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Ahmadipour M, Taniguchi D, Duchesneau P, Aoki FG, Phillips G, Sinderby C, Waddell TK, Karoubi G. Use of High-Rate Ventilation Results in Enhanced Recellularization of Bioengineered Lung Scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:661-671. [PMID: 34847779 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2021.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While transplantation is a viable treatment option for end-stage lung diseases, this option is highly constrained by the availability of organs and postoperative complications. A potential solution is the use of bioengineered lungs generated from repopulated acellular scaffolds. Effective recellularization, however, remains a challenge. In this proof-of-concept study, mice lung scaffolds were decellurized and recellurized using human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS2B). We present a novel liquid ventilation protocol enabling control over tidal volume and high rates of ventilation. The use of a physiological tidal volume (300 μL) for mice and a higher ventilation rate (40 breaths per minute vs. 1 breath per minute) resulted in higher cell numbers and enhanced cell surface coverage in mouse lung scaffolds as determined via histological evaluation, genomic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, and immunohistochemistry. A biomimetic lung bioreactor system was designed to include the new ventilation protocol and allow for simultaneous vascular perfusion. We compared the lungs cultured in our dual system to lungs cultured with a bioreactor allowing vascular perfusion only and showed that our system significantly enhances cell numbers and surface coverage. In summary, our results demonstrate the importance of the physical environment and forces for lung recellularization. Impact statement New bioreactor systems are required to further enhance the regeneration process of bioengineered lungs. This proof-of-concept study describes a novel ventilation protocol that allows for control over ventilation parameters such as rate and tidal volume. Our data show that a higher rate of ventilation is correlated with higher cell numbers and increased surface coverage. We designed a new biomimetic bioreactor system that allows for ventilation and simultaneous perfusion. Compared to a traditional perfusion only system, recellularization was enhanced in lungs recellularized with our new biomimetic bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- MohammadAli Ahmadipour
- Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daisuke Taniguchi
- Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pascal Duchesneau
- Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fabio Gava Aoki
- Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Christer Sinderby
- Department of Medicine and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Critical Care, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Science Technology (iBEST) at Ryerson University and St-Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas K Waddell
- Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Golnaz Karoubi
- Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Uhl FE, Zhang F, Pouliot RA, Uriarte JJ, Rolandsson Enes S, Han X, Ouyang Y, Xia K, Westergren-Thorsson G, Malmström A, Hallgren O, Linhardt RJ, Weiss DJ. Functional role of glycosaminoglycans in decellularized lung extracellular matrix. Acta Biomater 2020; 102:231-246. [PMID: 31751810 PMCID: PMC8713186 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite progress in use of decellularized lung scaffolds in ex vivo lung bioengineering schemes, including use of gels and other materials derived from the scaffolds, the detailed composition and functional role of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteoglycans (PGs) and their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains remaining in decellularized lungs, is poorly understood. Using a commonly utilized detergent-based decellularization approach in human autopsy lungs resulted in disproportionate losses of GAGs with depletion of chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) > heparan sulfate (HS) > hyaluronic acid (HA). Specific changes in disaccharide composition of remaining GAGs were observed with disproportionate loss of NS and NS2S for HS groups and of 4S for CS/DS groups. No significant influence of smoking history, sex, time to autopsy, or age was observed in native vs. decellularized lungs. Notably, surface plasmon resonance demonstrated that GAGs remaining in decellularized lungs were unable to bind key matrix-associated growth factors FGF2, HGF, and TGFβ1. Growth of lung epithelial, pulmonary vascular, and stromal cells cultured on the surface of or embedded within gels derived from decellularized human lungs was differentially and combinatorially enhanced by replenishing specific GAGs and FGF2, HGF, and TGFβ1. In summary, lung decellularization results in loss and/or dysfunction of specific GAGs or side chains significantly affecting matrix-associated growth factor binding and lung cell metabolism. GAG and matrix-associated growth factor replenishment thus needs to be incorporated into schemes for investigations utilizing gels and other materials produced from decellularized human lungs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Despite progress in use of decellularized lung scaffolds in ex vivo lung bioengineering schemes, including use of gels and other materials derived from the scaffolds, the detailed composition and functional role of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteoglycans (PGs) and their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains remaining in decellularized lungs, is poorly understood. In the current studies, we demonstrate that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are significantly depleted during decellularization and those that remain are dysfunctional and unable to bind matrix-associated growth factors critical for cell growth and differentiation. Systematically repleting GAGs and matrix-associated growth factors to gels derived from decellularized human lung significantly and differentially affects cell growth. These studies highlight the importance of considering GAGs in decellularized lungs and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska E Uhl
- University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States; Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Robert A Pouliot
- University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Juan J Uriarte
- University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Sara Rolandsson Enes
- University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States; Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Xiaorui Han
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Yilan Ouyang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Ke Xia
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | | | - Anders Malmström
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hallgren
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States.
