More importantly, in patients with a history of HIT, reexposure to heparin during transplantation was not associated with thrombotic complications. Taken together, the overall incidence of HIT after solid organ transplantation seems to be very low. However, according to the current knowledge, cardiac transplant recipients may have the highest risk to develop HIT. Different alternative suggestions for heparin-free anticoagulation have been reported for recipients with suspected HIT albeit no official recommendations on management have been published for this special collective so far.
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Buck ML. Bivalirudin as an Alternative to Heparin for Anticoagulation in Infants and Children. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2016; 20:408-17. [PMID: 26766931 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-20.6.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bivalirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor, is a useful alternative to heparin for anticoagulation in infants and children. It has been found to be effective in patients requiring treatment of thrombosis, as well as those needing anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass, extracorporeal life support, or with a ventricular assist device. While it has traditionally been used in patients who were unresponsive to heparin or who developed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, it has recently been studied as a first-line agent. Bivalirudin, unlike heparin, does not require antithrombin to be effective, and as a result, has the potential to provide a more consistent anticoagulation. The case reports and clinical studies currently available suggest that bivalirudin is as effective as heparin at reaching target activated clotting times or activated partial thromboplastin times, with equivalent or the lower rates of bleeding or thromboembolic complications. It is more expensive than heparin, but the cost may be offset by reductions in the costs associated with heparin use, including anti-factor Xa testing and the need for administration of antithrombin. The most significant disadvantage of bivalirudin remains the lack of larger prospective studies demonstrating its efficacy and safety in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia L Buck
- Departments of Pharmacy Services and Pediatrics, University of Virginia Children's Hospital, Charlottesville, Virginia
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17
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Latham GJ, Jefferis Kirk C, Falconer A, Dickey R, Albers EL, McMullan DM. Challenging Argatroban Management of a Child on Extracorporeal Support and Subsequent Heart Transplant. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2015; 20:168-74. [DOI: 10.1177/1089253215624766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A 6-year-old child developed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia while on extracorporeal life support. Hours after a difficult transition from heparin to argatroban for anticoagulation therapy, the child underwent heart transplantation. Intraoperative management was plagued with circuit thrombus formation while on cardiopulmonary bypass and subsequent massive hemorrhage after bypass. We review the child’s anticoagulation management, clinical challenges encountered, and review current literature related to the use of argatroban in pediatric cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J. Latham
- Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Erin L. Albers
- Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Michael McMullan
- Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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18
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Pazhenkottil AP, Rudiger A, Flammer A, Enseleit F, Jacobs S, Falk V, Ruschitzka F, Bettex D. Left Main Artery Thrombus Complicating Heart Transplantation in a Patient With Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2015; 30:1334-6. [PMID: 27431594 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Stephan Jacobs
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Volkmar Falk
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Massicotte MP, Bauman ME, Murray J, Almond CS. Antithrombotic therapy for ventricular assist devices in children: do we really know what to do? J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13 Suppl 1:S343-50. [PMID: 26149046 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of ventricular assist devices (VADs) in children is increasing. Stroke and device-related thromboembolism remain the most feared complications associated with VAD therapy in children. The presence of a VAD causes dysregulation of hemostasis due to the presence of foreign materials and sheer forces intrinsic to the device resulting in hypercoagulability and potentially life-threatening thrombosis. The use of antithrombotic therapy in adults with VADs modulates this disruption in hemostasis, decreasing the risk of thrombosis. Yet, differences in hemostasis in children (developmental hemostasis) may result in variances in dysregulation by these devices and preclude the use of adult guidelines. Consequently, pediatric device studies must include safety and efficacy estimates of device-specific antithrombotic therapy guidelines. This review will discuss mechanisms of hemostatic dysregulation as it pertains to VADs, goals of VAD antithrombotic therapy for children and adults, and emerging antithrombotic strategies for VAD use in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Massicotte
- KIDCLOT Pediatric Thrombosis, Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - M E Bauman
- KIDCLOT Pediatric Thrombosis, Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - J Murray
- Division of Cardiology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - C S Almond
- Division of Cardiology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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20
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Abstract
The use of Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) in children and adults has markedly increased during the past few years with over 4000 patients placed on ECLS every year in over 200 centers. This article focuses on updates to the physiology and mechanics of ECLS with use of magnetically levitated centrifugal pumps, hollow-fiber gas-exchange devices, and bi-caval dual-lumen catheters. We also explore controversies in management including indications, cannulation approaches, renal replacement, monitoring of anticoagulation, early ambulation, and termination of ECLS. Finally, we present changes in the systems that provide ECLS including the single-provider model and regionalization of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir K Gadepalli
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Ronald B Hirschl
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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21
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Abstract
Thromboembolic episodes are disorders encountered in both children and adults, but relatively more common in adults. However, the occurrence of venous thromboembolism and use of anticoagulants in pediatrics are increasing. Unfractionated Heparin (UH) is used as a treatment and prevention of thrombosis in adults and critically ill children. Heparin utilization in pediatric is limited by many factors and the most important ones are Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) and anaphylaxis. However, Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) appears to be an effective and safe alternative treatment. Hence, it is preferred over than UH due to favorable pharmacokinetic and side effect profile. Direct Thrombin Inhibitors (DTI) is a promising class over the other anticoagulants since it offers potential advantages. The aim of this review is to discuss the differences between adult and pediatric thromboembolism and to review the current anticoagulants in terms of pharmacological action, doses, drug reactions, pharmacokinetics, interactions, and parameters. This review also highlights the differences between old and new anticoagulant therapy in pediatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam K Dabbous
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fouad R Sakr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Diana N Malaeb
- Department of PharmD, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
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22
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Giglia TM, Massicotte MP, Tweddell JS, Barst RJ, Bauman M, Erickson CC, Feltes TF, Foster E, Hinoki K, Ichord RN, Kreutzer J, McCrindle BW, Newburger JW, Tabbutt S, Todd JL, Webb CL. Prevention and Treatment of Thrombosis in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease. Circulation 2013; 128:2622-703. [DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000436140.77832.7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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23
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Rutledge JM, Chakravarti S, Massicotte MP, Buchholz H, Ross DB, Joashi U. Antithrombotic strategies in children receiving long-term Berlin Heart EXCOR ventricular assist device therapy. J Heart Lung Transplant 2013; 32:569-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2013.01.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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24
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High-dose argatroban for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in a child using a ventricular assist device. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 95:e57-8. [PMID: 23438563 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A 10-year-old boy who was receiving support from a ventricular assist device (VAD) experienced heparin-induced thrombocytopenia that was successfully treated with high-dose argatroban infusion to attain therapeutic activated partial thromboplastin time in spite of high serum argatroban levels. This case also highlights bolus argatroban dosing for VAD change in the setting of persistent ventricular fibrillation.