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Uhl FE, Wagner DE, Weiss DJ. Preparation of Decellularized Lung Matrices for Cell Culture and Protein Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1627:253-283. [PMID: 28836208 PMCID: PMC7456164 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7113-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The limited available treatment options for patients with chronic lung diseases, such as fibrosis, lead to poor prognosis after diagnosis and short survival rates. An exciting new bioengineering approach utilizes de- and recellularization of lung tissue to potentially overcome donor organ shortage and immune reactions toward the received transplant. The goal of decellularization is to create a scaffold which contains the necessary framework for stability and functionality for regenerating lung tissue while removing immunomodulatory factors by removal of cells. After decellularization, the scaffold could be re-functionalized by repopulation with the patient's own stem/progenitor cells to create a fully functional organ or can be used as ex vivo models of disease. In this chapter the decellularization of lung tissue from multiple species (i.e., rodents, pigs, and humans) as well as disease states such as fibrosis is described. We discuss and describe the various quality control measures which should be used to characterize decellularized scaffolds, methods for protein analysis of the remaining scaffold, and methods for recellularization of scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska E Uhl
- Department of Med-Pulmonary, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Darcy E Wagner
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- Department of Med-Pulmonary, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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Calle EA, Ghaedi M, Sundaram S, Sivarapatna A, Tseng MK, Niklason LE. Strategies for whole lung tissue engineering. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2014; 61:1482-96. [PMID: 24691527 PMCID: PMC4126648 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2014.2314261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated the feasibility of using decellularized lung extracellular matrix scaffolds to support the engineering of functional lung tissue in vitro. Rendered acellular through the use of detergents and other reagents, the scaffolds are mounted in organ-specific bioreactors where cells in the scaffold are provided with nutrients and appropriate mechanical stimuli such as ventilation and perfusion. Though initial studies are encouraging, a great deal remains to be done to advance the field and transition from rodent lungs to whole human tissue engineered lungs. To do so, a variety of hurdles must be overcome. In particular, a reliable source of human-sized scaffolds, as well as a method of terminal sterilization of scaffolds, must be identified. Continued research in lung cell and developmental biology will hopefully help identify the number and types of cells that will be required to regenerate functional lung tissue. Finally, bioreactor designs must be improved in order to provide more precise ventilation stimuli and vascular perfusion in order to avoid injury to or death of the cells cultivated within the scaffold. Ultimately, the success of efforts to engineer a functional lung in vitro will critically depend on the ability to create a fully endothelialized vascular network that provides sufficient barrier function and alveolar-capillary surface area to exchange gas at rates compatible with healthy lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Calle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
| | - Mahboobe Ghaedi
- Department of Anesthesia, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
| | - Sumati Sundaram
- Department of Anesthesia, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
| | - Amogh Sivarapatna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
| | - Michelle K. Tseng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
| | - Laura E. Niklason
- Department of Anesthesia and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
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Ren X, Ott HC. On the road to bioartificial organs. Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:1847-57. [PMID: 24691559 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1504-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biological organs are highly orchestrated systems with well-coordinated positioning, grouping, and interaction of different cell types within their specialized extracellular environment. Bioartificial organs are intended to be functional replacements of native organs generated through bioengineering techniques and hold the potential to alleviate donor organ shortage for transplantation. The development, production, and evaluation of such bioartificial organs require synergistic efforts of biology, material science, engineering, and medicine. In this review, we highlight the emerging platforms enabling structured assembly of multiple cell types into functional grafts and discuss recent advances and challenges in the development of bioartificial organs, including cell sources, in vitro organ culture, in vivo evaluation, and clinical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Ren
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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