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25
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Monagle P, Chan AKC, Goldenberg NA, Ichord RN, Journeycake JM, Nowak-Göttl U, Vesely SK. Antithrombotic therapy in neonates and children: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012; 141:e737S-e801S. [PMID: 22315277 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-2308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 950] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonates and children differ from adults in physiology, pharmacologic responses to drugs, epidemiology, and long-term consequences of thrombosis. This guideline addresses optimal strategies for the management of thrombosis in neonates and children. METHODS The methods of this guideline follow those described in the Methodology for the Development of Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis Guidelines: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. RESULTS We suggest that where possible, pediatric hematologists with experience in thromboembolism manage pediatric patients with thromboembolism (Grade 2C). When this is not possible, we suggest a combination of a neonatologist/pediatrician and adult hematologist supported by consultation with an experienced pediatric hematologist (Grade 2C). We suggest that therapeutic unfractionated heparin in children is titrated to achieve a target anti-Xa range of 0.35 to 0.7 units/mL or an activated partial thromboplastin time range that correlates to this anti-Xa range or to a protamine titration range of 0.2 to 0.4 units/mL (Grade 2C). For neonates and children receiving either daily or bid therapeutic low-molecular-weight heparin, we suggest that the drug be monitored to a target range of 0.5 to 1.0 units/mL in a sample taken 4 to 6 h after subcutaneous injection or, alternatively, 0.5 to 0.8 units/mL in a sample taken 2 to 6 h after subcutaneous injection (Grade 2C). CONCLUSIONS The evidence supporting most recommendations for antithrombotic therapy in neonates and children remains weak. Studies addressing appropriate drug target ranges and monitoring requirements are urgently required in addition to site- and clinical situation-specific thrombosis management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Monagle
- Haematology Department, The Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony K C Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Neil A Goldenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation and Mountain States Regional Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Rebecca N Ichord
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Janna M Journeycake
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX
| | - Ulrike Nowak-Göttl
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sara K Vesely
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK.
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26
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Vakil NH, Kanaan AO, Donovan JL. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in the pediatric population: a review of current literature. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2012; 17:12-30. [PMID: 23118656 PMCID: PMC3428184 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-17.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is a rare and serious reaction to unfractionated heparin and low-molecular-weight heparins in children. Quick recognition, discontinuation of heparin, and subsequent treatment with an alternative anticoagulant are essential steps to prevent serious complications such as thrombus and limb amputation. The purpose of this review is to describe the clinical features of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in children and to summarize the data available for its management. This paper summarizes data and relates the use of direct thrombin inhibitors with clinical outcomes. A literature search was conducted with Ovid, using the key terms argatroban, bivalirudin, hirulog, danaparoid, lepirudin, direct thrombin inhibitor, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, thrombosis, warfarin, and fondaparinux. Articles were excluded if they were classified as editorials, review articles, or conference abstracts or if they involved patients 18 years of age or older or described disease states not related to thrombosis. Nineteen articles containing 33 case reports were identified and evaluated for this review. Of the 33 cases, 14, 10, 4, and 2 cases described the use of lepirudin, danaparoid, argatroban, and bivalirudin, respectively. Two cases did not report the type of anticoagulant used, and 1 case used aspirin. The most commonly reported complication was bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyati H. Vakil
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Abir O. Kanaan
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer L. Donovan
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Worcester, Massachusetts
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27
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Abstract
Thromboembolic complications are becoming more frequent in children and the use of anticoagulation has increased considerably. The most widely used agents in children, heparin, low molecular weight heparin, and warfarin all have limitations which are exaggerated in children. This has led to the study of newer agents with improved pharmacologic properties such as bivalirudin, argatroban, and fondaparinux. Clinical trials are under way to assess several new oral anticoagulants that are in late phase studies or already licensed in adults. Based on the completed studies in children, several recommendations for the use of currently available agents (bivalirudin, argatroban, and fondaparinux) are suggested for clinical use today. Additional studies need to be conducted for the these agents, so that their use may be expanded in selected indications. New regulatory requirements are leading to a number of studies in the newer anticoagulants that are yet to be licensed in adults for treatment of venous thromboembolism. Pediatric thrombosis is entering a fruitful era of research in anticoagulation management, which is sure to lead to significant changes in how children are treated in the next 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Young
- Hemostasis and Thrombosis Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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28
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Dragomer D, Chalfant A, Biniwale R, Reemtsen B, Federman M. Novel techniques in the use of bivalirudin for cardiopulmonary bypass anticoagulation in a child with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Perfusion 2011; 26:516-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0267659111419037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) occurs in both the pediatric and adult populations after exposure to heparin. Bivalirudin has been used as an alternative to heparin for adults undergoing cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass, but has only been used minimally in children for this purpose. We report the successful use of bivalirudin for anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass in a small child with HIT, using novel techniques not previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dragomer
- Perfusion Services, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Chalfant
- Perfusion Services, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R Biniwale
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - B Reemtsen
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M Federman
- Pediatric Critical Care, Mattel Children’s Hospital, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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29
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Young G. New anticoagulants in children: A review of recent studies and a look to the future. Thromb Res 2011; 127:70-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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30
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Forbes TJ, Hijazi ZM, Young G, Ringewald JM, Aquino PM, Vincent RN, Qureshi AM, Rome JJ, Rhodes JF, Jones TK, Moskowitz WB, Holzer RJ, Zamora R. Pediatric catheterization laboratory anticoagulation with bivalirudin. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 77:671-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ccd.22817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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31
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Anand SX, Viles-Gonzalez JF, Mahboobi SK, Heerdt PM. Bivalirudin utilization in cardiac surgery: shifting anticoagulation from indirect to direct thrombin inhibition. Can J Anaesth 2010; 58:296-311. [DOI: 10.1007/s12630-010-9423-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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32
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Gates R, Yost P, Parker B. The Use of Bivalirudin for Cardiopulmonary Bypass Anticoagulation in Pediatric Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Patients. Artif Organs 2010; 34:667-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2009.00961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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33
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34
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Simsir SA, Schwarz ER, Czer LS, Hamburg SI. Heart transplantation using bivalirudin as anticoagulant. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2010; 10:150-1. [DOI: 10.1510/icvts.2009.218172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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35
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Crouch MA, Kasirajan V, Cahoon W, Katlaps GJ, Gunnerson KJ. Successful Use and Dosing of Bivalirudin After Temporary Total Artificial Heart Implantation: A Case Series. Pharmacotherapy 2008; 28:1413-20. [DOI: 10.1592/phco.28.11.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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36
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Breinholt JP, Moffett BS, Texter KM, Ing FF. Successful use of bivalirudin for superior vena cava recanalization and stent placement in a child with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Pediatr Cardiol 2008; 29:804-7. [PMID: 18414931 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-008-9231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a potentially life-threatening, adverse effect of heparin therapy. Patients with this complication require an alternative approach to anticoagulation. Bivalirudin is a direct thrombin inhibitor with an efficacy comparable to that of heparin, a short half-life, and reduced bleeding complications in adults. We present the case of a 2-year-old boy with HIT Type II who underwent recanalization of an occluded superior vena cava and stent placement, utilizing bivalirudin as anticoagulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Breinholt
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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37
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Abstract
The advances in pediatric tertiary care have resulted in a decrease in the mortality of children with serious underlying conditions. Consequently, there has been an increase in previously rare complications of therapy in children, including venous thrombosis. Although there is a paucity of properly designed trials in the field of pediatric thrombosis, many advances have been made over the past 15 years. Venous thrombosis in children has been the subject of many reviews. This review is an update of the available evidence in the management of venous thrombosis in children, excluding thrombosis of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Price
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University, 5850/5890 University Ave., Halifax, B3K 6R8, Canada.
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38
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Abstract
AbstractThromboembolic complications are increasing in children and the use of anticoagulation has seen a dramatic increase despite the lack of randomized clinical trials. The most widely used agents in children are heparin, low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH), and warfarin. These agents, however, have significant limitations that are exaggerated in children. Novel anticoagulants such as direct thrombin inhibitors and the selective factor Xa inhibitor, fondaparinux, have been approved for use in adults and have properties that suggest they may be safer and more efficacious than the standard agents; however, until recently, publications using these agents in children were limited to case reports. Recently, clinical trials for two direct thrombin inhibitors, bivalirudin and argatroban, have been completed and a clinical trial of fondaparinux is under way. This review will compare the standard agents with the novel agents and briefly review the results of the clinical trials.
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39
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Bartholomew JR. Bivalirudin for the Treatment of Heparin-Induced?Thrombocytopenia. HEPARIN-INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA 2007. [DOI: 10.3109/9781420045093.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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